201110 MIPI DSI Introduction

Drive for better vision
Mobile Industry Processor Interface DSI Introduction
Oct, 2011
Himax Technologies, Inc.
奇景光電股份有限公司

Outline
DSI
Introduction DSI Layers Packet Level Protocol
Long Packet Short Packet
Forward Direction Packet Data Types Reverse Direction Packet Data Types Error Reporting Format Display Mode
Command Mode Video Mode
Lane Management D-PHY Introduction
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What is MIPI?
MIPI stands for Mobile Industry Processor Interface.
MIPI Alliance is a collaboration of mobile industry leaders. Objective to promote open standards for interfaces to mobile application processors. Intends to speed deployment of new services to mobile users by establishing Spec.
Board Members in MIPI Alliance
Intel, Motorola, Nokia, NXP, Samsung, ST, TI
MIPI Alliance Specification for display
DCS (Display Command Set) DBI, DPI (Display Bus Interface, Display Pixel Interface) DSI, CSI (Display Serial Interface, Camera Serial Interface) D-PHY
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Why High Speed I/F
Traditional I/F
Traditional I/F (MPU / SPI+RGB)
High Pin Counts
Over 28 pins for WXGA resolution
DB[23:0]
Poor EMI Performance
PCLK is over 60MHz for WXGA resolution
Host
Control Signal
Driver IC
High Power Consumption for IO Power
High Speed I/F (MIPI DSI)
Reduce Pin Counts
Data Bus are replaced by 2~4 differential data lanes
High Speed I/F
CLK+ CLKData0+ Data0CLK+ CLKData0+ Data0Data1+ Data1-
Host Data1+
Data1-
Lower EMI Performance
Differential signal
Driver IC
Lower Power Consumption for IO Power
Control Signal
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DSI Introduction
DSI is a Lane-scalable interface
One Unidirectional Clock Lane One to Four Data Lane
DSI Transmission mode
Low Power (LP) Mode for control purpose：10Mbps (max) High Speed (HS) Mode for fast-data traffic：80Mbps ~ 1Gbps per Lane
Forward-direction (Processor-to-Peripheral)
High Speed transmissions may use all Data Lanes. Low Power transmissions shall use Data Lane 0 only.
Reverse-direction (Peripheral-to-Processor)
Only Data Lane 0 and use LP (Low Power) mode
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DSI Layers
Packets are serialized by the PHY and sent across the serial Link.
DISPON 29h Packet XX 29 XX XX
DCS Spec. and DSI operation mode
DSI Spec. 1 (serialized) 0 1 1
D-PHY Spec. 0
Transmit
1
Receive
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Operation Mode
DSI support two basic modes:
Command Mode
The DSI refers to DBI of operation as Command Mode.
Video Mode
The DSI refers to DPI of operation as Video Mode.
The main difference is that DSI serializes all pixel data, commands, and events.
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DSI Packet Level Protocol
There are two packet types in DSI
Short Packet
4 bytes in length including ECC. Used for most commands and parameters.
Long Packet
Used for large blocks of pixel or other data. Payloads may be from 0 to 216-1 bytes long.
Endian Policy: Little Endian
Transmitter shall send data LSB first, MSB last.
Endian Example (Long Packet)
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Short Packet Format
Short packets shall be 4 bytes in length. A Short packet shall contain
8-bit Data ID two command or data bytes 8-bit ECC
The Error Correction Code (ECC) byte allows single-bit errors to be corrected and 2-bit errors to be detected in the Short packet.
Packet Header (PH)
Time
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Long Packet Format
A Long packet shall consist of three elements
32-bit Packet Header (PH) an application-specific Data Payload with a variable number of bytes 16-bit Packet Footer (PF).
The Error Correction Code (ECC) byte allows single-bit errors to be corrected and multi-bit errors to be detected in the Packet Header.
Packet Header (PH)
Payload
Packet Footer (PF)
Time
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Data Identifier (DI)
The Data Identifier is always the first byte of the packet.
DI[7:6]: These two bits identify the data as directed to one of four virtual channels.
Using the Virtual Channel ID field of the header for packets targeted at different peripherals.
DI[5:0]: These six bits specify the Data Type.
The Data Type field specifies if the packet is a Long or Short packet type and the packet format. There are two kinds of the Data Type.
Forward Direction (Processor-Sourced) Packet Data Types Reverse Direction (Peripheral-Sourced) Packet Data Types
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Forward Direction (Processor-Sourced) Packet Data Types
Generic Packet are beyond the scope of this training course.
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Forward Direction (Processor-Sourced) Packet Data Types
In general, there are three actions in Application layer.
Write CMD (ex. Sleep Out, Display On) Write CMD + PAs (ex. Set Active Window) Read CMD’s PAs (ex. Read display status)
In Protocol layer, it will transfer to DCS Read / Write Packet
Write CMD
Write CMD + PAs
Read CMD’s PAs
+ BTA
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Forward Direction (Processor-Sourced) Packet Data Types
Sync Event (H Start, H End, V Start, V End)
Sync Events are Short packets and, therefore, can time-accurately represent events like the start and end of sync pulses.
Packed Pixel Stream, 24-bit Format (RGB)
Data Type = 11 1110 (0x3E)
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Example:
Sleep Out Display On
In DBI format
Set Cmd 11h
In DSI LP format
Use Data Type = DCS Short Write, no parameter (05h)
Packet Header 05 11 00 36
LP11-10-00-01-00
87
( 05,11,00,36 )
Differential Probe
Passive Probe
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Example:
Sleep Out Display On
In DBI format
Set Cmd 29h
In DSI HS format
Use Data Type = DCS Short Write, no parameter (05h)
Packet Header 05 29 00 1C
LP 11-01-00 HS -0 SoT ( 05,29,00,1C ) (00011101) HS-0 Passive Probe Differential Probe
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Reverse Direction (Peripheral-Sourced) Packet
Peripheral-to-Processor transactions are of four basic types
Reverse Direction Packet Data Types
Acknowledge and Error Report, Data Type = 00 0010 (0x02)
Response to any command, or read request, with BTA asserted when a reportable error is detected in the preceding, or earlier, transmission from the host processor.
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Error Reporting Format
Peripheral shall accumulate errors from multiple transactions up until a time that host is issuing a BTA. An error report is comprised of two bytes.
The first eight bits, bit 0 through bit 7, are related to the D-PHY errors. Bits 8 and 9 are related to single-bit and multi-bit ECC errors. The remaining bits indicate DSI protocol-specific errors.
D-PHY Error
ECC Error
DSI Error
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Recall
DSI support two basic modes:
Command Mode
The DSI refers to DBI of operation as Command Mode.
Video Mode
The DSI refers to DPI of operation as Video Mode.
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Command Mode
DSI refers to DBI of operation as Command Mode.
TE
DSI Data Lane
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Topics for Oral test 1. Which great leader do you admire most? What qualities did/does he/she have? bill gates 2. Which do you cherish more, your friendship with a good friend or your romantic relationship? obviously, friend is easy to make, but lover is kind of hard to seek for. Since relationship between friends might be not that close compared to romantic relationship, I will probably take it serious and cherish this sweet relationship. Also, I believe that my friends will support me and our relationship won’t be tense and freezing because of this. As the Chinese saying goes, once you got a boyfriend or a girlfriend, you may leave your friends out of your mind. I partly agree this, and when I fall in love, especially at the very beginning, I think I will cherish it more than friendship. 3. What factors would you consider first if you were to find a job (even a part-time job)? I will first consider whether this company and the offered position is high potential. I think high potential is a quality that is vital for the company’s future development and its personnel’s self improvement. Every one need a room to promote and realize one’s self-value. Another factor I concern is—its location. I’d like to work and live in big cities because big cities offer so many opportunities and a higher salary while small cities can’t. 4. Whom do you usually turn to when in trouble, vour parents or your friends? They know me better than anyone else and their vision is wide, their thoughts are mature.

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A NSWER KEY Part One: Essay Writing 1 An Introduction to Writing Activity (Point and Support in a Paragraph), pages 5–6 Point:There are drawbacks to moviegoing. Support: 1. Inconvenience b. Long time to find parking spot and long walk to theater d. Sticky floor 3. Other moviegoers a. Running kids b. Laughing, shouting teenagers Activity (Introductory Paragraph), 8 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. a. Inconvenience of going out b. Temptations of the theater c. Behavior of some patrons Activity (Body: Supporting Paragraphs), 9–10 1. To begin with, I just don’t enjoy the general hassle of the evening. 2. b. Parking lot is always jammed d. Tickets may sell out, and theater is crowded e. Tickets cost up to $8 each 3. Second, the theater offers tempting snacks that I really don’t need. 4. b. 2) chocolate bars 3) Milk Duds 5. Many of the other patrons are even more of a problem than the concession stand. 6. a. Little kids race up and down the aisles b. Teenagers talk back to the screen, whistle, make funny noises Activity (Concluding Paragraph), 10 1. a 2. c Review Activities, 18–20 Answers will vary. 2 The Writing Process Activities (Freewriting, Questioning, Making a List, Clustering, Scratch Outline), 25–31 Answers will vary.

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碱性无氰镀铜——取代氰化镀铜工艺 第35卷增刊材料保护 Vol N。10 35 旦竺:!!!! —型翌主生二坐二L一一!坠:!垦垦!垒垦!!塞Q!堡!蔓!Q盟 碱无性氰镀铜 ——取代氰化镀铜工艺 韩书梅(翟叙 。 (深圳市圣维健化工有限公司，深圳518000) [摘要】介绍了氰化镀铜的取代工艺一碱性无氰镀铜。该工艺已稳定用于生产。希望谊工艺能对取代氰化饿铜作

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氯化钾镀锌主要成分及工艺条件的控制前言 氯化钾镀锌是上世纪80年代发展起来的一种光亮镀锌工艺。近年来,我国在电镀添加剂研究开发上取得了显著进展,使得氯化钾镀锌工艺水准达到一个全新的高度,例如:LAN-930氯化钾镀锌工艺较为成功地解决了传统氯化钾镀锌工艺的3大难题:(1)镀层的耐盐雾试验性能比碱性镀锌差;(2)添加剂的分解产物 多;(3)铁杂质易超标。新型氯化钾镀锌添加剂的使用,降低了电镀生产厂商的生产成本,促进了国内电镀锌工艺朝更利于节约成本且环境友好的方向发展。 1·氯化钾镀锌成分及工艺条件的控制 氯化钾镀锌工艺的常用配方的工艺条件范围是比较宽广的,其主要成分及工艺条件为:氯化锌 30~80g/L,氯化钾180~280g/L,硼酸20~30g/L,添加剂适量,pH值4.5~6.0,10~50℃。 1.1 氯化钾镀锌液主要成分的控制 1.1.1 氯化锌 氯化锌系主盐,溶于水中会大量放热。当溶液的pH值≥6.2时,有沉淀产生。锌离子的质量浓度≥90g/L 时,光亮电流密度范围扩大,但镀液的分散能力和深镀能力会有所下降。锌离子的质量浓度较低时,光亮电流密度的上限下降,高电流密度区易烧焦,此时的深镀能力较好,但镀层沉积速率较慢。可增加阳极面积,同时保持镀液较低的pH值,从而使锌离子的质量浓度逐渐上升。对挂镀而言,当氯化锌的质量浓度为60~70g/L 时,镀液的分散能力最好。 氯化钾镀锌液中无强配位剂,其分散能力和深镀能力不如氰化物镀锌,更加不如无氰碱性锌酸盐镀锌。有人喜欢在氯化钾镀锌液中加入少量氯化铵,但镀液中加入氯化铵后其分散能力和深镀能力均无改善;又会增加电镀废水的达标难度,所以当使用优良氯化钾镀锌光亮剂时,一般不建议加入氯化铵。 1.1.2 氯化钾 氯化钾是弱的配位剂和导电盐,其质量浓度应适当。当其质量浓度恰当时,镀液的导电性最好,过多或过少都会降低镀液的电导率,从而影响镀液的分散能力和深镀能力。大量氯离子的存在能增加阴极极化,提高镀液的分散能力和深镀能力,促进阳极的正常溶解。氯离子的电子桥作用对提高镀锌层与基体的结合力有较大影响。当ρKCl∶ρZnCl2=(3.5~4.5)∶1时,镀液的分散能力和深镀能力较好。若氯化钾的质量浓度偏高或偏低,易使镀层产生暗黑条纹或滚桶眼子;当氯化钾的质量浓度过高时,添加剂还可能因盐析现象而呈油状物析出。 应当注意有时按分析化验结果调整镀液后,镀液的分散能力和深镀能力还是不佳。 其原因是化验分析的是镀液中的氯离子,然后换算成氯化钾,而不是分析钾离子。在实际生产过程中不论是调节pH值,还是前处理中的酸洗,都是使用盐酸,这样会造成氯化钾的质量浓度偏高的假象。此时适当的补加氯化钾即可解决问题。

电镀液配方还原

电镀液配方还原 电镀化学品 电镀就是通过化学置换反应或电化学反应在镀件表面沉积一层金属镀层，通过氧化反应也可在金属制品表面形成一层氧化膜，从面改变镀件或金属制品表面的性能状态，使其满足使用者对制品性能的要求。 电镀制品得到的金属镀层化学纯度高、结晶细致、结合力强，可获得多方面的使用性能。根据实际要求，电镀主要目的有： （1）获得金属保护层，提高金属的耐蚀性； （2）改变金属表面的硬度，提高金属表面的韧性或耐磨性能； （3）提高金属表面的导电性能，降低表面接触电阻，提高金属的焊接能力； （4）增强金属表面的导致密性，防止局部渗碳和渗氮； （5）改变金属表面色调，使装饰品更加美观，更有欣赏性、时代感； （6）提高金属的导磁性能，如铁镍镀层是很好的磁性镀层，在电子工业有特殊用途； （7）提高金属表面的光亮度，改善表面的光反射能力，在光学仪器中有广泛的应用； （8）修复金属零件的尺寸； （9）使非金属表面金属化。 根据电镀工艺的目的要求不同，电镀化学品包括电镀预处理液、单金属镀液、合金镀液。特种镀液、金属氧化液、磷化液和着色液等。 经过五十多年的发展 ,已经开发了第四代镀镍光亮剂。人们通常把50 年代以前所使用的金属盐等称为第一代。从50 年代开始 ,人们采用 1 ,杏丁炔二醇、香豆素、糖精等光亮剂的组合 ,可以获得光亮的镍镀层 ,这是第二代光亮剂。由于1 ,杏丁炔二醇在电镀过程中会聚合成树脂状物质 ,而香豆素又分解较快 ,因此影响镀层质量 ,而且采用上述光亮剂获得的镍镀层色泽还偏淡米黄色。为了克服这些缺点 ,人们又研制开发了 1 ,4--丁炔二醇与环氧类化合物的缩合物为代表的第三代次级镀镍光亮剂 ,初级光亮剂仍使用糖精 ,此类光亮剂克服了 1 ,今丁炔二醇等光亮剂的缺点 ,在电镀一定时间后可以获得光亮、平整的镍镀层。这类光亮剂目前仍被广泛使用 ,不足之处是用量较大、出光速度不够快、分解

英文论文Introduction的写作技巧-2015-0126

英文论文Introduction的写作技巧 —as a "hook" to attract the readers 学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画（The purpose of the Introduction is to stimulate the reader’s interest and to provide pertinent background information necessary to understand the rest of the paper.Without an introduction it is sometimes very difficult for your audience to figure out what you are trying to say. There needs to be a thread of an idea that they will follow through your paper）。The introduction section shows the questions that shoul d be answered for the readers once they finish reading the “Introduction”. 1 引言的内容与结构布局 引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项： 1）介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等； 2）对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述，包括前人的研究成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评价或比较； 3）指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路，从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义； 4）说明自己研究课题的目的； 5）概括论文的主要内容，或勾勒其大体轮廓。 如何合理安排以上这些内容，将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清楚，并非容易之事。经验告诉我们，引言其实是全文最难写的—部分。这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度，作者的知识是渊博、还是贫乏，研究的意义何在、价值如何等问题，都在引言的字里行间得以充分体现。 我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排。第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成，其中还包括某一研究领域的文献综述；第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题，从而引出自己的研究动机与意义；第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容；最后是引言的结尾，可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。 第一层：1) Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and p resent level of development……2) Reviewing previous researc h in this area……… 第二层：Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant

大学英语口语考试准备资料

1.Shared Bikes in Foshan 佛山共享单车 My name is Zhong Jian. I’m from Big Data Class 2,Group 5.I like playing basketball and listening to music.Thank you. That’s my introduction.Now ,let’s welcome our next presenter. What do you think of going to the park by bike? As far as I am concerned, the development of Shared bikes in Foshan is very good. We can see Shared bikes everywhere on the street, we can use them easily, and the price is right. I think it is for this reason that Shared bikes have developed so quickly. Of course, the development and widespread use of Shared bikes has also facilitated our daily life. Do you think bike sharing is convenient? 2.Celebrating birthdays 庆祝生日 In my opinion, celebrating birthdays is a very common thing. This is because this day is the day we come to this beautiful world, so that we can have a mother's Day of course. When we celebrate our birthdays, we should also be grateful to our mothers for taking care of us. 就我看来，庆祝生日是一件很常见的事情。这是因为这一天是我们来到这个美丽世界的一天，让我们可以拥有眼前的一切。当然也是母亲的受难日，在我们庆祝自己生日的时候，我们也要感恩我们的母亲，感谢母亲对我们的照顾。 3.Business negotiation 商务谈判 For me, I think business negotiation is to exchange for their own interests. People on both sides want the other side to give in, not to give in. Business interests make everyone hope to get the result they want. However, the result is generally a compromise between the two sides. 对我来说，我认为商务谈判就是为了各自的利益而交流。两边的人都希望对方可以让步，而不希望自己让步。商业利益让大家都希望从中可以获得自己所想要的结局。可是，结果一般都是需要双方让步。 你认为商务谈判的主要意义是什么？ What do you think is the main significance of business negotiation? 4.Globalization 全球化 In my opinion, globalization is an inevitable trend, and no one can reverse it. Every country or country is the beneficiary or victim of globalization. The key is how to deal with the trend of globalization. I believe that only by taking the initiative to meet globalization can we benefit from it. 就我看来，全球化是一个必然的趋势，任何人都没有办法去逆转全球化。每一个或者每一个国家都是全球化的受益者，当然也可能是受害者，其中的关键是我们需要处理好如何去面对全球化这一趋势。我相信，只有积极主动去迎接全球化，才能够从中获利。 全球化中谁获得的利益最大？ Who gains the most in globalization? 5.Anti-smoking in Foshan 佛山禁烟 In my opinion, it is a good thing to ban smoking in Foshan. Of course, banning smoking is not only a good thing in Foshan, but also a good thing all over the world. Because smoking is harmful to health, second-hand smoke makes many innocent people die, which is the reality we have to face. If we see these facts, we will know that banning smoking is a good thing.

英语口语材料

2014-2015学年下学期期末英语口语考试材料 zzqXQiang专用 1.It is said that a tough childhood might drive people to remarkable achievement and success. Do you agree with it or not? Why? 你同意“艰苦的童年也许能使人获得卓越成就”吗？ Yes, I agree. It’s true that difficul t childhoods do leave some people wounded and disadvantaged. But for others, a tough childhood actually drives them to remarkable achievement and success, because the tough childhood make them realize their full potential. So, hardships do not have to lead to failure and “well-being” is not always an advantage for us. All in all, i t’s the positive attitude towards life that really matters.是的,我同意。的确,这是真的，艰难的童年也让某些人受伤 也对他们不利（弱势群体）。但对另一些人来说,一个艰难的童年真正驱使他们非凡的成就和成功,因为艰难的童年使他们意识到他们的全部潜力。所以,困难没有导致失败,“幸福”是对我们来说不是一个优势。总之,积极的生活态度,真的很重要。 2.How much do you know about Anna Eleanor Roosevelt? 你对安娜·埃莉诺·罗斯福有何了解？ She was a former US “First Lady”. She lost her parents at the age of 10, and had a very unpleasant childhood, but she always kept a positive attitude towards life. After becoming the First Lady, she helped her husband manage the White House and raised 6 children. After her husband’s death, she spent the remainder of her life as a highly respected American spokesperson to the US. 她是美国前“第一夫人”。她10岁时失去了父母，过了一个很不愉快的童年，但她始终保持着积极的生活态度。在成为第一夫人，她帮助她的丈夫管理白宫和抚养6个孩子。在她丈夫死后，她将生命中剩下的时间都花在了美国，作为一个备受尊敬的美国发言人。 3.What has happened to the British pubs nowadays? Why? 如今英国的酒吧发生了怎样的变化？

Introduction

《大学英语预备级1》课程开篇导学 Introduction of College English (Foundation) 一. 课程简介：General Introduction of this Course 1课程名称：大学英语精读课 Intensive Reading 2授课教材：《大学英语》（综合教程预备级）(上海外语教育出版社, 2003) College English -Integrated Course (foundation) 二. 课程任务：Content of Class 2.1 阅读：Reading Unit 1, Reading: A School with No Rules This unit discusses different ideas about discipline in schools by looking at the context of the “free” school of Summerhill where the students make the rules. This unit relates discipline to learning and motivation Unit 2, Reading: Fear of the Unknown, Not the known This unit has a mystery poem and a mystery story.

Unit 3, Reading: Reporting the News This unit looks at the job of newspaper reporting and the role of the international news agencies. Unit 4, Reading: Living in Virtual Reality This unit looks at the world of virtual reality: special helmets and clothing and computers. Unit 5, Reading: The Richest Man in the World This unit looks at the stories of how some of the richest people became rich. Unit 6, Reading: Practical Jokes This unit takes up the topic of practical jokes and reports on some tricks which have been played by the media. Unit 7, Reading: Life is Just a Dream In this unit there is an interview with a doctor who explains why we dream and what

无氰碱性镀锌光亮剂

无氰碱性镀锌光亮剂 RC碱性无氰镀锌光亮剂是我公司开发研制的新一代环保型镀锌光亮剂，具有光亮电流密度区范围宽，镀层白亮，均镀性良好；脆性低，对杂质具有很好容忍性等优。 工艺特点 1.光亮区宽、在0.1-12A/dm2的宽广电流密度范围内可直接镀得镜面光亮的镀锌 2.层装饰性良好，且镀层均匀； 3.镀层脆性低，可以镀得厚度锌层； 4.均镀性与深镀能力强，可以在复杂零件上获得均镀性良好的镀层； 溶液组成及操作条件： 配制溶液： 1.开缸时，在槽中加入所配溶液1/3的水。 2.小心加入所需要量的氢氧化钠固体，不可过快，注意放热，搅拌溶解。。 3.趁热加入氧化锌搅拌至完全溶解 4.待镀液冷却后，加水至预定的体积； 5.最后加入以上的各种添加剂，便可以开始试镀。 设备要求： 镀槽：内衬塑料的钢槽或者塑料槽。 循环过滤：过滤泵最少能在一小时内将镀液过滤四次。

光亮剂的补充与维护 1.必须严格控制Zn/NaoH比值应在1：10-1：15范围 2.RC光亮剂，消耗量为100-150ml/KAH，夏天镀锌温度高、消耗量大些，滚镀与挂镀消耗量亦有区别： 3.RC走位剂与光亮剂同步添加，消耗量为50-100ml/Kah用量视工件形状，带出量多少而补加； 4.遇到杂质污染严重、硬水程度过高时、加净化剂处理： 5.光亮剂的补充方式应采用少量多次的原则，光亮剂经稀释后补入。 环保与安全 为了避免产品对人及环境的危害，获得产品的安全说明书及环境保护说明书是必要的。本公司产品的安全技术说明书（MSDS）包含了这些说明。 质保 1.我公司为产品质量提供在有效的法律范围内的责任担保。 2.客户对产品进行再包装后的产品质量不在我公司的质保范围内。 3.在使用时，无论用户有任何问题，本公司技术服务人员将随时解答。 产品颜色及包装 无氰碱锌主光剂为棕黄色液体，用塑料桶包装。包装规格为25kg/pcs。 无氰碱锌走位剂为无色或微黄色液体，用塑料桶包装。包装规格为25kg/pcs。

英文科技学术论文Introduction写法

大多数英文科技学术论文都可以使用一种所谓Introduction-Methods-Results and Discussion (IMRAD) 的形式，如下图的沙漏所示，先由普遍到具体问题，再由具体到普遍结论。 这里先总结Introduction的写法和注意事项。 与中文论文“简短”的“概述”(或“前言”)不一样，英文的Introduction内容通常较长。好的论文在Introduction部分很见功底，文献的阅读量、信息综合能力，可以给读者很多的信息量，因此写好它容不得半点马虎。 Introduction(说明综述)部分的内容通常用来为作者创造一个研究空间。先介绍目前的研究现状，然后指出存在的不足或尚没有解决的问题，最后再介绍“存在的问题”是“如何”被作者的研究所解决。因此，Introduction可以由这“三波”或者说“三部分”来组成。 具体而言，这“三波”如此展开： 第一波：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性 先通过陈述表明所要研究问题的重要性——当然这部分内容不是必须，并介绍此领域的研究现状，具体可参考文献综述引用。 研究问题要与自己的研究内容高度相关，时态一般可用一般现在时，并通过很确定的语气和具体的形容词来强调研究的重要生。

The flow of foams is seen in many process, and its use in major industries means that an understanding of foam rheology is of paramount importance. 第二波：强调有必要解决存在的问题 指出该研究目前存在的问题，可以通过提问的方式或者通过某种方式扩展此领域已有知识和结论。 这一波非常重要，只有指出存在的问题或尚待解决的问题，才能突显出自己的研究价值。在这一部分的写作时，一般通过转折词来表示过渡，并在指出问题时使用负面的词汇。 … ; however, the relationship between emergence and soil temperature has not been investigated previously… In contrast to the extensive literature describing ….., little attention has been paid to…第三波：介绍作者自己的研究内容 介绍作者的研究目的和大致的研究内容。也可以在此部分表明自己的研究假设前提，宣布自己的主要研究发现、它们的价值，如有需要，也可以介绍论文的框架结构——方便读者了解复杂的文章结构。 这部分的内容主要用来介绍作者如何“填补”提出的“问题”或“不足”。 This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental program… 关于此处的时态，比如是presents还是presented? 即是一般过去时还是一般现在时？一般而言： ?如果主语是paper, article, thesis, report等指代文章本身的抽象词汇，使用一般现在时； ?如果主语是实验调查本身，比如study, experiment, investigation等具体词汇，使用一般过去时或一般现在时都可以。 万能法则：此处的时态如果拿不准，一直使用一般现在时。

大一期末英语口语考试复习资料

1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of online learning? In online learning, we can learn something at the time and place ,that is most convenience to us .On the other hang ,online learning offers the flexibility(灵活性)we need ,Every thing has two slides. In online learning, you have to have some special skills ,You have to be self-motivated(自我激励)、responsible for your own learning and have good time management skills. 2、If you were to go to an interview, what would you do to make a good impression? Here are many ways for make a good impression, First, we have to wear a formal wear .we want to be a polite person. And we should keep smiling. Then, we do not be afraid ,answer questions calmly. Last ,the most important thing is ,we must believe ourselves can do it。 3、What do you think parents should do when children do something wrong, such as telling lies? As parents, first we should love our children ,whatever children do something wrong ,we can not hit our children. When children do something wrong ,first ,we should analyze why they do, then we should make a communication with our children,let them understand the harm. 4、Ways to make my university life more rewarding. First I will set goals ,and I will try my best to achieve it.Then I will take part in all kinds of activities if I have time and I will do it well. the