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广东省天河区2016届高考英语二轮复习 语法精讲精炼 冠词01

广东省天河区2016届高考英语二轮复习 语法精讲精炼 冠词01
广东省天河区2016届高考英语二轮复习 语法精讲精炼 冠词01

冠词01

●核心考核要点解读

冠词是历年来的考查重点,着重考查以下几个方面:(1)冠词的基本用法,即泛指、类指和特指,如泛指的复数名词和不可数名词前不用冠词、the+单数名词表示类指等;(2)冠词的活用,如the younger of the two表示“两个之中较年轻的一个”;(3)冠词的习惯搭配,如in danger, on the phone等。2015年高考在单项填空中对冠词进行了考查,其他试卷也在短文改错、完形填空或阅读理解中作了隐性考查。因而可以预言,在来年的高考试题中,冠词仍将是考查的热点。

●重要知识要点突破

冠词是一种虚词,无词义,也没有数和格的变化,不能独立使用,常常放在名词前,帮助说明这个名词的意义。复习冠词须把握好以下三个原则:

其一:单数可数名词用不定冠词a/an表示泛指;

其二:复数可数名词及不可数名词表示泛指时,其前不加冠词;

其三:无论可数名词还是不可数名词,表示特指其前都要加定冠词the。

一、不定冠词的用法

1.不定冠词表示数量“一”,与one相近。如:

I will finish this work in a day.我一天就要完成这项工作。

2.不定冠词用在首次提到的人或物之前,表示泛指。如:

There is a park on the corner of the street.在这条街的拐角处有个公园。

3.不定冠词用在单数可数名词前,表示一类人或事物。如:

A teacher must love his students.教师必须热爱学生。

4.不定冠词表示单位,有“每一”之意。如:

This cloth is 5 yuan a metre. 这种布料5元一米。

5.不定冠词用在物质名词、抽象名词之前,表示“一阵,异常,一种……”等等,也可以表示引起某种情绪的事,即抽象名词具体化使用。如:

Honesty is a virtue. 诚实是一种美德。

It’s a pity that you missed this chance.你错过这次机会是件很遗憾的事。

6.不定冠词用在人名前,表示说话者对此人不认识,相当于a certain,也可以指与某人名有类似性质的人或物。如:

A Mr Wang came to see you this morning.今天早上一位王先生来找过你。

7.用在有名词中的地名前,表示“一个……样的地方”。如:

She is now a dif ferent China from what she was twenty years ago.

8.用在带有修饰词的、表示三餐饭的名词之前,表示“一顿……的午(晚)饭”等。如: He likes to have a quick breakfast. 他喜欢吃快早餐。

注:在餐名前通常不用冠词。但由于受定语quick的影响,其前用不定冠词,表示“某种”。此时的不定冠词通常有“a kind of” 之意。

9.用在“a most+adj.”结构中,表示“很……”,其中most用来加强语气,表示“很”,“极,非常”。如:

It’s a most important meeting,and everyone must attend it.

这是一次重要会议,每个人都必须参加。

Hangzhou is a most beautiful city,where you can see the famous West Lake.该句不含比较意义,因此在most之前不加the;而West Lake为专有名词,但其前有修饰语,所以此处应表示特指。

10.用在序数词之前,表示“又一,再一”。如:

Would you like a second cup of tea? (a second cup=another cup)

你想再来一杯茶吗?

The cakes are delicious.He’d like to have a third one because the second one is rather too small.序数词与定冠词连用表示顺序,而与不定冠词连用表示“再一,又一”。

11.用在一些固定搭配之中。如:

for a while,once upon a time,as a rule,all of a sudden,on an average,as a whole,in a hurry,have/take a rest,keep an eye on,in a way,make it a rule,once in a while,with a smile,lend a hand,make a living,make a promise,dream a ...dream,live a ...life,get in a word,have a pain,make an effort,make an apology,pay a visit to等

二、定冠词的用法

定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。

1.特指双方都明白的人或物。如:

Take the medicine. 把药吃了。

2.上文提到过的人或事。如:

He bought a house.I’ve been to the house.

他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。

3.指世上独一物二的事物。如:

the sun太阳,the sky天空,the moon月亮,the earth地球

4.与单数名词连用表示一类事物。如:

the dollar 美元;the fox 狐狸;

或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人。如:the rich 富人;the living 生者。

5.用在序数词和形容词最高级及形容词only,very,same等前面,如:

Where do you live I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二层。

That’s the very thing I’ve been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。

6.与复数名词连用,指整个群体,如:

They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师)

They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)

7.表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前,如:

She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。

8.用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前,如:

the People’s Republic of China中华人民共和国

the United States美国

9.用在表示乐器的名词之前,如:

She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。

10.用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人,如:

the Greens格林一家人(或格林夫妇)

11.用在惯用语中:

in the day,in the morning(afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrow

the day before yesterday,the next morning

in the sky(water,field,country)

in the dark,in the rain,in the distance

in the middle(of),in the end

on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre

三、不用冠词的情况

1.国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:如:

England,Mary

2.泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;如:

They are teachers.他们是教师。

3.抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;如

Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。

4.物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;如:Man cannot live without water.人离开水就无法生存。

5.在季节、月份、节假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;如:

We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。

6.表示独一无二的职位、职务的名词用作表语、同位语或补足语时,名词前不加冠词。常见的名词有president,chairman,mayor,head,boss,secretary,leader,monitor,professor 等。如:

The guards took the American to General Lee.

士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。

7.在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,或者man意为“人类”,word意为“消息”时,不加冠词。如:

have breakfast吃早饭,play chess 打牌

Word came that our Women Football Team won the second prize in the World Cup.

我们的女足获得世界杯第二的消息传来。

8.当两个名词同指一个人或物时,后面的名词前不用冠词。如:The teacher and writer has come to the meeting.那个老师,也是作家已来到会议现场。

9.当by与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词。如:

by bus乘公共汽车,by train乘火车

10.有些个体名词不用冠词。如:

school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义。如:

go to hospital去医院看病

go to the hospital去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)

11.不用冠词的序数词。

序数词前有物主代词。如:my first trip

序数词作副词。如:He came first in the race.

在固定词组中。如:at(the)first,first of all,from first to last

四、冠词的位置

冠词一般放在名词之前,名词之前若有形容词,冠词放在形容词之前。下列情况例外: 1.不定冠词用于下列副词加形容词之后:as,how,however,so,too等。如:

He is as good a soldier as he was.他和以前一样是个好士兵。

2.不定冠词置于such,what,many,not,too,much of等之后。如:

Many a little pickle makes a nickel.积少成多。

3.定冠词通常放在all,both,double,exactly,just等词之后。如:

I offered him double the amount,but he still refused.

4.不定冠词常用于quite和rather之后,但如果另有形容词修饰时,不定冠词既可放在第二位,也可放在第一位,但最常见的仍是第二位。如:

She is quite a woman.她真是个女人。

It was quite/rather a cold day.很冷的一天(同 It was a quite/rather cold day.)

5.当名词前的比较级被no,all,far,much等修饰时,也要后置。如:

He is no less a man than the President.

6.定冠词要放在half,twice,much等之后,如:

He paid twice the price for it. 他花了两倍的钱买了它。

7.如果名词被副词hardly,scarcely,barely,exactly所修饰,或和一个形容词共同修饰时,冠词要放在上述副词之后、形容词之前。如:

This is hardly a right thing to do. 这几乎是不能做的事。

【考点诠释】

冠词是历年高考的常考点。主要考查冠词在具体语境中的运用,考查内容包括定冠词和不定冠词的用法区别,名词前不用冠词的情况,特指与泛指以及习语中的冠词用法。

考点1 不定冠词的用法

1.指人或事物的某一类,这是不定冠词的基本用法

A car runs faster than a truck.小汽车比卡车跑得快。

2.表示数量“一个”,但一般不能与one互换

Rome was not built in a day.罗马不是一天建起来的。

3.指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物

A Mr Li is waiting for you outside.一位李先生在外面等你。(不知道那位李先生是谁)

4.用于表示次数、速度、价格等意义的名词前,表示“每一”

①He goes home to see his parents once a month.他每月回家一次去看父母。

②H e can galn five yuan an hour in the shop.他在这家商店每小时挣五元钱。

5.表示三餐的名词前有形容词修饰时,用不定冠词

①I only want a small supper because of cold.由于感冒晚饭我只想吃一点东西。

②People usually have quite a good dinner on festivals.人们在过节时通常会吃一顿相当丰盛的大餐。

6.有时在序数词前加不定冠词,表示“再…又”

①She invited him t o come to the party a second time.她再次邀请他来参加聚会。

②Then a third boy came to join US.接着又一个孩子加人了我们。

7.有些物质名词以及抽象名词具体化时,可用不定冠词

a paper一份报纸;a tea一杯茶;a beauty一个美人;a surprise一件意想不到的事;

a pity一件遗憾的事;an honor一个(件)光荣的人(事)

8.不定冠词还可以用于“a most+adj’.+n.”结构,注意在此结构中没有表示可比较

的范围状语,“most”相当于“very”

Xiamen is a most beautiful coastal city and I’11 come for a second time.厦门是个非常美丽的海滨城市,我还要再来一次。

9.不定冠词还可以用于“a+比较级+名词”结构,与否定词连用时,表示“从来没有比这更……”,具有最高级含义

I have never spent a more worrying day.我从未有过比这更烦人的一天。

10.用于短语搭配中

(1)“have/take+a(n)+与动词同形的名词”,表示动作的一次。如:

have/take a rest休息一会儿

have/take a look看一下

have/take a bath洗个澡

(2)“go out for a(n)+名词”,表示从事某项活动。如:

go out for a picnic去野餐

(3)用于习惯搭配中。如:

come to an end结束;drop sb a line给某人写信;at a disadvantage处于不利地位;in a way从一方面说;in a word总之;in a sense就某种意义来说;with a view to为了,鉴于。

2017年高考英语四海八荒易错集专题01名词与冠词

专题01 名词与冠词 1.(2016·新课标Ⅰ,61)But for tourists like me,pandas are its top ________(attract).【答案】attraction 【解析】句意:但是对于像我一样的游客来说,大熊猫是最大的吸引。形容词top“头等的;最重要的”后面跟名词形式。 2.(2016·新课标Ⅰ,69)The nursery team switches him every few ________(day)with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed... 【答案】days 3.(2016·新课标Ⅱ,42)Then,handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a real sense of ________(achieve). 【答案】achievement 【解析】句意:然后,首先处理最重要的任务,那么你会感到真正意义上的成就。介词of后应用名词作宾语。 4.(2016·新课标Ⅱ,46)Recent ________(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly. 【答案】studies 【解析】句意:最近的研究显示如果我们有规律地进行短暂的休息的话,我们工作的效率会更高。study“研究”为可数名词,本句的谓语动词为sh ow,说明主语应用名词复数studies。 5.(2016·新课标Ⅲ,68)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.,influenced the ________ (develop)of chopsticks. 【答案】development 【解析】句意:一些人认为大约生活于公元前551年到479年间的中国伟大学者孔子影响了筷子的发展。根据空格前面的the可知,所填词应用名词形式。 6.(2016·四川,65)Any smell might attract natural ________(enemy)that would try to eat the little panda.

名词 高考英语语法重点归纳

一、名词 【知识精讲】 名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称的词。 一、名词的数 在熟悉可数名词单数变复数规则的基础上,突出以下几点: 1. 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词),如: physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news , the United States 2. 抽象名词表示具体或特定的事例时也可作可数名词,单数前面应有不定冠词。如:(1) pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为“...的人/ 物”。如:The meeting is a success. (2) worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等不可数名词,指“一种”、“一场”及“多种”、“多场”时,可以有其单、复数形式。如:There have been strong winds over the last two months. (3) a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。如:He has a good practical

knowledge of computer science. 3. 表示一类事物的总称的名词,不能加-s ,如: machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence 4. 一些名词单数和复数形式表达不同的意思,如: chicken鸡肉/ chickens小鸡; fish鱼肉/ fishes( fish )各种鱼; paper纸/ papers试卷; water水/ waters水域,room空间/ rooms房间 5. 只有复数形式的名词,如: glasses (眼镜),trousers, clothes,scissors等,注意加单位名词的用法:a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6. 一些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义,如: people , police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the + 分词;(表示一类人) 7. 以复数形式出现,表达复数含义,如: belongings, surroundings, earnings, savings, shoes, socks, goods, thanks, congratulations, funds, pains, arms, troops 8. 集合名词看成一个整体时,谓语用单数,若侧重各个成员,则用复数,如:audience,class,couple,crowd,family,group,government,public ●The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be. ●My family are going with me. 9. 单复数同形的名词,如: fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works, li(里), yuan (元), mu(亩)等 ●How many deer are there in Dafeng now?

高考英语第二轮复习经典语法讲解及试题集

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