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自考英语最全复习资料

2011年自考英语（二）章节复习资料汇总

重点单词扩充讲解：

1. organizational: a 组织上的

由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织；organization: n 组织；organizer: n 组织者

请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空：

1). Last week, our school ________ a spring outing.

2). The task calls for the highest _________ skill.

3). China has joined World Trade __________.

4). He is the __________ of the speech contest.

Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer

2. objective: n 目标；a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的

3. predict: v 预言、预示；

由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言；predictable: a 可预测的；predictor: n 预言家

4. simplify: v 简化

由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的；simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地；simplification: n 简化；simplified: a 被简化的。

Exercises for the above words:

1). The machine is _____ in operation but complex in structure.

2). Shakespeare?s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while ____ edition is quite easy.

3). There is no point in arguing about it, because it is _______ a question of procedure.

4). The ______ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor.

Answers: simple; simplified; simply; simplification

5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于…，tend to do sth

e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter.

Or old people tend to get fatter.

6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的；

由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营；management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者；manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。

7. argue: v 争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人争论；argue sb into doing sth说服某人做某事；argue sb out of doing sth说服某人不要做某事。

e.g. 1>. The young couple always argue with each other over their child?s

education.

2>. I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey.

8. define: v 给…下定义；definition: n 定义

9. profitability: n 赚钱，获利

由此我们可以联想到：profit: n 利润；profitable: a 有利可图的, 有好处的；

profitless: a 没有利润的。

1). He has made a _____ from running a small restaurant.

2). The deal was ______ to all of us.

3). They valued _______ differently, which led to disagreement as to the correctness of decision.

Answer: profit, profitable; profitability.

10. correctness: n 正确性；字根：correct: a 正确的；v 纠正，correction: n 纠正；incorrect: a 不正确的。

11. unintended: a 非计划中的，

由此我们可以联想到：intend: v 打算，计划；intention: n ；intended: a 计划中的课文难句讲解、分析

1. A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.(p1)

译：决策就是从几种可以选择的做法中作出选择。

分析：该句是主系表结构。made from among alternative courses of action that are available是过去分词短语做定语修饰a choice; 其中that are available是定语从句修饰courses of action.

像这样一环修饰一环的句子结构在英文中很普遍，因此为了看懂句子大家必须学会分析。这是整个英语学习过程中很重要的能力！

2. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. (p1) 译：做出决策的原因是因为存在问题，目标或目的有错误，或者有某种东西防碍着它们的实现。

分析：该句又是主系表结构。That引导三个并列的表语从句，①a problem exists，②goals or objectives are wrong；③something is standing in the way of accomplishing them。短语：make a decision:做出决策；stand in the way: 阻挡、防碍

3. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. (p2)

译：通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测，从而使偶然性尽可能少地发生，但因为不确定性总是存在，所以决策常伴随着风险。

分析：前半句是主谓宾结构。what the future will be是at的宾语；as little as possible 做leave的宾语；since引导原因状语从句，相当于because.

4. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. (p3)

译：如果没有选择，就不会有决策。

分析：这是一句很简单的条件状语从句，但它有一个很重要的考点：to be made。这是动词不定式做定语修饰decision，有将来意味。比如：The last question to be discussed today is how to divide the work among ourselves.

5. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. (p3)

译：对于管理者而言，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律以及惯例等因素制约。

分析：这句话的考点是based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like。同样是过去分词短语做定语修饰constraints。其中词组：base…on以…为基础。如：The film is based on s short story by Jack London.

6. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. (p4)

译：但是这种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的方法。

分析：该句主语the tendency to simplify，谓语blinds; them是宾语。to simplify是定

语，修饰the tendency；to other alternatives是宾补。其中短语：blind sb to sth:使…看不见…；

we shouldn?t let our prejudices blind us to the facts.

7. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. (p6 line 4--6) 译：因为个人（和组织）关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点，哪种是最优的选择可能要看是谁做出决策。

分析：这是一个由because引导的原因状语从句。其中how to attain the goals做介词about的宾语，who makes the decision做介词on的宾语。

8. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. (p7 line 2--4)

译：其中有一些目标比其它的更重要，但其顺序和重要程度因人和不同的部门而异。

分析：请注意比较级more important than，词组：vary from person to person译成中文：因人而异，可以推出：因季节而异vary from season to season….

9. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on. (p7 line 5--7) 译：当面对同一件日常事情时，销售经理倾向于看销售问题，而生产经理则会看生产相关的问题，等等。

分析：前半部分为常考内容，它是when + 过去分词短语，构成时间状语部分。其中词组：

be presented with = be faced with当面对…

When faced with difficulties, we should be brave..

10. People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. (p9)

译：人们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象。

分析：句子结构简单：主谓宾（从句）。其中assume: = imagine; isolated: adj 孤立的。

phenomenon: n 现象；复数变化较特殊：phenomena

重点单词、词组详讲

1. interview: n/v 采访、面试；interviewer: n 采访者；interviewee: n 被采访者

e.g. 1>. Who's the most famous person you've ever interviewed on TV?

2>. In a TV interview last night, she denied she had any intention of resigning.

2. criticism: n 批评，评论；criticize: v 批评；critical: a 批评的、挑剔的、关键的；critic: n 评论家, 请填填看。

1> He is a literary ______.

2> We are at a _______time in our history.

3> He can't take ________.

4> The boy was ______ by his father for being late for school.

Answers: critic, critical, criticism, criticized

3. indifference: n 冷漠、漠不关心；indifferent: a 冷漠的，反义词：enthusiastic: 热情的

cf: different: a 不同的，名词：difference; 反义词：same.

4. inefficiency: n 无效，由此联想得到：

efficient: a 高效率的；efficiency: n inefficient: a 低效率的

5. conservative: a 保守的、保存的；conserve: v 保存；conservation: n

6. apply to sb for sth: 向某人申请某物

e.g. The student applied to the embassy for a visa.

7. take the trouble to do sth: 不辞劳苦、费力地做某事

e.g. If you took the trouble to listen to what I was saying, you'd know what I was talking about.

8. put oneself in somebody's place: 设身处地…

If you put yourself in your mother's place, you will understand why she is so worried about you.

9. in hand: 手头上有，进行中

I've got enough money in hand to buy a new car.

10. turn down: 调小，降低，拒绝

Turn down the TV, for the baby is sleeping.

He turned down the job because the pay isn't good enough.

课文难句分析

1. The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far. （p2）

译：这里的关键词是准备和自信，它们将使你前程远大。

分析：which will carry you far非限定性定语从句，修饰preparation and confidence。另外请注意：key关键的；preparation是prepare的名词；confidence: n 信心。Confident:

a 有信心的；self-confidence: 自信心。

2. Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the origination you hope to work for. (p4)

译：了解你所申请的工作和你希望为之工作的组织。

分析：you are applying for定语，修饰the job; you hope to work for定语修饰the origination。词组：apply to sb for sth向某人申请什么。

3. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job. (p6)

译：它表明你对雇主和你的工作的态度冷漠，不感兴趣。

分析：it主语；shows谓语；an unattractive indifference宾语；to your employer and to your job间接宾语。Show sth to sb=show sb sth.另外，请注意：indifference: 冷漠，漠视。

4. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job. (p7)

分析：who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job 全部都是定语，修饰somebody。注意介词with表示带有。。；have interest in sth对…有兴趣。

5. Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for. (p8)

译：你找到的任何有关未来雇主的信息在面试中都能为你所用，以表示你费了心思去掌握一些关于你希望为其工作的人的事实。

分析：从这个句子的长度大家也能看出这是一个复杂句。主体结构为：anything can be used to your advantage. that you find out about the prospective employer是定语从句；during the interview状语；to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for是目的状语；who you hope to work for是另外一个定语

从句修饰the people. 词组：to your advantage: 对你有利；work for sb为某人工作。

6. Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite. (p10) 译：面试中如果你想确切地知道某些话的含义，不要害怕请对方解释清楚，但一定要有礼貌。

分析：基本句型：not be afraid to do sth; 不要害怕去做某事；ask for clarification要求澄清；that has been said during the interview定语，修饰something; what was implied 宾语；do be polite: 其中do为了强调，如：do be careful! I do love you! He does lie to us!

7. Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication. (p16)

译：拿着邀请你面试的通知书，以防万一交谈出现困难时显示。

分析：这是一个祈使句。Have动词，拿着；the letter宾语；inviting you for an interview 现在分词做定语；ready to show状语；in case there is any difficulty in communication条件状语从句；词组：there is some difficulty in sth/doing sth在…方面有困难。如：We have some difficulty speaking English fluently.

8. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. (p20)

译：由五个人构成的专门小组几乎不可能轮流与你握手。

分析：这句话的重点在于that a panel of five ants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn是一个同位语从句，是对little likelihood的解释。其中：likelihood: n 可能性，相当于possibility; go through经历；in turn:轮流。

9. Would you mind rephrasing the question, please? (p23)

译：您介意换个说法来问这个问题吗？

分析：考点mind doing sth. 如：Would you mind turning down the TV?

语法：介绍as的相关用法

as是一个乍一看简单，但实际在英语中用法很复杂的小词。从词类上讲，可以用作介词、副词、连词以及关系代词；从语法功能角度来看，可以构成介词宾语，引导原因状语从句，时间状语从句，方式状语从句，让步状语从句，比较状语从句和定语从句。此外as还出现在很多固定搭配中，如：as if, as though, as long as, as to, as for, so as to, etc.

请看下列例句,并请分析出as的具体用法。

1. I work as an English teacher in a middle school.

2. Run as fast as you can.

3. Young as he is, he knows more than I.

4. Just as I was leaving, the telephone rang.

5. Please do as I have told you.

6. As I am the oldest child in my family, I must take care of the other children.

7. Such people as you have described are rare now Learn new words and phrases

1. astronomer: n 天文学家；astronomy: n 天文学

2.explode: v 爆炸,由此联想：explosive: a 爆炸性的/n 炸药；explosion: n 爆炸

1). When the bomb______, many people were seriously wounded.

2). The unexpected ________ frightened the little girl.

3). It might be possible to convert _____ energy into heat.

Answers: exploded, explosion, explosive

3. density: n 密度；联想产生：dense: a 密度大的，反义词：sparse;

densely: ad高密度地；densely-populated人口稠密的；sparsely-populated人口稀疏的

1). The ____ fog kept the travelers from finding the correct direction.

2). The business area of the city is _____ populated.

3). This liquid has a much greater ____ than water.

Answers: dense, densely, density

4. shrink: v 收缩、退缩、缩水

1). As a result of careless washing, the jacket has shrunk to a child's size.

2).The girl shrinks at the sight of blood.

5. measurement: n 衡量、测量；

由此联想：measure: n措施/v 衡量、测量；measurable: a 可衡量的，可测量的

1). We must take _____ to protect our environment.

2). We have come within ______ distance of success.

3). Clocks give us a ______ of time.

4). There the rainfall is ______ not in inches but in feet.

Answers: measures, measurable, measurement, measured

6.implication: n 含义、暗示；imply: v 暗示

7. basis: n 基础、根据，

由此可以联想得到：base: n 底部；v 以…为底，为根据；basic: a 基础的，根本的；

basically: ad 根本上来说,

1). If you want to improve your English, you must have a solid ______.

2). The furniture of out dorm is really _____: two beds, two chairs and tables.

3). The charges are false for they are not ______ on proven facts.

4). Since no better plan can be worked out, we have to adopt the ____ workable one.

Answers: basis, basic, based, basically

8. observatory: n 天文台；由此可以联想得到：

observe: v 观察；observation: n 观察；observer: n 观察家

9. convincing: a 有说服力的，使人信服的；convince: v 使人信服；convinced: a 感到有说服力的，常见搭配：convince sb of sth; convince sb that

1). He gave us a convincing speech.

2). He convinced me f his sincerity.

10. operate: v 运转、操作、动手术；operation : n 手术，操作；operator: 操作者

11. research into对…进行研究

She is researching into possible cures for AIDS.

12. swallow up: 吞没、耗尽

Many small businesses have been swallowed up by large companies.

13. apply to sb/sth：适用于某人/某事，请对比：

apply to sb for sth向某人申请某事；apply A to B将A 应用于B

1). You should apply what you have learned to your work.

2). I applied to him for a new job.

3). The study method doesn't apply to everyone

Analyze the important sentences among the text

1. Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.(p1)

译：哦，这个问题很难回答，因为我们通常用来描述一种科学现象的现有术语在这里不够用。

句子分析：it是形式主语，to answer this question是句子主语；since引导原因状语从句，we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon是定语从句，修饰terms; inadequate: 不充分的，不合格的。

2. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space not a thing into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape---not even light. (p1) 译：天文学家和科学家认为黑洞是一个空间区域，而不是一个物体，物质会掉进黑洞而没有物体可以从中逃脱出来，即使是光也不行。

句子分析：into which和from which引导两个定语从句，介词：into和fall搭配；from 和escape搭配。这种介词+which的定语从句的形式请多注意。

3. The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular

point. (p2)

译：（关于黑洞形成的）理论就是一些星球的密度增长到某个特定的点就会爆炸。

句子分析：这是一个主系表结构句。that用来引导表语从句，不可省略。其中又包含一个when引导的时间状语从句。to a particular point是达到某一个特定的点的含义。

4. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. (p2)

译：但如果星球很大（比我们的太阳还要大得多），其收缩过程可能很剧烈，以致于产生了黑洞。

句子分析：这是一个if引导的条件状语从句，so…that表示如此…以致，是结果状语从句。

如：I'm so tired that I can even sleep on my way home.

5. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. (p2) 译：假想一下地球收缩到弹球儿那么大，但仍具有同样的质量和更强的吸引力，你就会对黑洞的力量又某种概念。

句子分析：该句的主要结构为imagine….and you ……事实上相当于if you imagine…, you will have some idea….. 这种句子结构在历年的考试中曾出现过。请记住：祈使句+ and + 陈述句= if引导的条件状语从句。如：Hurry up and you can catch the last train!

另外，该句还有两个定语成分reduced to the size of a marble和having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull用来修饰the earth.前者为过去分词，而后者为现在分词。词组：

have some idea of sth对…有所了解

6. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. (p3line13--14)

译：只是近来科学家才开始对黑洞进行具体的研究。

句子分析：本句的核心结构为it is…that的强调句型，强调时间状语only recently。词组：research into sth对…进行研究。

7. The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems. (p4)

译：有关黑洞最有说服力的证据来自对双星体系的研究。

句子分析：该句主语evidence，谓语comes from；宾语research into binary star systems。

The most convincing是定语，修饰evidence.其中请注意convincing:令人信服的，通常修饰物的形容词多以-ing结尾；而修饰人的多以-ed结尾。如：

I feel excited after hearing the surprising news.

8. Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. (p4)

译：我们所看到的星球的物质正在被吸引到伴星去。

句子分析：主语matter; 谓语is being pulled，这是一个进行被动语态；towards the companion star介词宾语；from the one which we can see定语。

9. On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. (p5line4--6) 译：另一方面，科学家也提出有一天高科技会利用黑洞的力量为人类服务。

句子分析：请注意在本句中suggest不是建议的含义，是指出、指明的意思。advanced 高级的、先进的；make use of sth利用…，该词组可以拓展成：make good use of 好好加以利用；make full use of充分加以利用。

10. They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of apace and time.(p5)

译：他们展示给我们一个不同于我们自己的世界运行方式的世界，并对我们最基本的时空经验提出了质疑。

句子分析：这个句子复杂在于：从which引导的很长的定语从句，特别注意;operate：v 操作；in a way以某种方式；be different from同…不同；question: v 质疑，询问Learn new words and phrases

1. resolve: v 旋转，常见搭配关系为：resolve around sb/sth围绕…转。

She spends all of her time resolving around her family.

The earth resolves around the sun.

2. solar: a 太阳的，日光的

solar energy太阳能；solar system太阳系；solar month阳历月

3. concerned: a 有关的、担心的

Her job is something concerned with computer.

He is concerned about the result of the exam.

4. colored: a 有色的，对比；colorful: a 丰富多彩的

I like orange-colored coat.

Everybody likes colorful life.

5. religion: n 宗教，religious: a 虔诚的；

请对比：region: n 地区；regional: a 地区的

6. circumstance: n 情况、境遇；

Under no circumstances can we waste time.

7. a great many = a number of = many很多，修饰复数名词。而a great deal of + u.n

A great many students are absent today.

I have wasted a great deal of time.

8. above all: 首先、首要

After the war, he longed above all to see his wife and family.

9. as a rule: 通常、一般而言

As a rule, I only watch sports news.

Analyze the important sentences among the text:

1. First of all, let us consider the earth as a planet revolving around the sun. (p1)

译：首先，让我们把地球看作是围绕太阳运行的一颗行星。

句子分析：first of all首先，词组：consider sth as sth把…当作…，与之类似的词组还有：

look up sth as sth; review sth as sth; treat sth as sth…; revolving around the sun是现在分词短语作定语修饰a planet。

2. These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar system. (p1)

译：这九大行星和太阳一起构成我们所说的太阳系。

句子分析：该句主语为：These nine planets；谓语是make up；what is called our solar system是宾语；together with the sun是状语，而并非句子主语。关于该语法内容请见本讲后面的grammar---主谓一致。

3. How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery …… (p1)

译：这个奇妙的星系是怎样起源的？什么使它保持极其精确的运转，很大程度上现在还是一个谜。

句子分析：这也是一个主语很复杂的句子：How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy是主语，它是一个主语从句。关于该语法内容请见本讲后面的grammar---主谓一致。

4. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. (p4)

译：水域的总面积大约是陆地面积的三倍大。

句子分析：该句的核心句型是A + be + 倍数+ as + adj + as + B.

e.g. The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific Ocean.

5. These currents are important because they affected the climate of the land areas

close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscope animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes. (p5)

译：这些海洋之所以重要是因为他们影响着所流经区域的附近陆地的气候，也是因为它们携带大量的微生物，植物，而这些构成鱼类食品的一大部分。

句子分析：这是一个由because引导的主从复合句，其中close to where they flow是定语，修饰the land areas；词组：large quantities of + c.n/u.n; which forms a large part of the food for fishes是定语从句修饰animal and vegetable life。其中life是指生命，不可数名词。

6. The circumstances under which different people live make a difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands. (p8)

译：不同民族的生活环境造就了他们和我们极为不同的生活方式，我们应该做的是去了解他们不同的生活环境以便可以更好理解其他地区的人们。

句子分析：该句中的under which和in which又是介词+which的定语从句用法，修饰The circumstances和the way；so that引导的时目的状语从句。其中：make a diference;使…不同，产生差异；business 是指责任；

7. Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.

译：其中很重要的实在没有对于与我们不同的人们和他们必须过的那种生活有大量的了解之前，我们应该避免对他们有先入为主的看法。

句子分析：Above all是状语，意思是最重要的，首先；we主语；should avoid谓语；deciding what we think about people different from ourselves宾语；without first…状语。different from ourselves是定语，修饰people; having learned动名词的完成时态，表示这

个动作早于deciding发生。重要词组：above all; avoid doing; a great deal

8. It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.

译：确实我们了解其他人越多，我们就越能理解他们的观点，通常我们就更喜欢那些人。

句子分析：该句的主要结构为：the more…the more…the better意思：越…就越…；如：The longer you keep this wine, the better it tastes.

The busier I am, the happier I am.

Grammar 主谓一致

主谓一致是指句中的主语和谓语在人称和数上须保持一致。我们一般遵从三个原则：

1、语法一致的原则：是指主语为单数或复数时，其谓语动词要与其相呼应。

2、意义一致的原则：指谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的概念，而不取决于表面的语法标志，主要表现为某些集体名词后可跟动词单数或复数。如果这些集体名词指整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；指具体成员时用复数。

3、就近原则：是指谓语动词单复数取决于离它最近的词语，而无须考虑其他的词。

主谓一致的热点

1．由many a 或more than + 单数名词作主语时，其谓语用单数形式。

Many a foreigner has been to the Great Wall.

More than one student has visited the exhibition.

2．“……的几分之几”和“……的百分之几” 作主语时，其谓语用单数或复数取决于of 后的名词。

Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.

40 percent of the students in our class are girls.

3．“a numb er of + 名词复数”作主语，谓语用复数；“ the number of + 名词复数”作主语，谓语用单数。

A number of pupils like reading picture-books.

The number of the students in our class is 55.

4．并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，这时and 后面的名词前没有冠词。

The secretary of the Party branch and director of that factory often works with the workers.

5．成对的名词，如bread and butter涂黄油的面包，soda and water汽水，coffee and milk加牛奶的咖啡，aim and end目的，salt and water盐开水等，虽然有and连接，但仍表单一概念，作主语时，谓语用单数。

A knife and fork is on the table.

6．由and 连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有each, every或no修饰时，其谓语用单数形式。

No student and no teacher is invited to the party.

In our country every boy and every girl has right to receive education.

7．主语是单数，其后跟有together with, along with (与……一道)，as well as (和；也)，no less than (和……一样)，rather than (而不)，以及with, not, like, but, except, besides, including 等引起的短语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。

He as well as his sister is a League member.

8．在定语从句中主语是关系代词who, that, which,谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。

I, who am your teacher, will teach you everything I know.

9．主语是一些只有复数形式的名词，如clothes, trousers, glasses, compasses, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves等时，谓语用复数。但这类表示成双的东西的名词前有a pair of修饰时，谓语用单数。

My trousers are being washed now.

There is a pair of shoes in the box.

10．表示度量、价格、时间的复数名词词组作主语时一般被看作一个整体，谓语用单

数形式。

Ten dollars is not enough.

Three months has passed since he left.

11．主语是以-ics 结尾的学科名词以及news, works (工厂)等都属形式复数，而意义单数的名词，其谓语用单数形式。另外means一词单复数同形应视具体情况而定。

Mathematics seems to be difficult to learn.

A new means of teaching is being used in that school.

12．主语是用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等的复数名词，谓语一般用单数形式。

The United States is a developed country.

13．主语是family, team, group, crowd, class, committee等集合名词时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数形式，如指的是全体人员时，谓语用复数。

His family are all music lovers.

14．“one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句”之前有the only, the very, the等限定词和修饰语时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。

She is the only one of these women who plays the violin.

15．主语是疑问代词who, what, which,不定代词all, more, most, any, none等以及名词half, part, the rest等既可表示复数意义又可表示单数意义，其谓语视情况而定。

Half of the visitors are from Europe.

Half of the fruit is bad.

16．主语是表示数量的“one and a half +复数名词”，其谓语用单数形式。主语是“one or two + 复数名词”，其谓语用复数形式。

One and a half bananas is left on the table.

There are one or two things I…d like to know about.

17．the +形容词或分词作主语时，如指一类人。其谓语用复数，如指抽象概念，其谓语用单数。如：

The rich are not always happy.

The new is sure to replace the old.

18．由not only … but also, neither…nor, either…or, not …but以及or连接的并列主语，谓语动词要与最靠近它的主语在数上保持一致。

Not only your father's friends but also your father likes smoking.

19．在倒装句中以及在There be …结构中，如主语是并列的，谓语动词往往和其后面的第一个主语取得数上的一致。

Where is your mother and younger sister?

There is a pen , two pencils and five books on the desk.

20．动名词或动词不定式作主语，其谓语用单数形式。

When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet. Learn new words and phrases

1. weaken: v 削弱、减弱，字根：weak: a 虚弱的

构词形式：adj/n + en或en + adj/n = v

Shorten, enlarge, enable, enrich, loosen, tighten etc.

2. nationwide: a 全国范围的，通过该词我们可以得到：worldwide:全世界范围的，regionwide, etc.

3.legal: a 合法的，反义词：illegal,不合法的；legalize: v 使…合法化。

The Netherlands became the first country to legalize euthanasia.

4. ensure: v 确保、担保，常见用法如下：

1). The police can ensure the witness from danger.

2). We can ensure that the work will be done in the right way.

5. oppose: v 反对、对抗；名词：opposition , 形容词：opposed

1). What he said was totally opposed to the facts.

2). Many people oppose building a new highway because of the great cost.

6. tradition: n 传统，由此可以联想到：

traditional: a; traditionally: ad; 反义词为：modern

1). _____ Chinese medicine is believed to be effective for many diseases.

2). It's important to keep up the fine ____ of plain living and hard work.

3). Christmas is ____ a holiday for a family to get together.

Answers: Traditional, tradition, traditionally

7. consideration: n 考虑、体谅、照顾，由此可以联想到：

Consider: v 考虑；considerate: a 体谅的，be considerate of; considerable: a 相当多的。请练习一下：

1). Losing 30 pounds changed her appearance _____.

2). It is very ____ of you to send me a birthday card.

3). The matter is receiving the serious ____ of the manager.

4). He left behind him a ____ amount of debt.

Answers: considerably, considerate, consideration, considerable

8. disabled: a 残疾的，伤残的，由此可以联想到：

able: a 有能力的；be able to do sth; unable: a 没有能力的；enable: v 使人能够enable sb to do sth; ability: n 能力籨isable: v 使人残疾

1). As long as they are physically ____, they tend to live on their own.

2). The _____ to be clearly heard is extremely important for any speaker.

3). I'd like to go to the cinema, but I'm _____ to.

4). Education should ____ every student to develop morally, intellectually and physically.

5). A car accident ____ him from playing football.

6). Special care should be given to the ______.

Answers: able, ability, unable, enable, disabled(v), disabled(a)

9. prohibition: n 禁止、禁令，prohibit: v prohibit sb from doing sth;

10. sensitive: a 敏感的，be sensitive to sb/sth; 同根词：sensible: a 明智的，be sensible of sth

1). I am sensitive to your criticism.

2). It's sensible of you to make such a decision.

Analyze the important sentences among the text

1. Affected with a serious disease, Van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. (p2)

译：因患有严重的疾病，Van Wendel再也不能清楚地讲话了，他知道他已经没有康复的可能，其病情正在迅速恶化。

句子分析：Affected with a serious disease是过去分词短语做原因状语，可以改写成原因状语从句：because he was affected with a serious disease, ….另外，there was no hope of recovery和that his condition was rapidly deteriorating都是动词knew的宾语。词组：be affected with sth患有…疾病。如：

All the cows in the farm are affected with mad-cow disease.

hope of recovery:康复的希望。

2. Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and showed on TV last year in the Netherlands. (p3) 译：Van Wendel在他的医生给她进行最后结束生命的那一阵之前的后三个月的生活被拍成了电影并于去年在荷兰的电视上首次播映。

句子分析：该句的主语较长，were之前均是。其中，核心名词Van Wendel's last three months of life，后面的before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor是动名词的被动语态做定语。film这里当动词用，拍电影。

3. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it

自考英语二复习资料汇总总结

重点单词扩充讲解： 1. organizational: a 组织上的由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织；organization: n 组织；organizer: n 组织者请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空： 1). Last week, our school __organized_____ a spring outing. 2). The task calls for the highest _organizational_ skill. 3). China has joined World Trade _organization_________. 4). He is the ____organizer______ of the speech contest. Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer 2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的 3. predict: v 预言、预示；由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言；predictable: a 可预测的；predictor: n 预言家 4. simplify: v 简化由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的；simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地；simplification: n 简化；simplified: a 被简

Exercises for the above words: 1). The machine is simple_____ in operation but complex in structure. 2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while __simplified__ edition is quite easy. 3). There is no point in arguing about it, becau se it is __simply_____ a question of procedure. 4). The _simplification_____ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor. Answers: simple; simplified; simply; simplification 5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于…，tend to do sth e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter. Or old people tend to get fatter. 6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的；由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营；management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者；manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。 7. argue: v 争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人争论；argue sb into doing sth说服某人做某事；argue sb out of doing sth说服某人不

自考英语语法名词解释

Acronyms Acronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words. Affixation A word formation approach that attaches morpheme – an affix to a base，which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it. Anaphoric reference前照应A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clause Cataphoric reference 后照应A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference，which goes with a restrictive relative clause Collective nouns These are generally countable nouns，but even in the singular they refer to groups of people，animals or things. Compound A compound，the product of composition，and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Conversion The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Coordination并列词Realized by coordinators （also termed coordinating conjunctions）which join units at the same level. Countable nouns Nouns that can take plural. Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It is usually poor grammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general. Determiner Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun. Dynamic adjectives Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense （be being a.）in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state，implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. （e.g. he is being rude） end-focus 尾部焦点under neutral conditions，the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus. ellipsis：省略leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute. Exclamation Express our impression，especially our surprise，excitement，amazement，etc. It doesn…t take S-V inversion.

自考本科英语二复习资料

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