托福阅读推断题

1, How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley? Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation灌溉冲洗. The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine圣地, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuit y and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions 火山喷发of the late first millennium B.C.如此惊人的发展是如何产生的，它为什么发生在Teotihuacán山谷？主要因素有：Teotihuacán地理位置处于到墨西哥谷东南部的天然商路上；Teotihuacán谷本身的黑曜石资源；山谷的大量灌溉的潜力。要想说清楚其他因素所扮演的角色就难的多了——比如，Teotihuacán作为圣地的宗教意义；墨西哥谷及周边直到公元前第一个千年的历史情况；Teotihuacán精英阶层的3远见；最后还有自然灾害的影响，诸如公元前一千年的火山喷发。

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about the Volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.?以volcanic eruptions of the late firsr millennium B.C.

○They were more frequent than historians once thought.

○They may have done more damage to Teotihuacán than to neighboring centers.

○They may have played a major role in the rise of Teotihuacán.

○They incr eased the need for extensive irrigation in the Teotihuacán Valley

做关键词定位至第二段最后一句，这个是诸多factor当中的一个，而这些factor 都是促进T城发展的，所以答案是C。也可以排除法，A无相关信息；第三段第三句说火山对T影响很大，没跟其他的比较，B错；第二段第二句说到了irrigation，但与问题无关，错

This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in T eotihuacán’s rise. Prior to 200 B.C., a number of relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico. Around this time, the largest of these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by lava. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico. The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, that Teotiluacan was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D. 最后一个因素至少从环境上与Teotihuacán古城的崛起有牵连。在公元前200年之前，有很多相对的小的中心共存于墨西哥谷及附近。大约在此时，这些中心中的最大者，Cuicuilco，受到了一次火山喷发的严重影响，它的大部分耕地被火山熔岩所覆盖。伴随着Cuicuilco作为一个潜在对手的消失，任何一个相对较小的城镇都有可能在中央墨西哥形成领导性的经济政治力量。尽管考古学证据清晰地表明Teotiluacan确实在公元1世纪成长为这一地区的主要力量。

【TPO-8 (1) 6# 7#】

What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about Cuicuilco prior to 200 B.C.?

○It was a fairly small city until that date.

○It was located outside the Valley of Mexic o.

○It emerged rapidly as an economical and political center.

○Its economy relied heavily on agriculture.

以Cuicuilco做关键词定位至第三段第二句，说Cui这个地方受火山活动影响，农田被lava覆盖，接着一句就说Cui消除了，所以没有农田就没有Cui，答案是D。A与原文说反，应该是大的，不是小的；B的outside和原文中的in说反，错；C中的rapidly没说，错

2, Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the Sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.【TPO-9 (3) 2#】

It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the fungi真菌in lichens地衣类benefit from their symbiotic relationship共生关系with algae藻类in what way?

○The algae help the fungi meet some of their energy needs.

○The algae protect the fungi from the Sun's radiation.

○The algae provide the fungi with greater space for absorbing water.

○The fungi produce less waste in the presence of algae.

以lichen, fungus和algae做关键词定位至第三句以后，说algae捕获太阳能并储存，而fungi 从土壤中吸收矿物质，滋养algae。问的是fungi如何受益，所以前半句是答案，A正确。B 虽然提到sun，但不是保护，注意不要错选；C和D都没说

3, Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas然而in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. To twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment装饰品had meaning and significance. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress女皇; the pomegranate石榴indicated fertility,生育，多产and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks 鸳鸯stood for wedded bliss天赐良缘; the pine tree松树, peach, and crane 鹤are emblems 象征of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations公务员考试. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost. 【TPO-10 (1) 11#】

Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the decorations on Chinese pottery陶器?

○ They had more importance for aristocrats贵族than for ordinary citizens.

○ Their si gnificance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.

○ They contain some of the same images that appear on Greek pots罐子

○ Their significance is now as clear to twentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese.

问题中关键词不明显，排除法。A的ordinary citizens和aristocrat原文没说；B 的foreign influence做关键词定位至最后一句的European，说直到引入欧洲theme 之后中国原有的装饰的意思才被obscure，对应B，没有foreign influence那些意思不会改变，正确；C没说；D反了，应该是ancient更熟悉

4, To South Americans, robins are birds that fly north every spring. To North Americans, the robins simply vacation in the south each winter. Furthermore, they fly to very specific places in South America and will often come back to the same trees in North American yards the following spring. The question is not why they would leave the cold of winter so much as how they find their way around. The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and. in the process, raised new questions.对于南美洲的人来说，知更鸟每年春天都会向北飞。对于北美的人来说，几乎每年冬天都要向南飞。还有就是，它们飞往南美特定的地方并且会在接下来的春天回到北美林场相同的树上。与其说问题是它们为什么会在冬天很冷的时候离开，不如说是它们是如何找到路的。许多年来，人们一直为这个问题所困惑，直到1950 年代，一个叫Gustave Kramer 的科学家提供了答案，在这个过程中也提出了新的问题。【TPO-11 (2) 1#】

Which of the following can be inferred about bird migration from paragraph 1?

○ Birds will take the most direct migratory route to their new habitat.

○ The purpose of migration is to join with larger groups of birds.

○ Bird migration generally involves moving back and forth between north and south.

○ The destination of birds' migration can change from year to year.

这道题的关键词明显不是很好找，而且排除法的话答案又太长，所以看本段的开头，说南美的鸟春天飞去北方，而北美的鸟冬天飞去南方，所以答案是C，between north and south，其他的选项都没有相关信息

5, So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box. 在另一组实验中，Kramer在笼子周围放上好几个一摸一样的食品盒子，但是只有一个真的有吃的在里面。这些盒子是不动的，而且那个装有事物的盒子总是在罗盘的同一点处。但是通过转动里面的装鸟的笼子或者是作为背景的外壁，它相对于周围环境的位置可能会改变。只要鸟能够看到太阳，不管它们的周遭环境如何变化，它们都能够直接找到正确的实物盒。不管这个盒子出现在左面外壁的前面还

是右边外壁的前面，它们一点都不迷惑。然而，在阴天的时候，鸟儿们会迷失方向并且在定位它们的食物盒时候遇到麻烦。【TPO-11 (2) 7#】

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about Kramer s reason for filling one food box and leaving the rest empty?

○ He believed the birds would eat food from only one box.

○ He wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birds' ability to navigate toward the box with food.

○ He thought that if all the boxes contained food, this would distract the birds from following their migratory route.

○ He needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food at any particular point of the compass.

以food box做关键词定位至本段倒数两句，说不管盒子怎么放鸟都不会晕，但阴天的时候就会晕，结合前文一直在说的K做的实验，说明鸟是用太阳识别方向的，所以答案是B，而且这段一开始就说another set of experiments所以可以往前看，前一段也在说鸟用太阳辨别方向，所以这段说的只是一系列试验中的一个，其他没说

6, Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers. The eggs “advertised” by the t ree-nesters' begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters' calls. 一项有关在地上做窝与在在相对安全的树上做窝的不同种的刺嘴莺的乞食叫声之间的不同的研究提供了进一步的证据。地上做窝的刺嘴莺的幼鸟发出的乞食的唧唧声与树上做窝的相比频率更高。这些高频率的声音传播的不远，这样就能够更好的隐藏发出这些声音的幼鸟。这些在地上窝中的幼鸟极容易受到捕食者的伤害。David Haskell做了一个假的窝，在这个窝里放上鸟蛋，并且把它们放在播放树上做窝以及地上做窝的刺嘴莺的乞食叫声的录音机旁边。那些因为树上做窝的刺嘴莺的乞食声而受到注意鸟蛋与和地上做窝的刺嘴莺乞食声相连的鸟蛋相比被咬食的次数明显要多。【TPO-11 (3) 4#】

Paragraph 2 indicates that the begging calls of tree nesting warblers鸣鸟

○ put them at more risk than ground-nesting warblers experience

○ can be heard from a greater distance than those of ground-nesting warblers

○ are more likely to conceal the signaler than those of ground-nesting warblers

○ have higher frequencies than those of ground nesting warblers

此题较难，需要阅读较多内容，因为关键词tree-nestling warblers多次出现。后半段说了David的实验，所以只是一个事实，往前看，看到第二句和第三句说ground-nestling的鸟发出的声音是高频的，传播的不远，而tree-nestling与之相反，所以答案B传播的更远正确。C和D明显说反；B和C是意思相反的答案。A 具有迷惑性，原文只是说在试验中tree nestling的鸟蛋被咬得很惨，没说tree的就一定比ground的危险

7, We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed, and vice versa. Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant. 我们都知道，活在当下的人们更多是使用右手而非左手。能不能在史前查找出这一相似的性状呢？有太多的来自澳大利亚地区的石屋中模板和字迹以及冰河期法国西班牙以及塔斯马尼亚地区的岩洞上搜集到的证据证明右手较之于左手的优势。当一个左手被用于塑模时就反向暗示了**他的工匠惯于使用右手。即使是**一幅画作需要一个月左右的喷涂，也可以想象惯用手是如何在这一过程中起到协助作用的。另一个假设是被用于塑模的手手掌向下-一只左手塑模朝上也许让它看起来像一只右手。在法国Gargas 岩洞中的158 个模板中，有136 个鉴定确认为左手，只有22 个是右手；右手习惯毫无疑问是据绝对主导地位的。【TPO-12 (1) 2#】

It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that even when paint was sprayed喷雾by mouth to make a hand stencil漏字板

○ there was no way to tell which hand was stenciled

○ the stenciled hand was the weaker hand

○ the stenc iled hand was the dominant hand

○ artists stenciled more images of the dominant hand than they did of the weak

以mouth和hand stencil做关键词定位至倒数第二和第三句，说dominant hand是帮忙的；最后一句又说136是左手22是右手，通过具体数字说明左手比较主要，所以B是答案；注意B和C是一对相反答案，所以C错，A说不知道哪个主要也就错；D没说

8, Fractures and other cut marks are another source of evidence. Right-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the left. The skeleton of a 40- or 50-year-old Nabatean warrior, buried 2,000 years ago in the Negev Desert, Israel, had multiple healed fractures to the skull, the left arm, and the ribs. 断痕与割痕也是论据的另一来源。右撇子勇士一般都是左侧容易受伤。在内盖夫的戈壁中被埋了2000 多年的一个40-50 岁之间的Nabatean 勇士的骨架，在他的头部，左臂和肋骨上有多处已愈合的伤痕。【TPO-12 (1) 7#】

Which of the following statements about fractures and cut marks can be inferred from paragraph

4?

○ Fractures and cut marks caused by right-handed soldiers tend to occur on the right side of the injured party's body.

○ The right arm sustains more injuries because, as the dominant arm, it is used more actively.

○ I n most people, the left side of the body is more vulnerable to injury since it is not defended effectively by the dominant arm.

○ Fractures and cut marks on fossil humans probably occurred after death.

以fractures and other cut marks做关键词定位至第一句，但第一句信息太少，往下看，说右撇子士兵伤在左侧，所以正确答案是C。B说反，左侧容易受伤；A 和D都没说

9, Rainfall is not completely absent in desert areas, but it is highly variable. An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert. The impact of rainfall upon the surface water and groundwater resources of the desert is greatly influenced by landforms. Flats and depressions where water can collect are common features, but they make up only a small part of the landscape.沙漠中并不是完全没有降雨，只不过是变数很大。通常一年以内降雨次数少于4 次是定义沙漠的限定条件。降水对沙漠地表和地底的水资源的影响很大程度上取决于地貌。平原和洼地是水源聚集的共同地貌特征，不过他们只占地表的很小一部分。【TPO-12 (3) 1#】

Which of the following statements about annual rainfall can be inferred from paragraph 1?

○ Flat desert areas receive more annual rainfall than desert areas with mountains

○ Areas that receive more than four inches of rain per year are not considered deserts.

○ Many areas receive less than four inches of annual rainfall, but only a few are deserts

○ Annual rainfall has no impact on t he groundwater resources of desert areas.

以annual rainfall做关键词定位至第二句，说年降雨量少于4 inch的地方被认为是沙漠，推断出相反的一面是年降雨量大于4 inch的地方不是沙漠，也就是B

10, People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.

人与人之间的关系可以分为两种：情感纽带和工具纽带。情感纽带在当我们感性的与他人交流时形成的一种社会联系。通过和对我们来说十分重要的人交流从而得到的安全感，爱情，认可，友谊和个人价值等一系列情感。工具纽带是但我们为了达到一些目标而与他人进行合作时产生的社会联系方式。有些时候，这也许意味着变相与竞争者一起共事。更多的时候我们没有发展出任何更有意义的关系而只是简单的与其他人合作并走向终点。

【TPO-13 (1) 4#】

Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?

○ Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.

○ Instrumental ties require as much emotional in vestment as expressive ties.

○ Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.

○ Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.

11, Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.

社会学家基于感情纽带与工具纽带的特征对两者进行了区分定义并划分出两种类型的群组：主要群组和次要群组。一个主要社群包含两个或更多人，他们都喜欢直接，亲密的，有粘性的与他人的关系。感情纽带在主要社群中起主导作用。我们审视人的时候是在他们生命的走到尽头的时候，还有他们的个人价值。次要群组也需要两个以上的不过是因为非个人关系而且聚到一起都是为了一个具体的，特定的目标。而工具纽带就在其中起了重要的作用。我们关注人们在最后的价值要比他们自己的权利要多。有时主要群组的关系也会在次要群组中演化出来。这种现象一般发生在一些工作安排当中。人们在共同合作中会相互发牢骚，开玩笑，传八卦以及满足感，由此依旧发展出了亲近的关系。

【TPO-13 (1) 6#】

Which of the following can be inferred from the author's claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of 从。。演变secondary group relationships?

○ Secondary group re lationships begin by being primary group relationships.

○ A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship.

○ Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society.

○ Even in s econdary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships.

以evolve out of做关键词定位至倒数第三句，但这句话跟问题几乎是完全一样的，所以不是答案。往后看，this标示着上下句之间有联系。下句说这种evolve发生在工作背景下，接着说同事之间可以通过share各种东西变成非常亲密的朋友，也就是secondary变primary 的一个例子，所以正确答案是D。A说反；B和C均没说而且C有违常识

12, Each of the preceding techniques provides the researcher with evidence that the infant can detect or discriminate between stimuli. With these sophisticated observational assessment and electro physiological measures, we know that the neonate of only a few days is far more perceptive than previously suspected. However, these measures are only "indirect" indicators of the infant's perceptual abilities. 以上所说的每一种技术都可以给研究者提供关于婴儿能够探

知或区别刺激的依据，通过这些复杂的观察记录和电子生物学的探测，我们知道一个只有几天的新生儿能探知的要远比我们之前猜测的要多的多。然而，这些标准也只是通过间接的指示器所测量到的婴儿感知的能力。

【TPO-13 (3) 12#】

Paragraph 5 indicates that researchers who used the techniques described in the passage discovered that

○ infants find it difficult to perceive some types of stimuli

○ neonates of only a few days cannot yet discri minate between stimuli

○observational assessment is less useful for studying infant perception than researchers previously believed

○ a neonate is able to perceive stimuli better than researchers once thought

原文很短，可以快速扫过，问题问得出什么结论，本段第二句说我们发现仅仅出生几天的新生儿比我们以前认为的更perceptive，也就是能感受到更多东西，所以答案是C

13, How did those dense southern Maya populations deal with the resulting water problem? It initially surprises us that many of their cities were not built next to the rivers but instead on high terrain in rolling uplands. The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season. For example, reservoirs at the Maya city of Tikal held enough water to meet the drinking water needs of about 10,000 people for a period of 18 months. Maya，Tikal城中的蓄水池储存的水足够满足大约1万人在18月内的饮水需求。At the city of Coba the Maya built dikes around a lake in order to raise its level and make their water supply more reliable. But the inhabitants of Tikal and other cities dependent on reservoirs for drinking water would still have been in deep trouble if 18 months passed without rain in a prolonged drought. A shorter drought in which they exhausted their stored food supplies might already have gotten them in deep trouble, because growing crops required rain rather than reservoirs. 【TPO-14 (2) 9#】

What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about how residents of Tikal met their needs for water and food during most periods of drought?从第四段中能推出哪些关于Tikal的居民在大多数干旱时期是如何满足他们水和食物的需求？

○ They depended upon water and food that had b een stored for use during the dry season.他们依靠为旱季储存的水和食物。

○ They obtained drinking water and water for crop irrigation from Coba dikes.他们从Coba堤坝获得饮水和灌溉水。

○ They located their population centers near a lake where water was available for d rinking and watering crops.他们的人群中心坐落在湖边，在那儿有水喝有水灌溉。

○ They moved locations every 18 months to find new croplands and water sources.他们每18个月迁徙一次来寻找新耕地和水资源。

以专有名词和drought做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说他们是依靠reservoir的，所以答案是A，they stored；B的Coba dikes，C的lake和D的new croplands都没说

14, When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles. 【TPO-15 (1) 2#】

What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?

○They are considered by some to be reptiles.爬行动物

○Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures

○They are distantly related to leatherback turtl es.

○They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.

以whale做关键词定位至第一句，说leatherback turtle更像鲸而不像爬行动物，然后就说这种turtle海龟能游的远，也就是说鲸能游得远，所以答案是B。A说鲸是爬行动物违反常识，而且原文也没说；原文说他们physiology上像，没说它们是否相关，所以C错；至于两个谁游得远文章干脆没提，所以D错

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【TPO-16 (2) 10#】

10.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the significance of the discovery of gallium was that it supported which of the following?

○The idea that aluminum was correctly placed in the periodic table

○Mendeleyev's prediction that eka-silicon would be discovered next

○The organizing princ iple of the periodic table

○D, The idea that unknown elements existed

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6. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that spices香料from Asia were desirable in Europe in the Middle Ages because they

○were easily transported in large quantities

○could not be produced in European countries

○could be traded for products such as perfumes and medicines

○were expected to increase in value over time

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巧用反义推理提升托福阅读速度 大部分同学无法拿到阅读高分的核心原因是时间不够无法 读全*，直接做题又感觉患得患失地不知道选择的答案是否正确符合*意思，下面就和大家分享巧用反义推理提升托福阅读速度，来欣赏一下吧。 巧用反义推理提升托福阅读速度 我们来直接看题： A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area. 官方真题Official17 relationships="" symbiotic="" 1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferredfrom paragraph 1? ○It excludes interactions betweenmore than two species.

汇总解读托福阅读题型5大类常见高频难题

汇总解读托福阅读题型5大类常见高 频难题 汇总解读托福阅读题型5大类常见高频难题,这些针对性解题技巧赶紧学起来，下面就和大家分享汇总解读托福阅读题型5大类常见高频难题,希望能够帮助到大家，快来学习一下吧。 汇总解读托福阅读题型5大类常见高频难题 托福阅读高频难点题型：主旨题 主旨题有三种：A、作者的意图;B、*标题;C、*的中心思想。这种题一般为第一道题，建议考生把这道题放在最后做，因为做其他题时，考生会逐步了解*的各个细节，在做题的过程中就会对*个总的理解，最后处理主旨题可谓水到渠成、万无一失。 托福阅读高频难点题型：列举题 列举题有两种：A、一正三误;B、三正误。也可分为四类。第一类：一句话列举。根据某个选项的语言提示，回归*找到一句话，这句话包含三个选项的内容;第二类：局部列举。根据题意，回归*发现连续两三句话涉及三个选项的内容;第三类：段落列举。题干语言在某自然段首句重现。这个句子为段落主题句，即三个选项的内容在这段出现，不涉及到其他段落;第四类：*列

举。选项内容涉及整个*。一句话列举题和段落列举题有明显的信号词帮助答题，根据题序做题，不必区别对待。*列举题和局部列举题则应放其他题做完之后再处理。 托福阅读高频难点题型：*结论题 *结论题即根据*可以推断出下面哪个选项结论是正确的，题干没有任何语言信号词。这种题有以下几种布局：为*第一道题时，相当于*主旨题，应放在最后一道题时，有可能针对*最后部分，也有可能针对整篇*，但不大可能涉及*其他部分的细节。所以*结论题应该具体情况具体分析，并不一定是面对整个*。 托福阅读高频难点题型：作者态度题 作者态度题分为两种：A、局部作者态度题;B、整体作者态度题。*最后一道题问及作者态度时为整体作者态度题，它涉及通篇*，要根据整个*数个语言点串起来的一根主线答题，也就是作者行文的口气。考生千万不可以根据某一个语言点答题，因为整体作者态度题不是考核某一个点，而是考整体感觉。局部作者态度题位置比较灵活，往往问及作者对*中某一个具体内容的看法，题干通常信号请将考生带回*某一区域，考查考生对某个语言点的理解。有时候，某个选项从作者的表达相悖，因此，做作者态度题时，考生一定注意不要把自己作为读者的分析、观点强加于作者。

学霸教你如何提高托福阅读推断题的正确率

学霸教你如何提高托福阅读推断题的正确率 不同的同学有不同的擅长点，就像面对托福阅读一样，如果要说托福阅读的十种题型，哪种最难，千人千答案，但如果我们从数据的角度来统计，就会发现，大多数的同学，对托福阅读的小结题和推断题，往往是要么因为时间，要么斟酌着不知道该选哪一项，从而大多数考生对这两种题型比较抗拒，下面我们就为大家分享一下如何用正逆向思维解决托福阅读推断题。 说到推断题，不要抗拒，更不要苦恼，虽然表面是推断题看着是云里雾里，但其实托福阅读没有你想像的那么难，因为托福作为标准化的考试，肯定会有一定的答题技巧，托福文章有很清晰的逻辑结构，每个自然段往往是按照TS (Topic Sentence) + SD (Supporting details)展开的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects + Attitudes 展开的。只有明白了文章的写作思路才能更好更快的做对题目，作者必定是按照一定的行文顺序编排段落的，如果画一个水平轴作为事件发展的顺序，推断题是让你从这个轴上的某一个点去推测，无非就两个方向，顺着轴发展的方向或者逆着轴发展的方向，也就是我们接下来要说的用正向和逆向思维去解决推断题。

OG上将推断题定义为检查考生对文章中强烈建议但绝不明说观点(strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text)的理解程度，属于理解性题目，题目要求如下： Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about X? Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about X? According to paragraph 3, what do Y indicate about X? According to paragraph 4, what does the author imply about X? 题干中有出现infer, imply, indicate或suggest这四个单词，我们就判定这个题目为推断题，那么推断题应该如何解答呢? 第一步，判断题型。我们拿到题目，看到上面四个单词中的任何一个，心中就想着这是推断题，推断题的做题宗旨是文章强烈暗示，要通过文章内容进行合理推断。 第二步，审清题干，原文定位。仔细阅读题干，弄清题干内容，推断方向，带着题干核心信息到文章中准确定位。 第三步，推测+判断。根据相关句进行正向或逆向的推理，最后择优而选，确定答案。 正向推断：和事实信息题做题方法一样，答案就是定位的句子的同义改写。 逆向推断：大致分为两种，一种是时间，第二种是两类事物的对比。

托福阅读题型十大技巧锦囊(精美图文版)

托福阅读题型十大技巧锦囊 “得阅读者，得天下。”托福阅读向来是考生提分必争之地，也是中国考生的传统强项。基本考生考前会采取题海战术，将自己武装成十万个我都知道。 于是，你背完了英文化学周期表；你了解了九大行星排列；你知道了最前沿的科技发展和美国经济新政；你是颗移动的the big bang 云硬盘。你只祈祷考前记住所有的这些信息量，考后再统统delete 。 如果考到一个你事先复习过的知识点，你欣喜若狂。 如果考到一个你似曾相识却扫视而过，你追悔莫及。 如果考到一个全新的知识点，恭喜你，你顿时挂机。 事实上，托福阅读的单词量是浩瀚星尘，无论你猜或不猜它都在哪里，不离不弃。所以，TPO 小站为冒星星眼的考生们编织了以下十个托福阅读答题锦囊，当你埋首题海两眼泪茫茫时，不妨看过来。 Reading Skills Top 10 1 Factual Information 2 Vocabulary 3 Negative Factual Information 4 Inference 5 Organization 6 Paraphrasing 7 Purpose 8 Insertion 9 Main Idea 10 Categorizing

十大技巧锦囊? 之一 小单词，大线索 Factual information【事实信息题】 “真相，永远只有一个！”20分钟一篇托福阅读，平均到800字篇幅的文章中去，再排除那些判断全文的主旨题，这是火眼晶晶的节奏啊。 所以事实信息题不是考你细工出慢活的时候，而是靠你抓Key words paraphrasing and location（关键词替换定位）。 如何最有效的锁定答案，这里小站针对事实信息题给出的第一条锦囊——小单词，大线索。 多年来，被应试题海战术训练的极其有素的考生们，早就学会了巧妙抓关键词了，但往往是我认识这个单词，但我还是选错了。就像你参加一个世界咖啡评选比赛，你觉得认为是白咖啡或巴西咖啡吧，但你未必知道土耳其咖啡才是咖啡之王。分析事实信息题的特点是：范围小，正确率极高。 题型表现最多形式是：因果关系和表比较级关系的长难句。 表因果关系的词： Cause：frontality/since/in that/on account of Effect：so that/therefore/as a result/consequently 表比较级的词： unlike…from /prior to/ more than 所以，在获取key words之后，我们要做的才是重点。你有看过柯南在发现一丝线索后就停止推理吗？不，所谓的大线索，就是将关键词放回原句，让案件重现，理顺关键句的因果关系，让正确选项浮出水面。 纸上谈兵终不靠谱，绝知此事要做真题！ 小伙伴们快来小站托福板块，阅读区实践吧。

托福阅读逻辑推理题3个高效解题思路实例精讲

托福阅读逻辑推理题3个高效解题思 路实例精讲 托福阅读推理题需要针对性解题技巧来提升答题效率和正确率,那么这种考察思维能力的题型应该如何解答呢?今天给大家带来了托福阅读逻辑推理题3个高效解题思路实例精讲,希望能够帮助到大家在托福考试中拿高分，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读逻辑推理题3个高效解题思路实例精讲 什么是托福阅读推理题? 推断题就是所需要的信息都包含在*中，但是没有直接加以说明，需要考生从已知中推出。推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG，在IBT 阅读的3篇*中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推理题。 托福阅读推理题如何分类? 这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理

题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。 托福阅读推理题高分思路实例讲解 1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。 2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。 3、集合概念推理：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involve d in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution. What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

用正逆向思维解决托福阅读推断题

很多托福考生在推断题这类题型上花费的时间比较多，正确率也比较低。为了帮助大家攻克托福阅读推断题，下面前程百利小编教大家如何用正逆向思维解决托福阅读推断题。 托福阅读推断题其实没有想像的那么难，因为托福作为标准化的考试，肯定会有一定的答题技巧。托福阅读文章的逻辑结构很清晰，每个自然段往往是按照TS(Topic Sentence)+SD (Supporting details)展开的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects + Attitudes展开的。只有明白了文章的写作思路才能更好更快地做对题目，作者必定是按照一定的行文顺序编排段落的，如果画一个水平轴作为事件发展的顺序，推断题是让你从这个轴上的某一个点去推测，无非就两个方向，顺着轴发展的方向或者逆着轴发展的方向，也就是我们接下来要说的用正向和逆向思维去解决推断题。 OG上将推断题定义为检查考生对文章中强烈建议但绝不明说观点(strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text)的理解程度，属于理解性题目，题目要求如下： Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about X? Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about X? According to paragraph 3, what do Y indicate about X? According to paragraph 4, what does the author imply about X? 题干中有出现infer,imply,indicate或suggest这四个单词，我们就判定这个题目为推断题，那么推断题应该如何解答呢? 第一步，判断题型。我们拿到题目，看到上面四个单词中的任何一个，心中就想着这是推断题，推断题的做题宗旨是文章强烈暗示，要通过文章内容进行合理推断。 第二步，审清题干，原文定位。仔细阅读题干，弄清题干内容，推断方向，带着题干核心信息到文章中准确定位。 第三步，推测+判断。根据相关句进行正向或逆向的推理，最后择优而选，确定答案。 正向推断：和事实信息题做题方法一样，答案就是定位的句子的同义改写。 逆向推断：大致分为两种，一种是时间，第二种是两类事物的对比。

托福阅读分数对照表

常常有考友询问，为什么托福阅读明明有42个题，总分却只有30分，分数如何计算的呢？其实，每每看到这种问题，小编的内心是疼痛的。 大家准备一个考试，却不看考试指导手册，考得不太理想，简直太正常了。就算天生神勇，也应该有个作战纲领呀！ 打开OG，第一部分就是托福阅读的介绍，编者首先给出了评分标准的表格。 紧接着给出了各类题型的题型解析，这些就是托福阅读的考察内容，众位考友一定要反复研究，在准备考试时，下意识的按照出题者的思路去解题。 那么托福阅读有些什么考察类型？应该怎么解题？

在iBT阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。 1、词汇题 解题方法：若认识，直接解题，没得说；若不认识，就只能推断了。 但是备考阶段最重要的一点。背单词！首先，考托福没有一定的词汇量等于直接酱油了，所以词汇量是一切的基础。 2、指代题 考点：句子直接词之间的关系 解题方法： （1）代词 a. 从句的主语指代主句的主宾语(使用属性判断,不用含义) b. 关系代词指代先行词(插入结构不影响指代关系) c. 重复概念指代: Tom and his cat(就近原则) d. some 和 others （2）名词 a. 优先选择题干的上下意词 m is a kind of M, M是m的上意词 b. 若上下意词不唯一则当作代词指代处理 注意: a.被指代对象往往在代词之前出现 b. 从句开头往后找答案 c. 代词和被指代对象的数性和性质必须一致 d. 指代的传递现象 3、句子简化题 解题方法： （1）确定题干句子中的逻辑成分 逻辑成分主要包括：关联词，动词，状语 而托福最爱考的逻辑主要是：因果，比较、最高级，否定 （2）确定与逻辑相关的语义 要依据最简化原则，抓句子中的逻辑要素。 因果的逻辑要素是：原因结果 比较的逻辑要素是：比较三要素 最高级 否定的逻辑要素是：作用对象 （3）选择与题干逻辑语义一致的选项 先主后次，从逻辑到语义（千万要保证逻辑正确） 很多时候，光凭逻辑关系，就能选出正确选项。越复杂越长的句子，更需要很快地抓住句内的逻辑关系。然后快速看选项，找出逻辑一致的选项。 4、句子插入题

托福阅读 推断题

推断题是托福阅读十大题型之一。推断题最关键的本质就是作者强烈暗示，但是绝不明说。环球托福针对托福阅读十大题型，为大家搜集整理了以下文章，今天的主题是托福阅读十大题型推论题，每一篇托福阅读中有0-2题，要抓住技巧，所以要快速做题。环球托福会陆续整理托福阅读十大题型的其他题目的把握和分析文章，敬请期待吧。 推断题Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set ) 推断题最关键的本质就是作者强烈暗示，但是绝不明说。按理说美国人应该比较喜欢直来直去，但是人家也会偶尔在考试的时候用用犹抱琵琶半遮面，出个推断题来考考你。在推断题中最常考的就是否定关系和比较关系的推断。比如说“不像海推断题Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set ) 推断题最关键的本质就是作者强烈暗示，但是绝不明说。按理说美国人应该比较喜欢直来直去，但是人家也会偶尔在考试的时候用用犹抱琵琶半遮面，出个推断题来考考你。在推断题中最常考的就是否定关系和比较关系的推断。比如说“不像海獭，想象一下早期的鲸鱼长什么样子很不容易”，就是告诉你，想象一下早期的海獭长什么样子其实比较容易。或者说“在1815年后，工匠们制作工艺品追求速度胜过看重质量”，关键就是要暗示你在1815年前，工匠们更加看重工艺品的质量。 因此推断题的解题难度要略高于细节题，因为考生不仅要理解原文的意思，还要据此来做一步逻辑上的推断，这就从纯粹考查客观的题目上升到了考查作者主观方面的高度，从哲学上来讲，可是好大的一步呢!但是关键是这一步推断又不能走得太远，一步足矣，推两步就错了，因此推断的度很不好把握。我们中国的同学，逻辑思维能力好的人，往往思维跳得太快，自己推理推了不止一步，选错了会觉得很委屈。这也是我们同学不太喜欢的一种题型。 解法：提取题干中的关键词回文定位所有出现关键词的句子，然后综合各句提取结论性的信息。该类信息通常不会被原文直接以字面意思表达出来，通常是言外之意。 正确选项特征：含蓄，抽象，概括。 错误选项的特征：与细节题的错误选项特征基本相同。一般对于推论题来说，更保险的方法是用排除法做题。如果能排除3个错误选项，即使正确选项找不到定位点，不知道其"编码(encode)"的方式，也可以把题目做出来。但是使用排除法前提是必须阅读理解到足够多的信息，信息量能支持你用排除法做题。这就要求阅读能力相对来说高些。如果你在每一句话阅读上都花费大量的时间，这种方法对你来说只能成为时间上的累赘。这就是为什么我在前面强调练习一遍阅读理解难句的重要性。 Tips： 这类题目的题干中会出现infer/ imply/ reflect 等词。做这一类题目可直接排出对原文直接描述的选项，答案是建立在对原文直接表述基础上的理论推断。 做此类题型，一般需要注意几类关键词： a. 表示数量的副词：many, some, much of, several, a few, most… b. 情态动词：can, may, could… c. 表过去状态的词：used to be, at once, were… d. 表示不唯一的词：not only, exclusively… 解题技巧： a. 一般推理：根据两个事物之间存在的不同特征进行推断，由此及彼。 b. 时间对比推理：不同时期事物一般具有相反的特征。 c. 集合概念推理：一个大的集合由存在互补关系的两方面组成，此消彼长。 以上就是本次环球托福对于托福阅读十大题型推论题的整理，希望大家了解了推论题的正确