英语论文：Sleeping

A Common Action: sleeping

Abstract: Understanding the prominent role of sleep in life and learning exactly why people need sleep are topics of much debate and speculation among sleep scientists. Recent animal studies have suggested that sleep is necessary for survival. Sleep appears necessary for our nervous systems to work properly. Too little sleep leaves us drowsy and unable to concentrate the next day. It also leads to impaired memory and physical performance and reduced ability to carry out math calculations. Without sleep, neurons may become so depleted in energy or so polluted with byproducts of normal cellular activities that they begin to malfunction. Sleep may also give the brain a chance to exercise important neuronal connections that might otherwise deteriorate from lack of activity.

Key words: sleep, nervous system, insomnia,

1 What are the stages of sleep?

During sleep, we usually pass through five phases of sleep: stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. These stages progress in a cycle from stages 1 to 4 to REM sleep, then the cycle starts over again with stage 1. We spend almost 50 percent of our total sleep time in stage 2 sleep, about 20 percent in REM sleep, and the remaining 30 percent in the other stages.

During stage 1, which is light sleep, we drift in and out of sleep and can be awakened easily. Our eyes move very slowly and muscle activity decreases.

When we enter stage 2 sleep, our eye movements stop and our brain waves become slower, with occasional bursts of rapid waves.

In stage 3, slow brain waves called delta waves begin to appear, interspersed with smaller, faster waves.

By stage 4, the brain produces delta waves almost exclusively. It is more difficult to wake someone from stages 3 and 4, which together are called deep sleep, than from other stages of sleep. There is little or no eye movement or muscle activity. People awakened from deep sleep do not adjust immediately and often feel groggy and disoriented for several minutes after they wake up.

When we switch into REM sleep, our breathing becomes more rapid, irregular, and shallow, our eyes jerk rapidly in various directions, and our limb muscles become temporarily paralyzed. Our heart rate increases and our blood pressure rises. When people awaken during REM sleep, they often describe bizarre and illogical tales

dreams.

The first REM sleep period usually occurs about 70 to 90 minutes after we fall asleep. The first sleep cycles of each night contain relatively short REM periods and long periods of deep sleep. As the night progresses, REM sleep periods increase in length while deep sleep decreases. By morning, people spend nearly all their sleep time in stages 1, 2, and REM.

2 How much sleep do we need?

For most adults, 7 to 8 hours a night appears to be an appropriate amount of sleep, although some people may need as few as 5 hours or as many as 10 hours of sleep each day. Older people generally need about the same amount of sleep as they needed in early adulthood. The amount of sleep a person needs increases temporarily if he or she has been deprived of sleep in previous days. Getting too little sleep creates a "sleep debt," which is much like being overdrawn at a bank. Eventually, your body will demand that the debt be repaid. Sleep need returns to normal when the sleep debt is repaid. We don't seem to adapt to getting less sleep than we need. Although we may get used to a sleep-depriving schedule, our judgment, reaction time, and other functions are still impaired.

Experts say that if you feel drowsy during the day, even during boring activities, you haven't had enough sleep. If you routinely fall asleep within 5 minutes of lying down, you probably suffer from sleep deprivation, possibly even a sleep disorder. Microsleeps, or very brief episodes of sleep in an otherwise awake person, are another mark of sleep deprivation. In many cases, people are not aware that they are experiencing microsleeps.

3 How does sleep change as we age?

Many older people do not enjoy a good night's sleep on a regular basis. People tend to sleep more lightly and for shorter periods as they get older. About half of all people over 65 frequently experience sleeping disorders, such as insomnia, defined as difficulty falling or staying asleep. By age 75, some people may find they are waking up several times each night. Nighttime sleeping problems can result in excessive daytime sleepiness, attention and memory problems, depressed mood, and lowered quality of life.

Some of these changes are physiological. The daily cycle of sleep and wakefulness, which is called a circadian rhythm, is often altered in older adults. They

tend to fall asleep earlier in the evening and wake up earlier in the morning. This may be due in part to decreases in hormones that regulate circadian rhythms, such as melatonin and growth hormone. Older persons also spend less time in REM and deep sleep and more time in shallower sleep stages, which may make sleep less refreshing. In addition, women experiencing menopause may find their sleep disrupted by hot flashes.

Medical problems associated with aging, such bladder dysfunction and arthritis pain, can also contribute to sleep problems. Medications that treat underlying medical issues—including antidepressants and blood pressure medications, often used by older adults—can cause sleep disruption as well.

Sleep problems can be magnified in patients with dementia, such as that caused by Alzheimer's disease. The circadian rhythms of Alzheimer's patients are often very disrupted, which can cause difficulties for caregivers. Researchers are investigating several treatments to improve sleep schedules in patients with dementia, including melatonin and light therapy.

Even though sleep patterns change as we age, disturbed sleep and waking up tired every day are neither normal nor inevitable. Most sleep problems can be successfully treated. No matter what your age, talk to a doctor if you are having difficulty sleeping.

4 A common sleep disorders：Insomnia

At any age, insomnia is the most common sleep complaint. Insomnia means:?Taking a long time to fall asleep (more than 30 minutes)

?Taking a long time to return to sleep (more than 30 minutes)

?Waking up many times each night

?Waking up early and being unable to get back to sleep for the rest of the night ?Waking up feeling tired

Most of the time, insomnia is a symptom of a problem, not the problem itself.

Almost everyone occasionally suffers from short-term insomnia. This problem can result from stress, jet lag, diet, or many other factors. For example, nicotine and caffeine can make it harder to fall asleep, and alcohol diminishes the quality of sleep. Insomnia almost always affects job performance and well-being the next day. About 60 million Americans a year have insomnia frequently or for extended periods of time, which leads to even more serious sleep deficits. Insomnia tends to increase with age

and affects about 40 percent of women and 30 percent of men. It is often the major disabling symptom of an underlying medical disorder.

5 Some suggestions for a good night’s sleep

●Set a schedule:

Retired older adults may find that the loss of structure in their day can adversely affect sleep. Try to go to bed at a set time each night and get up at the same time each morning. Disrupting this schedule may lead to insomnia.

If you must nap, take only one short nap in the early afternoon.

●Exercise:

Try to exercise 20 to 30 minutes at a regular time each day. Daily exercise often helps people sleep. For maximum benefit, try to get your exercise in the late afternoon or morning. Avoid exercise within a few hours of bedtime because it can interfere with sleep.

●Be careful about what you eat:

Don't drink beverages with caffeine late in the day. Caffeine is a stimulant and can keep you awake. Sources of caffeine include coffee, chocolate, soft drinks, non-herbal teas, diet drugs, and some pain relievers. Also, if you like a snack before bed, a warm beverage and a few crackers may help. Avoid heavy meals or hard-to-digest foods less than three hours before bedtime.

●Don't lie in bed awake:

If you can't get to sleep or get back to sleep, don't lie in bed worrying. In fact, don't lie in bed awake for more than 20 minutes, even if you are not worrying.

Do something else, like reading, watching television, or listening to music, until you feel tired. The anxiety of being unable to fall asleep or fall back to sleep contributes significantly to insomnia.

●Create a safe and comfortable place to sleep:

Make sure there are locks on all doors and smoke alarms on each floor. A lamp that's easy to turn on and a phone by your bed may be helpful. The room should be well ventilated and as quiet as possible. Maintain a comfortable temperature in the bedroom. Extreme temperatures may disrupt sleep or prevent you from falling asleep.

●Sleep in the dark:

Keep your bedroom as dark as possible while sleeping. If you need to get up in the middle of the night, avoid exposure to bright lights. Nightlights or other

very dim lights in the bedroom, hallways, and bathroom can help you walk safely to the bathroom without turning on lights.

See a doctor if your sleeping problem continues:

If you have trouble falling asleep night after night, or if you always feel tired the next day, then you should see a physician. Your physician can help treat underlying problems, such as medication side effects, chronic pain, or bladder problems, that may be diminishing your sleep quality. He or she can also diagnose and treat sleep disorders, or refer you to a sleep specialist if necessary. Most sleep disorders can be treated effectively, letting you get that good night's sleep you need.

6 Conclusion

We must be ware of that sleeping is a very common action of our life, and so important to our health. But everything must be right amount, sleep is not an exception. It is wrong that more sleeping more health. As a young man, we only need 7-8 hours to sleep average everyday. The excess hours will only make us feel tired all the daytime. In a word, hypersomnia is also a serious problem of sleeping, and do harm to our health. In order to enjoy a healthy life, we must make a scientific habit of sleeping, neither more nor less. Only do like this, can we have enough energy to do our work or study at the daytime.

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英语专业毕业论文提纲参考文档2篇 前言：论文提纲是作者构思谋篇的具体体现，便于作者有条理地安排材料、展开论证。有了一个好的提纲，就能纲举目张，提纲挈领，掌握全篇论文的基本骨架，使论文的结构完整统一，分清层次，明确重点，周密地谋篇布局，使总论点和分论点有机地统一起来。本文档根据毕业论文提纲内容要求和特点展开说明，具有实践指导意义，便于学习和使用，本文下载后内容可随意调整修改及打印。 本文简要目录如下：【下载该文档后使用Word打开，按住键盘Ctrl键且鼠标单击目录内容即可跳转到对应篇章】 1、篇章1：英语专业毕业论文提纲参考文档 2、篇章2：关于英语专业毕业论文提纲选题文档 篇章1:英语专业毕业论文提纲参考文档 英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向，具体解释如下： 1.英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。

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Research Paper Outline The research paper outline is essential for any article or term paper. The outline may make a great difference on how your work is interpreted. Writing a research paper is as important as performing the actual research or experiment itself and can appear to be a very daunting task. It does not matter what conclusions you arrived at or how perfect your experimentation was, if you put no effort into writing a good report then your study will not be taken seriously. If you break report writing down into its constituent parts, it is not as complex as it seems and there is no reason to be worried. Scientific reports, for the vast majority of disciplines, are all structured in the same way; if you follow this structure then you cannot go far wrong. It is useful to note that every scientific discipline, every university and even supervisors can have their own preferred methods of constructing reports; with this in mind, do not be afraid to ask for advice on the best research paper format for your report. LAYOUT AND LENGTH For most assessed reports you will be told how long it should be, generally by the number of words. This is generally only a guide and is not set in stone; in most cases this limit does not include appendices and citation pages. If you plan to write for a specific journal, a good advice is to check the research paper outline of some of the articles to get a better idea on how to write your article. Here are a few outline samples. If your report is complex and strays over this limit, there should be no problem, as long as you have not repeated yourself or filled your work with irrelevant information. It is good practice to bear in mind that the appendix is there for any information that you feel could be omitted from the report without affecting the clarity. Your report can be shorter than the advised word limit if everything that needs to be included is there. This is preferable than trying to pad out the report in order to fulfill some ‘word count’ facility on the computer, risking being penalized for irrelevance.

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山东财经大学学士学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 学位论文作者签名： 年月日 山东财经大学关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解山东财经大学有关保留、使用学士学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留、送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅，学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印或其他复制手段保存论文。日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 指导教师签名：论文作者签名： 年月日年月日

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论文提纲范例 Sample Outline 编订：JinTai College

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英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白 英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白 Good morning, professors and everyone. I come from JMU College. I am ｘｘｘand my supervisor is prof ｘｘｘ. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my paper. The title of my paper is An Analysis of Ahab’s Personality Tragedy in Moby Dick. I choose this title as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this work as this is one of the teｘts in our American literature course . Last but not least , Moby-Dick is widely recognized as the summit not only of Melville’s art but of American nineteenth-centry fiction. The purpose of this essay is to study Captain Ahab,the role in Moby-Dick, whose leg was bitten by the white whale in his process of the whaling. After losing his leg, he determined to revenge Moby Dick and tried to kill it. In order to revenge, Ahab ultimately dooms the crew of the Pequod (save for Ishmael) to death by his obsession with Moby Dick. By taking the comprehensive analysis perspective of Moby-Dick, this thesis will point out that the main characteristics of Ahab. This paper consists of three parts. Part one presents an introduction to the Social Background and the life of the Author Herman Melvillehe ,Part two presents The Main Characteristics of Ahab. there are three aspects have been divided to analyze his characters: his monomania , his selfishness, and his individualism. Part three presents The Consequences of Ahabs Personality Tragedy. OK, thats all. Thank you ! 英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白（2） Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei. Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper. Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that. The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.

论文写作提纲 格式

Outline of the Thesis （论文提纲） 说明： 1. “写作提纲”（Outline）就是自己的论文写作的详细计划（a practical working plan）。利用这个提纲整体规划全篇论文，分清主要观点、次要观点，先写什么、后写什么，每一章的中心论点是什么，包括多少小节，等等。有了这样的提纲，就有了写作过程的整体意识，保持各章节之间的逻辑联系，以免写作是迷失方向，或者丢三落四，或者详略失当。 2. “写作提纲”（Outline）的实际形式就是一个详尽的论文目录，重在表明你的写作思路和内容。 3.“写作提纲”需要得到指导老师的认可，可以用来向指导老师汇报写作进度或讨 论写作中的问题。 请仿照下面格式拟写论文提纲： （至少每章、每节都应拟定标题或小标题；至于全文分为多少章，每章又分为多少小节，根据自己的论文需要而定。） 1 Introduction(三号字) 1.1 （标题）(小三号字) 1.1.1 (小标题）(四号字) (正文用小四号字) 1.1.2 （小标题） 1.1.3 （小标题） 1.2 （标题）(小三号字) 1.2.1（小标题）(四号字) 1.2.2（小标题） 1.3（标题）(小三号字) 2 (三号字)

2.1（标题）(小三号字) 2.1.1（小标题）(四号字) 2.1.2（小标题） 2.1.3（小标题） ……………………………… 2.2 （标题）(小三号字) 2.2.1（小标题） 2.2.2（小标题） 2.2.3（小标题） ……………………………… 2.3 （标题） …………………………… 3 （标题）(三号字) 3.1 （标题） 3.2 （标题） 3.2.1（小标题） 3.2.2 3.3 （标题） 3.3.1（小标题） 3.3.2 ……………………………… 4 （标题）(三号字) 4.1.（标题） 4.2 4.3 5 Conclusion(三号字) 5.1（标题） 5.2