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iso9000中英文对照

iso9000中英文对照
iso9000中英文对照

ISO 9001:2000

新版中英文条文范例文件

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Contents

0 Introduction

0.1 General

0.2 Process approach

0.3 Relationship with ISO 9004

0.4 Compatibility with other

management systems

1 Scope

1.1 General

1.2 Application

2 Normative reference

3 Terms and definitions

4 Quality management system

4.1 General requirements

4.2 Documentation requirements

5 Management responsibility

5.1 Management commitment

5.2 Customer focus

5.3 Quality policy

5.4 Planning

5.5 Responsibility, authority and

communication

5.6 Management review

6 Resource management

6.1 Provision of resources

6.2 Human resources

6.3 Infrastructure

6.4 Work environment

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目录页次

0.简介

0.1 概述 (2)

0.2 过程导向 (2)

0.3 与ISO 9004之关系 (5)

0.4 与其它管理系统的兼容性 (5)

1.范围

1.1总则 (7)

1.2应用 (7)

2.引用标准 (8)

3.术语和定义 (8)

4.质量管理系统

4.1一般要求 (9)

4.2文件化要求 (10)

5.管理责任

5.1管理者承诺 (12)

5.2顾客导向 (12)

5.3质量政策 (12)

5.4规划 (13)

5.5责任、职权与沟通 (13)

5.6管理审查 (14)

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6.资源管理

6.1资源的供应 (15)

6.2人力资源 (15)

6.3基础建设 (16)

6.4工作环境 (16)

7 Product realization

7.1 Planning of product

realization

7.2 Customer-related processes

7.3 Design and development

7.4 Purchasing

7.5 Production and service

provision

7.6 Control of monitoring and

measuring devices

8 Measurement, analysis and

improvement

8.1 General

8.2 Monitoring and measurement

8.3 Control of nonconforming

product

8.4 Analysis of data

8.5 Improvement

7.产品实现

7.1产品实现的规划 (17)

7.2顾客相关的过程 (17)

7.3设计和开发 (19)

7.4采购 (22)

7.5生产和服务供应 (23)

7.6量测和监控仪器的管制 (25)

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8.量测、分析和改善

8.1概述 (27)

8.2量测和监控 (27)

8.3不符合产品管制 (29)

8.4资料分析 (30)

8.5改善 (30)

Introduction

0.1 General

The adoption of a quality management system should be a strategic decision of an organization. The design and implementation of an organization's quality management system is influenced by varying needs, particular objectives, the products provided, the processes employed and the size and structure of the organization. It is not the intent of this International Standard to imply uniformity in the structure of quality management systems or uniformity of documentation.

The quality management system requirements specified in this International Standard are complementary to requirements for products. Information marked “NOTE” is for guidance in understanding or clarifying the associated requirement.

This International Standard can be used by internal and external parties, including certification bodies, to assess the organization's ability to meet customer, regulatory and the organization's own requirements.

The quality management principles stated in ISO 9000 and ISO 9004 have been taken into consideration during the development of this International Standard.

0.2 Process approach

This International Standard promotes the adoption of a process approach when developing, implementing and improving the effectiveness of a quality management system, to enhance customer satisfaction by meeting customer requirements.

0. 简介

0.1 概述

质量管理系统的导入需要组织的策略决定。一个组织的质量管理系统的设计与实施受不同需要、特定目标、提供产品使用的过程、组织规模大小与结构而影响。这并非意味着本标准含盖质量管理系统的架构一致化或文件一致化。

在本国际标准明确说明质量管理系统是对产品要求的补充。

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本标准中“备注”的内容是对标准要求的理解和解释的指导性意见。

本标准也能用于内部和外部(包括验证机构)评审组织满足客户、法规和组织自身要求的能力。

在起草本国际标准时,考虑了在ISO 9000 及9004:2000中所述的质量管理定理。

0.2 过程导向

本国际标准鼓励以过程导向来发展、实施和改善质量管理系统的有效性,以藉由符合顾客要求来强化顾客的满意。

For an organization to function effectively, it has to identify and manage numerous linked activities. An activity using resources, and managed in order to enable the transformation of inputs into outputs, can be considered as a process. Often the output from one process directly forms the input to the next.

The application of a system of processes within an organization, together with the identification and interactions of these processes, and their management, can be referred to as the “process approach”.

An advantage of the process approach is the ongoing control that it provides over the linkage between the individual processes within the system of processes, as well as over their combination and interaction.

When used within a quality management system, such an approach emphasizes the importance of

a) understanding and meeting requirements,

b) the need to consider processes in terms of added value,

c) obtaining results of process performance and effectiveness, and

d) continual improvement of processes based on objective measurement.

The model of a process-based quality management system shown in Figure 1 illustrates the process linkages presented in clauses 4 to 8. This illustration shows that customers play a significant role in defining requirements as inputs. Monitoring of customer satisfaction requires the evaluation of information relating to customer perception as to whether the organization has met the customer requirements. The model shown in Figure 1 covers all the requirements of this International Standard, but does not show processes at a detailed level.

组织为其功能的有效性,必须鉴别及管理多个相连结的活动。一种活动,藉由使用资源及管理使其由输入转换成输出,视为过程。通常某一过程的输出可能直接形成下一个过程的输入。

在组织中,鉴别及这些过程的相互关系,以及过程管理,即所谓之“过程导向”。

过程方法的优点是对过程系统中各个过程之间的联系及过程的组合和相互作用进行的管制。

在质量管理系统中应用时,强调下列的重要性:

a) 了解和满足要求;

b) 需要在增值方面考虑过程;

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c) 获得过程绩效和有效性的结果;

d) 基于客观的量测对过程实施持续改善。

图1说明本国际标准第4章至第8章过程相关连的质量管理系统模式。此模式显示输入的要求客户扮演了重要的角色。以客户满意度的监控要求评估关于组织是否符合客户要求的了解。图1模式涵盖了所有本国际标准的要求,但不在细节的过程多做说明。

NOTE In addition, the methodology known as “Plan-Do-Check-Act” (PDCA) can be applied to all processes. PDCA can be briefly described as follows.

Plan: establish the objectives and processes necessary to deliver results in accordance with customer requirements and the organization's policies.

Do: implement the processes.

Check: monitor and measure processes and product against policies, objectives and requirements for the product and report the results.

Act: take actions to continually improve process performance.

注:众所皆知的方法“计划-执行-检查-行动”(PDCA)能应用于所有过程。

PDCA模式简述如下:

计划:依据客户要求及组织政策来建立目标及必要的过程。

执行:实施过程。

检查:依据政策、目标与产品要求对过程及产品进行监控及量测并报告结果。

行动:采取行动来持续改善过程绩效。

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0.3 Relationship with ISO 9004

The present editions of ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 have been developed as a consistent pair of quality management system standards which have been designed to complement each other, but can also be used independently.

Although the two International Standards have different scopes, they have similar structures in order to assist their application as a consistent pair.

ISO 9001 specifies requirements for a quality management system that can be used for internal application by organizations, or for certification, or for contractual purposes. It focuses on the effectiveness of the quality management system in meeting customer requirements.

ISO 9004 gives guidance on a wider range of objectives of a quality management system than does ISO 9001, particularly for the continual improvement of an organization's overall performance and efficiency, as well as its effectiveness. ISO 9004 is recommended as a guide for organizations whose top management wishes to move beyond the requirements of ISO 9001, in pursuit of continual improvement of performance. However, it is not intended for certification or for contractual purposes.

0.4 Compatibility with other managem-

ent systems

This International Standard has been aligned with ISO 14001:1996 in order to enhance the compatibility of the two standards for the benefit of the user community.

0.3 与ISO 9004之关系

ISO 9001及ISO 9004已视为一致性的配对质量管理系统标准,能相互运用但也可独立使用。

虽然这两国际标准有不同的范围,但有相似的架构以期协助他们配对的应用。

ISO 9001明确订定质量管理系统的要求,可用在组织内部或为了验证或合约目的。而主要焦点在于质量管理系统符合客户要求的有效性。

ISO 9004比ISO9001给予质量管理系统的目标更广泛的指引,特别是组织的整体绩效和效率的持续改善及其有效性。ISO 9004建议作为组织的指引,若管理阶层期望超越ISO 9001的要求,追求绩效的持续改善。但不作为验证或合约目的意图。

0.4 与其它管理系统的兼容性

本国际标准已与ISO 14001:1996架构相近,为了使用者的一致利益,强化此两标准的兼容性。

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This International Standard does not include requirements specific to other management systems, such as those particular to environmental management, occupational health and safety management, financial management or risk management.

However, this International Standard enables an organization to align or integrate its own quality management system with related management system requirements. It is possible for an organization to adapt its existing management system(s) in order to establish a quality management system that complies with the requirements of this International Standard.

本国际标准未涵盖其它管理系统的要求,如环境管理、职业健康与安全管理、财务管理或风险管理。但不管如何,本国际标准允许组织能结合或整合其质量管理系统与相关的管理系统要求。某些情况下,组织可能适合其现有管理系统来建立符合本国际标准要求的质量管理系统。

Quality management systems — Requirements

1 Scope

1.1 General

This International Standard specifies requirem

ents for a quality management system where an organization

a)needs to demonstrate its ability to consistent-

ly provide product that meets customer and applicable regulatory requirements, and b)aims to enhance customer satisfaction throu-

gh the effective application of the system, including processes for continual improvement of the system and the assurance of conformity to customer and applicable regulatory require-

ments.

NOTE In this International Standard, the term “product” applies only to the product intended for, or required by, a customer.

1.2 Application

All requirements of this International Standard are generic and are intended to be applicable to all organizations, regardless of type, size and product provided. Where any requirement(s) of this International Standard cannot be applied due to the nature of an organization and its product, this can be considered for exclusion. Where exclusions are made, claims of conform-

ity to this International Standard are not acceptable unless these exclusions are limited to requirements within clause 7, and such excl-

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usions do not affect the organization's ability, or responsibility, to provide product that meets customer and applicable regulatory requireme-

nts.

1. 范围

1.1 总则

本标准为有下列需求的组织规定了质量管理系统要求:

a) 证实其有能力稳定地提供符合顾客和适用的法规要求的产品;

b) 透过系统的有效应用,包括系统的

持续改进过程和保证符合顾客与适用的法规要求,以提高顾客满意的目的。

备注:在本标准中所言之”产品”仅适用于提供顾客预期或要求的产品。

1.2 应用

本标准所规定的要求是通用的,以期适用于各种类型、不同规模和提供不同产品的所有组织。

当本标准的任何要求由于其组织及产品的特点而不适用时,可对此要求考虑进行排除。

排除限于第七章中那些不影响组织提供满足顾客和适用法规要求的产品的能力或责任的要求,否则不能声称符合本标准。

2 Normative reference

The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normative document indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.

ISO 9000:2000, Quality management systems

— Fundamentals and vocabulary.

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this International Standard, the terms and definitions given in ISO 9000 apply.

The following terms, used in this edition of ISO 9001 to describe the supply chain, have been changed to reflect the vocabulary currently used:

supplier organization customer

The term “organization” replaces the term “supplier” used in ISO 9001:1994, and

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refers to the unit to which this

International Standard applies. Also, the term “supplier” now replaces the term “subcontractor”.

Throughout the text of this International Standard, wherever the term “product” occurs, it can also mean “service”.

2. 引用标准

通过在本标准中的引用,下列标准包含了构成本标准规定的内容。对版本明确的引用标准,该标准的增补或修订不适用。但是,鼓励使用本标准的各方探讨使用下列标准最新版本的可能性。

ISO 9000:2000质量管理系统-基本原理和术语

3. 术语和定义

本标准的目的,采用ISO 9000:2000所给予的术语和定义。

本ISO9001标准描述供应链使用的术语如下所示:

供货商→组织→顾客

本标准所使用的术语“组织”取代ISO9001:1994年版使用的“供货商”,现在使用的“供货商”取代以前使用的术语“分包方”。

本国际标准内容所言之“产品”亦代表了“服务”之意。

4 Quality management system

4.1 General requirements

The organization shall establish, document, implement and maintain a quality management system and continually improve its effectivene-

ss in accordance with the requirements of this International Standard.

The organization shall

a) identify the processes needed for the quality management system and their application throughout the organization (see 1.2),

b) determine the sequence and interaction of these processes,

c) determine criteria and methods needed to ensure that both the operation and control of these processes are effective,

d) ensure the availability of resources and information necessary to support the operation and monitoring of these processes,

e) monitor, measure and analyse these processes, and

f) implement actions necessary to achieve planned results and continual improvement of these processes.

These processes shall be managed by the organization in accordance with the requireme- nts of this International Standard.

Where an organization chooses to outsource any process that affects product conformity

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with requirements, the organization shall ensure control over such processes. Control of such outsourced processes shall be identified

within the quality management system.

NOTE Processes needed for the quality management system referred to above should include processes for management activities, provision of resources, product realization and measurement.

4. 质量管理系统

4.1 一般要求

组织必须遵照本国际标准的要求建立、文件化、执行并维持质量管理系统及持续改善其有效姓。组织必须:

a) 鉴别并运用组织质量管理系统所需要的过程;

b) 决定这些过程的顺序与相互关系;

c) 决定确保运作及管制这些过程有效的准则与方法;

d) 确保必要资源与信息的可用性,以支持这些过程的运作及监控。

e) 量测、监督、分析这些过程,

f) 实施欲达成预期规划结果与这些过程持续改善所需要的行动;

组织必须依据本国际标准之要求管理这些过程。

针对组织对外包的任何影响到产品符合性的过程,组织应确保对其实施管制。对此类外包过程的管制必须在质量管理系统中加以明确。

备注:上述质量管理系统所需之过程必须包括管理活动、资源提供、产品实现和量测等过程。

4.2 Documentation requirements

4.2.1 General

The quality management system documentation shall include

a) documented statements of a quality policy and quality objectives,

b) a quality manual,

c) documented procedures required by this International Standard,

d) documents needed by the organization to ensure the effective planning, operation and control of its processes, and

e) records required by this International Standard (see 4.2.4).

NOTE 1 Where the term “documented procedure”appears within this International Standard, this means that the procedure is established, documented, implemented and maintained. NOTE 2 The extent of the quality management system documentation can differ from one organization to another due to

a) the size of organization and type of activities,

b) the complexity of processes and their interactions, and

c) the competence of personnel.

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NOTE 3 The documentation can be in any form or type of medium.

4.2.2 Quality manual

The organization shall establish and maintain a quality manual that includes

a) the scope of the quality management system, including details of and justification for any exclusions (see 1.2),

b) the documented procedures established for the quality management system, or reference to them, and

c) a description of the interaction between the processes of the quality management system.

4.2 文件化要求

4.2.1 一般要求

质量管理系统文件必须包括:

a) 质量政策及质量目标的书面陈述;

b) 品质手册;

c) 本国际标准所要求的书面化程序;

d) 组织为确保规划的有效性、过程运作及管制所需的文件;

e) 本国际标准所要求之记录(参阅4.2.4)。

备注1:本国际标准文句中所言“书面化程序”均必须要针对该程序加以建立、书面化、执行并维持。

备注2:质量管理系统的文件化内容可于不同的组织取决于:

a) 组织的规模与活动的型态;

b) 过程的复杂度与关联性;

c) 人员的能力。

备注3:书面化可以在任何形式的媒体上进行。

4.2.2 品质手册

组织必须建立和维持质量手册,内容包括:

a)质量管理系统的范围,包括任

何删减的细节和理由(参见1.2);

b)建立质量管理系统书面化程序

或其参考之处;

c)陈述质量管理系统过程间的相

互关系。

4.2.3 Control of documents

Documents required by the quality management system shall be controlled. Records are a special type of document and shall be controlled according to the requirements given in 4.2.4.

A documented procedure shall be established to define the controls needed

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a) to approve documents for adequacy prior to issue,

b) to review and update as necessary and re-approve documents,

c) to ensure that changes and the current revision status of documents are identified,

d) to ensure that relevant versions of applicable documents are available at points of use,

e) to ensure that documents remain legible and readily identifiable,

f) to ensure that documents of external origin are identified and their distribution controlled, and

g) to prevent the unintended use of obsolete documents, and to apply suitable identification to them if they are retained for any purpose.

4.2.4 Control of records

Records shall be established and maintained to provide evidence of conformity to requirements and of the effective operation of the quality management system. Records shall remain legible, readily identifiable and retrievable. A documented procedure shall be established to define the controls needed for the identification, storage, protection, retrieval, retention time and disposition of records.

4.2.3 文件管制

质量管理系统所要求之文件必须管制。记录是文件的特殊型态必须依据

4.2.4要求管制。

书面化程序必须建立来订定管制要求

a) 发行前被审核其适切性;

b) 审查及修订,必要时重新审核;

c) 确保文件的变更和目前版本状况加以识别;

d) 确保相关文件版本在使用场所可被取得;

e) 确保文件保持清楚易读、容易识别;

f) 确保外来原始文件的识别并管制其分发;

g) 防止过时的文件非预期使用,如为任何目的保留时,应予适当标识。

4.2.4 质量记录管制

记录必须建立及维持,以提供符合质量管理系统要求及有效运作的证据。记录必须保

持清晰易读、易于识别及索引。书面化程序必须建立来管制所需的记录之识别、储存、索引、保护、保存期限及处理。

5 Management responsibility

5.1 Management commitment

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Top management shall provide evidence of its commitment to the development and implemen- tation of the quality management system and continually improving its effectiveness by

a)communicating to the organization the impo-

rtance of meeting customer as well as statutory and regulatory requirements,

b)establishing the quality policy,

c)ensuring that quality objectives are established,

d) conducting management reviews, and

e) ensuring the availability of resources.

5.2 Customer focus

Top management shall ensure that customer requirements are determined and are met with the aim of enhancing customer satisfaction (see 7.2.1 and 8.2.1).

5.3 Quality policy

Top management shall ensure that the quality policy

a) is appropriate to the purpose of the organization,

b) includes a commitment to comply with requirements and continually improve the effectiveness of the quality management system,

c) provides a framework for establishing and reviewing quality objectives,

d) is communicated and understood within the organization, and

e) is reviewed for continuing suitability.

5. 管理责任

5.1 管理者承诺

高阶管理者必须藉由下列活动,发展和实施质量管理系统及持续改善其有效性的承诺提供证据:

a) 符合顾客及法令法规要求的重要性,沟通至组织各阶层;

b) 订定质量政策;

c) 确保订定质量目标;

d) 实施管理审查;

e) 确保资源之可用性。

5.2 顾客导向

高阶管理者必须确保顾客的要求已确定且以符合提高顾客满意的目标(参阅7.2.1及及

8.2.1)。

5.3 质量政策

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高阶管理者必须确保质量政策;

a) 适合组织的目的;

b) 包括对符合质量管理系统要求及持续改善有效性的承诺;

c) 提供订定及审查质量目标的架构;

d) 组织内沟通及了解,和

e) 审查其持续的适切性。

5.4 Planning

5.4.1 Quality objectives

Top management shall ensure that quality objectives, including those needed to meet requirements for product [see 7.1a ], are established at relevant functions and levels within the organization. The quality objectives shall be measurable and consistent with the quality policy.

5.4.2 Quality management system planning

Top management shall ensure that

a) the planning of the quality management system is carried out in order to meet the requirements given in 4.1, as well as the quality objectives, and

c)the integrity of the quality management system is maintained when changes to the

quality management system are planned and implemented.

5.5 Responsibility, authority and communication

5.5.1 Responsibility and authority

Top management shall ensure that responsibilities and authorities are defined and communicated within the organization.

5.5.2 Management representative

Top management shall appoint a member of management who, irrespective of other respon- sibilities, shall have responsibility and authority that includes

a) ensuring that processes needed for the quality management system are established, implemented and maintained,

5.4 规划

5.4.1 质量目标

高阶管理者必须确保组织中的相关功能和层级建立其质量目标,包括符合各项产品要

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求(参见7.1a)。质量目标必须是可衡量的且与质量政策相一致。

5.4.2 质量管理系统规划

高阶管理者必须确保:

a) 质量管理系统进行规划,以符合条款4.1的要求及质量目标;

b) 当质量管理系统规划和实施变更时,维持质量管理系统的完整性。

5.5 责任、职权与沟通

5.5.1责任与职权

高阶管理者必须确保组织中的责任及职权已明确界定和沟通。

5.5.2 管理代表

高阶管理者必须在管理人员中指派一位管理代表,该管理代表必须不受其它职务影响

赋予其权责以:

a)确保建立、实施和维持质量管理系统所需的过程;

b) reporting to top management on the performance of the quality management system and any need for improvement, and

c) ensuring the promotion of awareness of customer requirements throughout the organization.

NOTE The responsibility of a management representative can include liaison with external parties on matters relating to the quality management system.

5.5.3 Internal communication

Top management shall ensure that appropriate communication processes are established within the organization and that communication takes place regarding the effectiveness of the quality management system.

5.6 Management review

5.6.1 General

Top management shall review the organization's quality management system, at planned intervals, to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness. This review shall include assessing opportunities for improvement and the need for changes to the quality management system, including the quality policy and quality objectives. Records from management reviews shall be maintained (see 4.2.4).

5.6.2 Review input

18

The input to management review shall include information on

a) results of audits,

b) customer feedback,

b) 向高阶管理者报告质量管理系统的绩效及改善的任何需要;

c) 确保于组织倡导对顾客要求的认知。

备注:管理代表之职责应该包括与外界就质量管理系统相关事项之联系。

5.5.3内部沟通

高皆管理者必须确保在组织中建立适当的沟通过程,及进行关于质量管理系统有效性的沟通。

5.6 管理审查

5.6.1 概述

高阶管理者必须在计划期间内审查组织的质量管理系统,以确保其持续之适切性、充

份性及有效性。此项审查必须评估质量管理系统变更的需要及改善的机会,包括质量

政策与质量目标。

管理审查记录必须维持(参考4.2.4)

5.6.2 审查的输入

管理审查的输入必须包括下列信息:

a) 稽核结果;

b)顾客回馈;

c) process performance and product conformity,

d) status of preventive and corrective actions,

e) follow-up actions from previous management reviews,

f) changes that could affect the quality management system, and

g) recommendations for improvement.

5.6.3 Review output

The output from the management review shall include any decisions and actions related to

a) improvement of the effectiveness of the quality management system and its processes,

b) improvement of product related to customer requirements, and

c) resource needs.

6 Resource management

19

6.1 Provision of resources

The organization shall determine and provide the resources needed

a) to implement and maintain the quality management system and continually improve its effectiveness, and

b) to enhance customer satisfaction by meeting customer requirements.

6.2 Human resources

6.2.1 General

Personnel performing work affecting product quality shall be competent on the basis of appropriate education, training, skills and experience.

c) 过程绩效和产品的符合性;

d) 预防与矫正措施之状况;

e) 以往管理审查之追踪行动;

f) 可能影响质量管理系统之变动。

g) 改善的建议。

5.6.3 审查的输出

管理审查之输出必须包括任何有关于下列事项之任何决策和行动:

a) 质量管理系统及其过程有效性之改善;

b) 顾客要求关于产品的改善;

c) 资源需要。

6 资源管理

6.1 资源的供应

组织必须确定并提供所需的资源:

a)以实施和维持质量管理系统及持续改善其有效性,且

b)藉由符合顾客要求来提高顾客满意。

6.2 人力资源

6.2.1 概述

影响产品质量的执行工作人员,其能力必须基于适当的教育、训练、技能和经验。

6.2.2 Competence, awareness and training

20

文学作品中英汉意象比喻的常用译法

文学作品中 英汉意象比喻的常用译法by Zheng Yawei H

比喻,是文学作品中最富有读音的部分之一,它不但向读者传达一个信息,而且给读者给的文学美,一个好的比喻往往引起读者的无限联想,使读者深入领会原作的精神。 英汉的比喻形式基本上是一致的。但是由于两国历史、文化、风土人情、传统习惯、思维方式及审美观念都各有其特点,因此,反映在评议中的意象比喻也很不同。例如我们常用“落汤鸡”来形容一个人被雨淋得湿透,而英国人却用as wet as a daowned rat来打比喻。因此翻译比喻时要根据情况进行灵活处理。

意象比喻的汉译大致可以采取以下 几种方法 1.保留原文比喻意象,直译。 英语中许多大众化的比喻意象与汉语的比喻意象相同或相近,或虽汉语中无相同相近意象,但译后的比喻仍可通过联想了解其意义而不会产生误解,也可以直译。 eg: to fish in troubled waters 混水摸鱼 follow in somebody's footsteps 步人后尘

A rolling stone gethers no moss. 滚石不生苔 as blind as a bat 瞎的像只蝙蝠 注:文学作品中作家自创的比喻,只要不引起误解,最好直译。当然,有时也可以用汉语中的现存的比喻来翻译以贴合中国人的文化习俗以易于理解。eg:He who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl. 跟狼做朋友,就要学会狼叫/近朱者赤,近墨者黑。 2.更换比喻意象 有些英语直译成汉语后会觉得不自然,甚至产生误解,这是因为汉语中不存在这样的意象。遇到这种情况,可以借用汉语比喻,更换意象。

英汉汉英翻译学习 译后感

至今为止,已经学了一个学期的翻译基础。虽说未涉及汉译英的学习,但从过去这一学期对英译汉理论与实践的学习,我深知翻译并非一件容易的事。对我来说,学好翻译这门课程并将其运用到实践中去,任重而道远。 在未上翻译课之前,每每听人提及翻译,以为就只是单纯的两种语言的转换;谁知经过一个学期的翻译课学习,才知道自己竟是大错特错了。当代英国翻译理论家纽马克的翻译理论及其语言六大功能(表达功能、信息功能、祈使功能、人际功能、审美功能、元语言功能),我国翻译家严复的“信、达、雅”三大翻译标准等,让我更进一步了解什么是翻译。 对于我们初学者来说,在进行翻译活动时,除了要遵循翻译的两大原则(忠实、通顺)外,还要注意直译与意译、异化与归化等翻译技巧的运用。否则,翻译时,容易出现“翻译腔”。如;And so you shall be my darling----when l tell you! 译文一:当我告诉你的时候——我的宝贝,你会知道的。译文二:那你等着吧——等到我告诉了你,你就懂得了!这两种翻译中,第一种机械地模仿原文,不知变通,是典型的“翻译腔”。而第二种摆脱了原文的结构束缚,用符合目的语的语言表达形式再现了原文的意义和精神。 此外,对一些翻译技巧(如:词类转换法、重复法、正反反正翻译法、抽象与具体转换法、抽词拆译法、增词语省略法、物称人称转化法、形合意合转换法、视点转换法等)的学习及反复练习,也让我在学习的同时发现并总结出一些翻译时常出现的问题。如:的、地、得的正确使用(美丽的太阳花、吃力地行走、高兴得手舞足蹈);量词的正确使用(一只小熊、一头大熊、一个熊妈妈);标点符号的正确使用(注意句子的停顿);“so·····that”不能译成“如此·····以至于”可译成“那样·····因此or所以”;“when·····”不能译成“当······时”;人的mate译成“伙伴”,动物的mate译成“配偶”,而人的“配偶”是spouse;“go down the wind”译成顺着风走,“go up the wind”译成逆着风走;定语从句的译法:分片——逐个译出——理解大意——调整语序。 另外,长句的翻译也是一大难点。像顺序法、分译法、逆序法、综合法等长句翻译方法都可用于翻译中,才能译出更好的译文。 与汉语习惯不同,在英语中,为了避免重复,通常用同义词、近义词代替前文出现过的词。同时,英语中通常用大量的连词,是句子更紧凑,而汉语恰恰相反。因此,在英译汉时,要尽量避免将关联词“和、所以、因此、而且····”翻译出来。 我深知自己基础比较薄弱,因而在学习时也比较吃力,但我不会因此而自暴自弃,相反,我会加倍努力,尽自己最大的努力学好翻译这门课程。

英国文学作品英汉对照

Chapter 1 文艺复兴时期 I. Edmund Spenser Epithalamion 贺新婚曲 The Faerie Queene 仙后 选文为The Faerie Queene II.Christopher Marlowe Tamburlaine 铁木耳转 Dr. Faustus 浮士德悲剧 The Jew of Malta 马乐他岛的犹太人 Edward II 爱德华二世 Hero and Leander 海洛与勒安德尔 选文为Dr. Faustus ; The Passionate Shepherd to His Love III. William Shakespeare Rape of Lucrece 鲁克斯受辱记 Venus and Adonis 维纳斯与安东尼斯 Titus Andronicus 泰托斯安东尼 The Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧 The Two Gentlemen of Veroma 维洛那二绅士 The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记 Love’s Labour’s Lost爱的徒劳 Richard II 理查二世 King John 约翰王 Henry IV, Parts I and II, Henry V Six Comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦 The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 Much Ado About Nothing 无事无非 As You Like It 皆大欢喜 Twelfth Night 第十二夜 The Merry Wise of Windsor 温莎的风流娘儿们 Two Tragedies: Romeo and Juliet 罗米欧与朱丽叶 Julius Caesar 凯撒 Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克里佩特拉 Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus 特洛伊勒斯与克利西达All’ Well That Ends Well (comedy) 终成成眷属

汉英翻译教程

汉英翻译教程

第一章 汉英语言对比 相关参考: 翻译教学和研究的经验表明:翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析基础上。英汉互译的几项基本原则和技巧,如选词(Diction)、转换(Conversion)、增补(Amplification)、省略(Omission)、重复(Repetition)、替代(Substitution)、变换(Variation)、倒臵(Inversion)、拆离(Division)、缀合(Combination)、阐释(Annotation)、浓缩(Condensation)、重组(Reconstruction),以及时态、语态、语气、习语、术语等的译法,都集中地体现了英汉的不同特点。机器翻译是让计算机按照人们所制定的程序和指令进行不同语言的对比转换,也离不开对比分析。翻译之所以困难,归根结底是因为语言差异和文化差异。因此,对比、分析和归纳这些差异,便是翻译学的重要任务。 不同语言的对比分析不仅有利于教学和翻译,也有助于语言交际。通过对比分析,人们可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性,在进行交际时,能够有意识地注意不同语言各自的表现方法,以顺应这些差异,防止表达错误,避免运用失当,从而达到交际的目的。 ——连淑能,《英汉对比研究》 纪德是最理解莎士比亚的法国作家之一。在他看来,“没有任何作家比莎士比亚更值得翻译”,但同时,“也没有任何作家比他更难翻译,译文更容易走样”。纪德对莎士比亚的理解是双重的,既是精神的,也是语言的。他在与莎士比亚的相遇与相识中,经历了一系列的考验。对他在翻译中经历的这番历史奇遇,他曾在为七星文库出版的《莎士比亚戏剧集》撰写的前言中作了详尽的描述:描述了两种文化与两种语言之间的遭遇,也揭示了翻译中译者所面临的种种障碍。 纪德首先看到的,是语言与文化层面的逻辑性,这涉及到不同语言的思维方法。他说:“莎士比亚很少考虑逻辑性,而我们拉丁文化缺了逻辑性就踉踉跄跄。莎士比亚笔下的形象相互重现,相互推倒。面对如此丰富的形象,我们可怜的译者目瞪口呆。他不愿意对这种绚丽多彩有丝毫遗漏,因此不得不将英文原本中用仅仅一个词表示的暗喻译成一个句子。原来像蛇一样紧紧盘成一团的诗意,如今成了松开的弹簧。翻译成了解释。逻辑倒是很满意,但魅力不再起作用。莎士比亚的诗句飞跃而过的空间,迟缓的熊虫一瘸一拐才能走完。”在紧密的逻辑与丰富的形象之间,英语与法语的天平有所侧重,在两者的遭遇中,译者的无奈与局限源于文化与语言的巨大差异。 头脑清醒的纪德没有丝毫责备英语或莎士比亚的语言的意思,相反,在翻译莎士比亚的戏剧中,他充分意识到了母语的缺陷。他说:“只有在接触外语时,我们才意识到本国语言的缺陷,因此,只会法语的法国人是看不到缺陷的。”他的这一观点与德国作家歌德的观点几乎是一致的。异之于我,可作一明镜,从异中更清楚地照清自身。在这个意义上,与异语文化的接触,有助于认识母语与母语文化的不足。看清了自身的不足,便有可能从异语异文化中去摄取营养,弥补自身,丰富自身。 在艰难的翻译中,纪德亲历了种种障碍,他结合翻译中的具体例证,作了某

ISO9000标准的实施步骤

ISO9000标准的实施步骤 ①准备职能分工表; ②制定职能分工草案; ③与管理者代表初步讨论; ④各部门负责人开会讨论; ⑤最高管理者审定批准正式职能分工表。 (5)列出文件清单 ①列出质量手册框架; ②列出程序文件清单; ③列出工作文件类别; ④与各部门讨论文件清单; ⑤表格记录归纳整理。 ●培训辅导阶段 (1)全员培训 ①准备ISO9000培训教材。 ②培训内容: A.什么是ISO9000? B.实施ISO9000有何作用? C.ISO9000实施要点? D.ISO9000实施步骤? ③现场培训及问题疑答。 (2)骨干培训 ①准备教材; ②培训内容: A.ISO9000条款理解要点; B.ISO9000条款实施要点。 ③现场培训及问题疑答; ④讨论手册和程序文件框架。 (3)文件编写人员培训 ①准备教材; ②确定文件编写人员; ③培训内容: A.质量手册编写; B.程序文件编写; C.工作文件编写; D.记录表格编写。 ④案例; ⑤疑答。 ●文件编写阶段 (1)制订计划、分配任务 ①确定文件编写责任部门; ②确定文件编写人员; ③安排文件编写时间;

④分配编写任务; ⑤与相关部门人员讨论文件编写计划; ⑥由管理者代表批准文件编写计划; (2)提供样本编写指导 ①提供质量方针及质量目标样板; ②提供质量手册样板; ③提供程序文件样板; ④提供工作文件编写要求; ⑤编写过程答疑。 (3)顾问修改体系文件 ①顾问修改质量手册和程序文件; ②修改要点: A.体系要素及要求是否齐全? B.各部门接口有无问题? C.各层次文件是否一致? D.记录与文件体系是否一致? ③记录和归纳所有需修改内容。 4)相关部门评阅文件 ①顾问与相关部门讨论手册、程序需修改的内容; ②由相关部门文件编写人员进行修改; ③顾问确定修改是否符合要求; ④各相关部门传阅文件,提出需修改内容; ⑤由顾问、各相关部门讨论决定文件修改。 (5)领导审批文件 ①质量手册由最高管理者批准; ②程序文件由管理者代表或相关部门负责人批准; ③工作文件及记录由各部门负责人批准。 ●试运行阶段 (1)试运行准备 ①文件复印、装订; ②文件盖受控章; ③准备试运行反馈单; ④准备试运行动员会培训内容; ⑤试运行动员会议人员、时间、场地安排。 2)试运行动员会组织 ①根据安排组织相关人员按时参加; ②场地相应宣传及安排; ③最高管理者发放质量手册和程序文件; ④试运行推动培训; ⑤最高管理者动员。 (3)试运行推动 ①体系文件培训; ②试运行考试; ③顾问现场实施指导。

英汉汉英实用翻译教程

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