山东理工大学化工专业英语考试资料整理
In general, ethers are good solvents for fats, waxes and resins. 醚通常是脂肪蜡和树脂的良好溶剂。
The gas from coke ovens is washed with water to remove ammonia.焦炉煤气用水洗涤可除去氨。
Hydrocarbons that do not contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.不含有最大可能氢原于数的烃叫不饱和烃。The functional group of a ketone consists of a carbon atom connected by a double bond to an oxygen atom．酮的官能团是由一个通过双键与氧原子相连的碳原子组成的。
When fuels burn, they return once more to the simple materials out of which they were made.燃料燃烧时，又转变成原来构成它们的那些简单的物质。
One may already have some idea of the material with which organic chemistry deals, but he may not know the extent to which organic chemistry touches on our life.也许有人已经对有机化学所涉及的物质有所了解，但是他可能并不知道有机化学触及我们日常生活已经达到什么样的程度。
A semiconductor is a material that is neither a good conductor nor a good insulator.半导体材料即不是良导体，也不是好的绝缘体。
Strength, hardness and plasticity of metals are the properties that make them so useful for industry. 金属的强度，硬度和可塑性等性能使得它们在工业上非常有用An acid is a compound whose solutions can produce hydrogen ions.酸是这样一种化合物，其溶液能产生氢离子。
The first higher homolog of benzene is toluene which is the raw material for the manufacture of the explosive. 苯的第一个高级同系物是甲苯，它是制造炸药的原料。
Comernicus, whose theory was not made public until after his death, believed that the sun was the center of the solar system.哥白尼认为太阳是太阳系的中心，但他的理论直到他死后才发表。
Live-wire operation is an advanced technique, by which wireman can repair transmission without cutting off the current.带电作业是一项先进技术，线路工人能不切断电流就修理输电线。
When the free electrons in a conductor move in one direction only, the current thus established is called a direct current, which is often abbreviated to DC.当导体的自由电子只以一个方向运动时，这样产生的电流叫直流电，常缩写为DC。
Iron is not as strong as steel which is an alloy of iron with some other element.铁的强度不如钢高，因为钢是铁和其他一些元素形成的合金。
The water should be free from dissolved salts which will cause deposits on the tubes and lead to overheating. 水中应不含溶解盐，因为它会沉积在管壁上，导致过热。Copper, which is used to widely for carrying electricity, offers very little resistance. 铜的电阻很小，所以广泛用来输电。
Molecules have perfect elasticity, in consequence of which they undergo no loss of energy after a collision. 分子弹性很好，所以碰撞后并没有能量损失。
The workers oil the moving parts of these machines regularly, the friction of which may be greatly reduced. 工人们定期给这些机器的传动部分加油，以便大大减小摩擦。
He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.他想写一篇论文以期引起公众对这个问题的关注。
For any substance whose formula is known, a mass corresponding to the formula can be computed.不管什么物质，只要知道其分子式，就能求出与分子式相应的质量。Alloys, which contains a magnetic substance, generally also have a magnetic properities. 金属如果含有磁性物质，一般也会具有磁性。
Photographs are taken of stars, the light of which is too faint to be seen by eyes at all. 虽然很多星体的光线非常微弱眼睛根本看不到，但它们的照片还是可被拍下来的。Water, the temperature of which reaches 100℃, begins to boil.当水的温度达到100℃时，开始沸腾。
Electricity which is passed through the thin tungsten wire inside the bulb makes the wire very hot.电通过灯泡里的钨丝时，会使钨丝变热。
Objectionable hydrogen sulfide is removed from such a gas or from naturally occurring hydrocarbon gases by washing with various alkaline solutions in which it is absorbed.要从这样的煤气或天然存在的烃类气体中除去有害物质硫化氢，就要用能吸收硫化氢的各种碱性溶液来洗涤。
Gas absorption is an operation in which a gas mixture is contacted with a liquid for the purposes of preferentially dissolving one or more components of the gas and to provide a solution of these in the liquid.气体吸收是这样一种操作：让气体混合物与液体接触，以使气体中的一种或多种组分优先溶解在液体中，并提供由这些组分和液体所形成的溶液。
There have been opened up to the vast and excellent science，in which my work is the beginning, ways and means by which other minds more acute than mine will explore its remote corners.通往伟大而美好科学的途径和手段已经展现在眼前。在科学领域中，我的研究只是个开端，比我敏锐的其他人所采用的途径和手段将会探索科学领域的遥远境地。
The continuous process although requiring more carefully designed equipment than the batch process, can ordinarily be handled in less space, fits in with other continuous steps more smoothly, and can be conducted at any prevailing pressure without release to atmospheric pressure.虽然连续过程比间歇过程要求更为周密设计的设备，但连续过程通常能节约操作空间，较顺利地适应其它连续操作步骤，并能在任何常用的压力下进行，而不必暴露在大气中。
How these two things—energy and matter—behave, how they interact one with the other, and how people control them to serve themselves make up the substance of two basic physical sciences, physics and chemistry.能量和物质这两样东西具有什么样的性质，如何相互起作用，如何控制它们为人类服务，这些问题就构成了物理和化学两门基础自然科学的主要内容。
This simple fact shows that the more of the force of friction is got rid of, the further will the ball travel, and we are led to infer that, if all the impeding force of gravitation could be removed, there is no reason why the ball, once in motion, should ever stop. 这一简单事实表明，摩擦力越小，球会滚得越远。由此我们可以推论，如果把对引力起着阻碍作用的一切阻力排除掉，那么曾经处于运动状态的球就没有理由会再停下来了。
This is why the hot water system in a furnace will operate without the use of a water
pump, if the pipes are arranged so that the hottest water rises while the coldest water runs down again to the furnace.如果把管子装成这个样子，使最热的水上升，而最冷的水再往下回流到锅炉里去，那么，锅炉中的热水系统不用水泵就能循环，道理就在于此。
The diode consists of a tungsten filament, which gives off electrons when it is heated, and a plate toward which the electrons migrate when the field is in the right direction.二极管由一根钨丝和一块极板组成：钨丝受热时便放出电子，当电场方向为正时，这些电子便向极板移动。
Fire is a chemical reaction in which atoms of the gas oxygen combine with atoms of certain other elements, such as hydrogen or carbon.燃烧是一种化学反应，在这个反应中，气体氧的原子与某些其他元素的原子，如氢或碳，相化合。Manufacturing process may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.制造过程可分为单件生产和大量生产。单件生产就是生产少量的零件，大量生产就是生产大批相同的零件。
Another development, by itself not strictly scientific in nature, is the growing awareness that the energy resources at present available to human technology are limited, and that photosynthesis is the only large-scale process on earth by which a virtually inexhaustible source of energy, i.e., the radiation energy of the sun, is collected and converted into a form of energy that is not only used by plants, but by all forms of life, including man.另一发展——就其本性而言，本身不是严格科学的——是人们正日益认识到下面这个事实，即：人类技术领域目前可以利用的能源是有限的，在地球上只有光合作用是能将那实际上是取之不尽用之不竭的能源——太阳的辐射能——聚集起来，转换为不仅植物，而且包括人在内的所有生命都可以利用的能量形式的大规模过程。
Surfactants(表面活性剂) are substances that increase the solubility(溶解度) of one substance in another. Soaps and detergents(洗涤剂) are common surfactants that enable nonpolar(非极性) substances like oil and grease(油脂) to be emulsified(乳化) and washed away with the polar solvent water. From our everyday experiences, we know that oil and water do not mix, that is they are insoluble in each other. They are insoluble in each other because oil is nonpolar and water is polar and the rule of thumb(经验法则) for solubility is “like dissolves(溶解) like”. In other words, polar solvents(溶剂) dissolve polar solutes(溶质), and nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes. A surfactant is a molecule that contains a polar portion and a nonpolar portion. By having both polar and nonpolar groups within the same molecule, a surfactant can interact with both polar and nonpolar molecules, thereby increasing the solubility of two otherwise insoluble subatance.表面活性剂能够提高一种物质在另外一种物质中的溶解度。肥皂和洗涤剂是最为普遍的表面活性剂，它们能够使类似油和油脂等非极性物质乳化从而可以随着极性的水溶剂洗去。从我们的日常经验来看，我们知道油和水不能互相混合，这是因为它们不互溶。它们只所以不互溶，是因为油是非极性的而水是极性的，根据溶解的“相似相溶”经验法则二者不互溶。换句话说，极性溶质溶于极性溶剂，非极性溶质溶于非极性溶剂。表面活性剂是一种既含有极性部分也含有非极性部分的物质。因为在表面活性剂分子中同时含有极性和非极性部分，所以它可以同时和极性和非极性分子作用，
因此可以提高在不溶物质的溶解度。
The versatility of chemical engineering originates in training to the practice of breaking up a complex process into individual physical steps, called unit operations, and into the chemical reactions.化学工程的多功能性源于把复杂的过程分解为独立的物理步骤（单元操作）以及化学反应的实践中。
Designs which avoid the need for hazardous materials, or use less of them, or use them at lower temperatures and pressures, or dilute them with inert materials will be inherently safe and not require elaborate safety systems.设计本身应该是安全的，但无需追求完美的安全系统。应尽量避免使用或减少危险的原料的用量，或在较低温度和压力条件下使用，或用惰性材料稀释。
It is important that engineers have an understanding of the physical laws governing these transport processes if they are to understand what is taking place in engineering equipment and to make wise decisions with regard to its economical operation.如果工程师想搞清楚机械设备中发生了什么并在操作过程做出明智的选择，那么他们掌握这些决定传递过程的物理定律就显得非常重要的。
电子信息专业英语复习资料
电子信息专业英语复习资料 一、基本术语（英译汉） 1.probe探针 2.real time operational system 实时操作系统 3.debugger 调试器 4.sourse code 源代码 5.software radio wireless LAN 软件无线电网络 6.base station 基站 7.top-down approach 自顶向下分析法 8.variable 变量 9.data compress 数据压缩 10.signal conditioning circuit 信号调理电路 11.Chebyshev Type Ⅰfilter 切比雪夫Ⅰ型滤波器 12.vertical resolution 垂直分辨率 13.device driver 设备驱动 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2111519068.html,piler 编译器 15.template 模板 16.concurrent process 并发进程 17.object recognition 目标识别 18.Discrete Time Fourier Transform 离散傅立叶变换 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2111519068.html,bined circuit 组合逻辑电路 20.impedance transform 阻抗变换器 21.voltage source 电压源22.passive component 无源器件 23.quality factor 品质因数 24.unit-impulse response 单位脉冲响应 25.noise origin 噪声源 26.Domino effect 多米诺效应 27.output load 输出负载 28.cordless phone 无绳电话 29.Antenna 天线 30.harmonic interference 谐波干涉 31.Parallel Resonant 并联谐振 32.voltage control oscillator 压控振荡器 33.adaptive delta modulation 自适应增量调制 34.amplitude modulation 调幅 二、缩略语（写出全称） 1.LSI：large scale integration 2.PMOS ：p-type metal-oxide semiconductor 3.CT：cycle threshold 4.MRI：magnetic resonance imaging 5.ROM：read-only memory 6.DRAM ：dynamic random access memory 7.TCXO ：temperature compensated X'tal (crystal) Oscillator https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2111519068.html,B：Universal Serial Bus 9.DCT：discrete cosine transform
大一英语期末期末考试试题内含答案[1]
大学英语预备阶段练习（一） （Unit 1~4） ⅠWord Building Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words given in the brackets. 1.Thank you very much for your ____ advice. I followed it and succeeded at last. (value) 2.His business has ____ rapidly since his brother came to help. (development) 3.After a two-day discussion, we finally found a ____ to the difficult problem. (solve) 4.Prices ____ high for quite a while .People began to complain about it. (remaining) 5.I don’t think it ____ to finish all the work today. We can go on with it tomorrow.(necessity) 6.It is obviously not ____ to leave a 3-year-old boy alone at home. (properly) 7.The tourists saw a beautiful ____ when they climbed onto the top of the mountain.(scene) 8.Traveling in the desert is a challenging ____ to most people. ( inexperience) 9.____, I don’t think it possible to finish the task in two days. (person) 10.The government must make sure that the economy is developed in the right ____.(direct) ⅡVocabulary and Structure Directions: Choose the best one from the four choices to complete the sentence. 11.The temperature ____ throughout the day in that part of the country. A. very B. remains C. differs D. varies 12.The game is full of violence and will certainly have a bad ____ on young players. A. meaning B. pain C. loss D. influence 13.The warm-hearted elderly lady downstairs is always ____ to help others. A. real B. ready C. practical D. polite 14.The question is ____ difficult in the exam today. Don’t you think so? A. therefore B. since C. rather D. otherwise 15.She used to live in a lovely ____ building near the sea. A. 3-story B. 3-stories C. 3-classed D. 3-classes 16.There are different ____ of transport in big cities for you to choose when you go out. A. means B. mean C. meanings D. meaning 17.They did not take a rest until the job was ____ finished. A. straightly B. specially C. completely D. fairly 18.The bookstore owner ____ the old magazines with a new ones to attract more readers. A. required B. reviewed C. repeated D. replaced 19.Would you like to buy the book? It is ____ reading. A. worthy B. firm C. further D. worth 20.She wears sunglasses to ____ her eyes from the sunshine in summer. A. prepare B. produce C. protect D. provide 21.We all like her very much for her pleasant ____: kind, gentle and warm-hearted. A. character B. chance C. chairman D. skills 22.All the students enjoyed the wonderful ____ by the professor that afternoon. A. discussion B. lecture C. advice D. solution 23.If you have confidence in yourself first, you will not be _______ by others easily. A.won B. doubled C. defeated. D. delayed 24.The little girl developed a strong _______ on her new friends.
研究生英语期末考试试卷
ad if 命 封 线 密
A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Two American dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times. The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.
专业英语复习资料小结
bar graph n.条形图 equalization n.均衡化;均等 image contrast n.图像对比度 addition n.加 subtraction n.减 lapse v.流逝, 失效, 下降 time-lapsed (时间上)相继的 matrix n.矩阵 motion n.运动, 动作v.运动 dimension n.维数 convolution n.回旋, 盘旋, 卷积boundary n.边界, 分界线 blur v.涂污, 污损, 使……模糊, sharp adj.锐利的, 锋利的, 明显的 locate v.定位, 位于 spectra n.范围, 光谱 spectrum n.光谱, 频谱 phase spectrum相位频谱 magnitude spectrum幅度频谱 facsimile n. 传真,摹写,影印 lossless compression（压缩）无损压缩lossy compression 有损压缩irretrievably adv.不能挽回地, 不能补救地CT (computed tomography) 计算机断层造影 MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) 核磁共振成像 DCT (discrete cosine transform)离散余弦变换 run-length encoding行程编码 Huffman encoding霍夫曼编码 Image contrast图像对比度Edge filter边缘滤波Edge detection边缘检测Object recognition目标识别 Run-length encoding行程编码Huffman encoding哈夫曼编码Pixel 像素 Gray scale image 灰度图像Gray scale level灰度级Histogram 直方图 Bar graph条形图Histogram equalization直方图均衡encryption program 加密程序deletion command 删除命令authorized user 授权的用户backup copy 备份的副本voltage surge 电涌，浪涌电压circuit breaker 断路器 electronic component 电子器件 data-entry error 数据输入错误electronic break-in 电路中断 power line 电力线，输电线EC:Electronic Commerce 电子商务Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)电子数据交换 Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)电子资金转账 embedded system 嵌入式系统 radio frequency 射频 schematic原理图 capture记录,输入 building block模块,构件 EDA (Electronic Design Automation)电子设计自动化 HDL: Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言 Full-custom IC（全定制集成电路）
初一英语期末考试考试题以及答案
七年级下册英语期末测试卷 满分120分，考试时间100分钟 总得分听力部分笔试部分题号ⅧⅥⅤⅢⅠⅦⅠⅡⅡⅢⅣⅣ得分听力部分<20分） Ⅰ. 听对话，选择正确答案。<5分） ( >1. Q: What food are they talking about? A. B.C. ( >2. What language(语言>can Linda speak? A. Chinese. B. English. C. French.b5E2RGbCAP ( >3. What's Maria's sister's favorite festival? A. Spring Festival. B. Mid-autumn Festival. C. Christmas p1EanqFDPw ( >4. Q: What time does Helen's brother get up on Sunday morning DXDiTa9E3d A.B.C. ( >5. Where were the two speakers?
A. At the post office. B. In the shop. C. At home.RTCrpUDGiT Ⅱ.听句子,选择与其意思相同或相似的句子。(5分> A. What shape is your present? B. Which is your favorite season? C. At the age of twelve, I couldn't swim. D. What's wrong with you? E. What do you think of the weather in Beijing? 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________5PCzVD7HxA Ⅲ.听对话,根据其内容完成下面短文。(5分> One day I want to go to the East 1 , but I don't know the way. So I ask a policeman. The policeman tells me to go along the street, and take the 2 turning on the 3 and walk on. He says the park is in 4 of me and it is about 5 minutes' walk. I thank him for helping me and find the place easily.jLBHrnAILg 1.__________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________xHAQX74J0X Ⅳ.听短文,选择正确答案。<5分） ( >1.In winter it is very________. A. cool B. warm C. cold ( >2.We need _____ sweaters in winter. A. heavy B. light C. cool ( >3.Every season is nice. I like _____. A. spring B. them all C. fall LDAYtRyKfE ( >4.The weather in summer _____ much. 1 / 9 A. changes B. do not change C. does not change Zzz6ZB2Ltk ( >5.We _____ heavy sweaters in spring. A. take off B. take on C. put on dvzfvkwMI1 笔试部分<100分） Ⅰ. 单项选择。(15分> ( >1. Lucy and Lily _____ China next week. A. is visit B. are visiting C. visit D. visits rqyn14ZNXI (>2. —How do you go to work? —I usually go to work _____. A. by a car B. in a car C. on a car D. by cars EmxvxOtOco ( >3. —Must I finish my homework now? —No, you _____. A. may not B. mustn't C. can't D. needn't (>4. They each _____ a CD in their bags. A. have B. has C. is
专业英语复习资料
给出定义： 1.Higher level language A high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In comparison to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or be from the specification of the program, making the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable with respect to a low-level language. 2.Stateful inspection is a firewall that keeps track of the state of network connections (such as TCP streams, UDP communication) traveling across it. The firewall is programmed to distinguish legitimate packets for different types of connections. Only packets matching a known active connection will be allowed by the firewall; others will be rejected. 3. Personal productivity software 4. Metropolitan area network(MAN) A metropolitan area network(MAN) is a computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link services to wide area networks (or WAN) and the Internet. 5. Network topology Network topology is the layout pattern of interconnections of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer or biological network. In a word network topology is the topological structure of a network. Network topologies may be physical or logical. Physical topology refers to the physical design of a network including the devices, location and cable installation. Logical topology refers to how data is actually transferred in a network as opposed to its physical design. In general physical topology relates to a core network whereas logical topology relates to basic network 6. DBMS database management system (DBMS) is a software package with computer programs that control the creation, maintenance, and use of a database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop databases for various applications by database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists 简要回答问题： 1.Give the definition and examples about computer virus. （这题书上答案不全， 需要网上搜点答案，组织成答案） DE: A computer virus is a computer program that can replicate itself and spread from one computer to another. The term "virus" is also commonly, but erroneously, used to refer to other types of malware, including but not limited to adware and spyware programs that do not have a reproductive ability. EX: For example, the CIH virus, or Chernobyl Virus, computer worm. 2.Describe the hierarchy of data organization. Data organization involves fields, records, files and so on A data field holds a single fact. Consider a date field, e.g. "September 19, 2004". This can be treated as a single date field (e.g. birthdate), or 3 fields, namely, month, day of month and year.
专业英语复习资料
1.Types of Business Organization: 1)Sole Proprietorship :an unincorporated business owned by one person 2)Partnership :owned by two or more individuals (called partners) a)Limited partnership——general partners,limited partners 3)Corporation :a legal entity separate from its owners 2、Separation of Ownership and Control (pros and cons)： Pros(赞成的理由): Specialization，Efficiency，Diversify，Going concern Cons(反对的理由)：Four major downsides：agency problem,free-riding problem,increased costs of information https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2111519068.html,rmation asymmetry 3.Overview of Financial Statements balance sheet; income statement;statement of cash flows;statement of retained earnings 4. Statement of Retained Earnings,it shows: the retained earnings balance at the start of the period;how much the firm earned (net income); how much dividends the firm paid;how much net income was reinvested back into the firm (retained earnings);any repurchases of the firm’s stock;any new issues of the firm’s stock; andthe retained earnings balance at the close of the period. 4. Statement of Cash Flow:Operating Cash Flows ，Investing Cash Flows ，Financing Cash Flows 5.Analyzing Financial Ratios Financial ratios are not standardized. Analyzing a single financial ratio for a given year may not be very useful. Some of a firm’s financial accounting practices or choices will affect its financial statements and, finally, its financial ratios. Financial ratios do not provide analysts with all of th e answers about a firm’s condition. 7. Uses and Limitations of Financial Ratio Analysis：while ratio analysis can provide useful information concerning a company’s operations and financial condition, it does have limitations that necessitate care and judgment 1.Risk-return tradeoff Investors will take on additional risk only if they anticipate high return. 2.Time value of money A dollar available today is worth more than a dollar available at a future date. This is because a dollar today can be invested to earn a return. 3.Types of value Going-concern value,Liquidation value ,Book value ,Market value ，ntrinsic value 4.Valuation Approaches discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation，relative valuation，contingent claim valuation，option-pricing models 7.Contractual Provisions of a Typical Bond Par Value,and Coupon Rate,Maturity,Call Provisions,Sinking Fund Provisions,Conversion Rights ,Put Provisions,Indenture,Trustee,Collateral,Bond Rating 1.Introduction to Risk and Return All financial assets are expected to produce cash flows, and the risk of an asset is judged by the risk of its cash flows. Here are two assumptions about risk and return: Assumption (1): The returns from investments are normally distributed.Assumption (2): Investors are risk-averse. The risk of an asset can be considered in two ways: (1) on a stand-alone basis (2) in a portfolio context. In a portfolio context, an asset’s risk can be divided into two components: a,diversifiable risk ;b. market risk.An asset with a high degree of relevant (market) risk must provide a relatively high expected rate of return to attract investors. 4.Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) Assumption 1:The returns from investments are normally distributed.Assumption 2: Investors are risk-averse.Assumption3:Investorsare rational.Assumption4:Investors are price takers.Assumption 5: The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) holds. 5. Three types of financial market efficiency: allocationally efficient, operationally efficient,informationally efficient 6. Three main factors associated with informational market efficiency The type of information to which the market price reacts,The speed at which the market price reacts to information,The degree to which market participants over-or under-react to information 8. Characteristics of an Informationally Efficient Market Price changes cannot be predicted. The price of the asset is equal to its fundamental (unobserved but true) value.Prices change due to the inflow of new information, and information flows randomly to the market.Therefore, price changes should be random and unpredictable. 10. Modern portfolio theory —Markowitz’s Mean-variance Framework ,Efficient portfolios are those that have: the lowest risk for an expected rate of return; or the highest expected rate of return for a given level of risk.The assets that meet these criteria make up the efficient frontier.