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Coalbed methane produced water in China status and environmental issues

REVIEW ARTICLE

Coalbed methane produced water in China:status and environmental issues

Yanjun Meng &Dazhen Tang &Hao Xu &Yong Li &Lijun Gao

Received:20October 2013/Accepted:19February 2014/Published online:7March 2014#Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014

Abstract As one of the unconventional natural gas family members,coalbed methane (CBM)receives great attention throughout the world.The major associated problem of CBM production is the management of produced water.In the USA,Canada,and Australia,much research has been done on the effects and management of coalbed methane produced water (CMPW).However,in China,the environmental effects of CMPW were overlooked.The quantity and the quality of CMPW both vary enormously between coal basins or strati-graphic units in China.The unit produced water volume of CBM wells in China ranges from 10to 271,280L/well/day,and the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS)ranges from 691to 93,898mg/L.Most pH values of CMPWare more than 7.0,showing the alkaline feature,and the Na-HCO 3and Na-HCO 3-Cl are typical types of CMPW in China.Treatment and utilization of CMPW in China lag far behind the USA and Australia,and CMPW is mainly managed by surface im-poundments and evaporation.Currently,the core environmen-tal issues associated with CMPW in China are that the poten-tial environmental problems of CMPW have not been given enough attention,and relevant regulations as well as environ-mental impact assessment (EIA)guidelines for CMPW are still lacking.Other potential issues in China includes (1)water quality monitoring issues for CMPW with special components in special areas,(2)groundwater level decline issues associ-ated with the dewatering process,and (3)potential

environmental issues of groundwater pollution associated with hydraulic fracturing.

Keywords Coalbed methane produced water .Quantity and quality .Management .Environmental issues .China

Introduction

Dewatering of a coal seam lowers the reservoir pressure and allows gas to desorb from the coal.Consequently,water is a primary by-product of CBM production.Advances in tech-niques of drilling and completion have made CBM extraction more economical,leading to a significant expansion in devel-opment,particularly in the USA,Canada,Australia,and China (Thomson et al.2003;Gentzis 2006;Maricic et al.2008;Qiao et al.2008;Palmer 2010).The major problem associated with the CBM development is the management of coalbed methane produced water (CMPW).Previous studies for CMPW mainly focused on two aspects.The one is the effects of CMPW on the accumulation and production of CBM resources,and the other is the effects of CMPW on the environment.In the USA,Canada,and Australia,many stud-ies have been done in both aspects,such as the hydrological controls on the productivity of CBM (Kaiser et al.1994;Scott 2002;Harrison et al.2006;Kinnon et al.2010);the effects of CMPW on the surface water,soil,and vegetation (Rice et al.2000;Stearns et al.2005;Ganjegunte et al.2005;Wang and Yang 2008);the management of CMPW (McBeth et al.2003;Vance et al.2004;Gordon et al.2005;Myers 2009);and the reuse of CMPW (Stewart and Consultants 2006;Pu et al.2008;Hamawand et al.2013).In China,previous studies on CMPW mainly focused on the effects of hydrological condi-tions on CBM accumulation and production (Qin et al.2005;Su et al.2005;Wang et al.2007;Xu et al.2012);however,the environmental effects of CMPW were neglected.With the

Responsible editor:Philippe Garrigues

Y .Meng (*):D.Tang :H.Xu :Y .Li :L.Gao

School of Energy Resources,China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083,China

e-mail:mengyanjun15@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2512500138.html,

Y .Meng :D.Tang :H.Xu :Y .Li :L.Gao

Coal Reservoir Laboratory of National CBM Engineering Center,Beijing 100083,China

Environ Sci Pollut Res (2014)21:6964–6974DOI 10.1007/s11356-014-2675-4

anticipated increase in commercial CBM production in China,the controversy surrounding impacts of CBM development on water resources is becoming more https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2512500138.html,pared with the oversea conditions,this paper systematically reviews the current status of CBM exploration and development,the quantity and quality of CMPW,as well as the status of CMPW management in China.Besides,environmental challenges and issues associated with CMPW in China are also raised and discussed for the first time.

Distribution and development status of CBM resources in China

CBM resources and distribution in China

The latest evaluation of oil and gas resources in2009show that China’s CBM resources buried shallower than2,000m were36.81×1012m3in total,of which recoverable resources (buried shallower than1,500m)were10.87×1012m3(Liu et al.2009;Strategic Research Center for Oil and Gas Resources of the Ministry of Land and Resources2009). China has many basins where commercially producible coal resources occur,of which there are15major coal-bearing basins where large CBM resources are concentrated.The amount and distribution of CBM resources in these coal basins are shown in Table1and Fig.1.Status of CBM development in China

CBM industry is advancing sharply in China these years. The CBM production and the numbers of wells have been growing rapidly in China(Table2).China has already included CBM in its national energy strategy.Currently, Qinshui Basin and Eastern Ordos Basin have entered the stage of commercial CBM development,and many prac-tices for pilot production also have been carried out in other coal-bearing regions,such as Fuxin Basin,Ningwu Basin, Tuha Basin,Huainan-Huaibei coalfield,and Jiaozuo coal-field(Zhao and Tian2008;Qin et al.2012b).For the period of2010to2015,China set two targets for its CBM sector as follows:to grow proven CBM resource to12,743×108m3 and to increase annual CBM output capacity to be300×108m3.In2012,the nation’s total proven CBM reserves were up to5,518×108m3,and the CBM production reached 126×108m3,among which25.7×108m3were produced by CBM wells(Ye et al.2013).

Major enterprises participated in CBM industry in China The CBM market is a highly concentrated industry,reflecting China’s historic reliance on large state-owned firms to lead development of new energy resources.PetroChina,CUCBM (China United Coalbed Methane Co.,Ltd.),and Sinopec have the largest CBM capacities based on their involvement in coal-heavy Shanxi province.Currently,most of the rights for

Table1Important coal-bearing basins and associated CBM resources in China

No.Basins Locations CBM resources(108m3)Recoverable CBM

resources(108m3) Region of the country Province(s)

1Sanjiang-Mulenghe Northeast Heilongjiang3,103.38401.71

2Hailar Northeast Inner Mongolia15,957.844,503.79

3Erlian Northeast Inner Mongolia25,816.6221,026.38

4Huabei-Bohaiwan East Shandong,Henan,Hebei15,430.972,142.63

5Qinshui Central Shanxi39,500.4211,216.22

6Ordos West Inner Mongolia,Ningxia,Shannxi,Shanxi,98,634.2717,870.59

7Xuhuai East Jiangsu,Anhui5,784.611,482.07

8Xiangzhong South Hunan780.75324.39

9Chuanyu Southwest Sichuan,Chongqing6,042.092,110.73

10Chuannan-Qianbei Southwest Sichuan,Guizhou9,693.473,045.94

11Diandong-Qianxi Southwest Yunnan,Guizhou34,723.7212,892.88

12Santanghu Northwest Xinjiang5,942.141,752.60

13Tuha Northwest Xinjiang21,198.344,100.46

14Zhunger Northwest Xinjiang38,368.178,077.95

15Tarim Northwest Xinjiang19,338.576,866.68

Data from Strategic Research Center for Oil and Gas Resources of the Ministry of Land and Resources(2009)

CBM exploration and development in China are controlled by them (Table 3).Foreign companies participating in coopera-tive exploration and development of CBM in China mainly include Greg Company,Far East Energy Corporation,Asian United States Gas,Inc.(AAGI),and Fortune Liulin Gas Company (Ye et al.2013).

Quantity and quality of CMPW in China Quantity of CMPW in China

The quantity of the CMPW can vary between coal basins or stratigraphic units due to differences in hydrogeological con-ditions of basins and practical operations (NAS 2010;Moore 2012).As shown in Table 4,unit produced water volumes for wells in the San Juan Basin are considerably lower than in the Powder River,Raton,and Uinta Basins in the USA.Similarly,the unit produced water volumes for wells of Horseshoe Canyon coal measure are much lower than Belly River coal measure in the Alberta Basin in Canada.In Australia and China,the unit produced water volumes also vary enormously between coal basins,CBM areas,and stratigraphic

units

Fig.1The distribution of important coal-bearing basins and CBM resources enriched regions in China.The names and corresponding number are shown in Table 1

Table 2The CBM production and numbers of surface drilling wells in China Years

CBM production (108m 3)Cumulative numbers of surface drilling wells 20040.15920050.32702006 1.07962007 3.31,0812008 5.02,800200910.173,600201014.55,4262011238,571201225.712,547201578*12,900*2020191*27,900*2025333*47,900*2030

523*

57,900*

Data sources:Qin et al.2012a ;Qin et al.2013;Ye et al.2013.*Represent predicted data from Qin et al.2013

Table 3The distribution of rights for CBM exploration and development in China

Enterprises Area

(104km 2)Area

proportion (%)Resource (1012m 3)Resource

proportion (%)PetroChina 16.175.716.569.6CUCBM 1.768.3 1.87.6Sinopec 1.627.6 2.410.1Others 1.9

8.4

12.7

Data source:The report of Zhao 2010

(Table4).The range of the unit produced water volume in China is10to271,280L/well/day.The maximum volume of water production(up to271,280L/well/day)occurs in the Taiyuan formation of Liulin area in the Ordos Basin in China due to its unique hydrogeological conditions and unsuccessful fracturing operations(Meng et al.2013b).

The quantity of CMPW also varies over the lifetime of a CBM well(Hamawand et al.2013).The typical production curves for a CBM well showing relative volumes of methane and water produced through time are illustrated in Fig.2.

Although volumes of CMPW vary between CBM areas, they showed a trend of decline over the lifetime of CBM wells in the USA and Australia(Moore2012).The similar cases were also very common in China(Lv et al.2011;Li et al.2012b).

Quality of CMPW in China

The CMPW is generally of poor quality due to elevated concentrations of salts,metals,and organic compounds. Major ions and salinity are two main aspects for quality assessment of CMPW(Ross2012).The species and contents of major ions in CMPW depend on hydrogeological environ-ment and water type(NAS2010).Generally,the dominant ions in produced water are sodium and bicarbonate.In basins where coal is in stratigraphic association with marine or marine-transitional formations,chloride is a substantial com-ponent of the produced water(V an V oast2003).The salinity is the dissolved salt content of a body of water.It can be approximately reflected by the concentration of total dissolved solids(TDS)in milligrams per liter(mg/L),when the contents of organic and inorganic matter with molecular structures in water are low relatively(Rhoades et al.1996).Besides,the sodium adsorption ratio(SAR)is another important parameter for the study of CMPW using for irrigation.SAR can be

Table4Summary of quantity of CMPW in the USA,Canada,Australia,and China

Countries Basins(Locations)Stratigraphic units Water production L/well/day Number of wells Sources

USA Powder River Fort Union(63,592)>11,000NAS2010

USA Raton Raton(42,289)>1,100NAS2010

USA Uinta Ferron(34,181)>580NAS2010

USA San Juan Fruitland(3,975)>3,600NAS2010

Canada Alberta Horseshoe Canyon<1,000>17,000Beaton et al.2006;AESRD2011 Canada Alberta Belly River14,000–24,000

Australia Southern Bowen(Fairview)Moranbah,Baralaba20,000–200,000～4,000Geoscience Australia(2007);

Queensland Government(2013a;b) Australia Surat Walloon10,000–400,000

China Qinshui(Fanzhuang)Shanxi100–45,000(4,750)>400Lv et al.2012;

Li et al.2012b

China Qinshui(Panhe)Shanxi800–48,600(10,400)>200Ye,et al.2011

China Qinshui(Zhengzhuang)Shanxi1,790–40,000(12,000)>200Li et al.2010;

Qi2010

China Qinshui(Heshun)Taiyuan120–11,640(1,000)>20Meng et al.2013a

China Ordos(Baode)Shanxi10,000–50,000—Tian et al.2012b

China Ordos(Liulin)Shanxi3,500–42,630—Meng et al.2013b

China Ordos(Liulin)Taiyuan41,630–271,280–Meng et al.2013b

China Ordos(Wupu)Shanxi,Taiyuan4,710–89,080>6Shi2011

China Ordos(Daning-Jixian)Shanxi(4,400)—Tian et al.2012c

China Ordos(Daning-Jixian)Taiyuan(13,100)—Tian et al.2012c

China Ordos(Sanjiao)Shanxi3,000–5,000>40Tian et al.2012c

China Ordos(Sanjiao)Taiyuan20,000–30,000>15Tian et al.2012c

China Ordos(Yanchuannan)Shanxi,Taiyuan400–12,000(7,000)>16Wang et al.2013

China Southern Ningwu Shanxi,Taiyuan10–100>6Tian et al.2010

Data in parenthesis represent average data,“～”represent approximate data,and“—”represent data are

unavailable

Fig.2The typical gas and water production rates(Ross2012)

represented by this equation Na+/[(Ca2++Mg2+)/2]1/2,in (mmol/L)0.5(Sessoms et al.2002).

Currently,quality data of CMPW in Qinshui and Eastern Ordos Basins are abundant;however,quality data are relative-ly scarce for other CBM areas in China.Studies of CMPW related to environmental chemistry are very rare in China,and only few data of water salinity,water type,and“pH”are available in the scientific literature.As shown in Table5,the quality of the produced water varies considerably from basin to basin,within a particular basin,from coal seam to coal seam in the USA,Canada,Australia,and China.The concentration of TDS of CMPW varies obviously in China,ranging from 691to93,898mg/L.According to Fetter’s taxonomy(Fetter 1994),salinity classes of CMPW in China range from fresh to saline.The maximum TDS of CBM-produced water(up to 93,898mg/L)occurs in the Yan’an formation of Xifeng area in the central of Ordos Basin in China due to its stagnant hydrogeological conditions.The range of pH value of CBM-produced water in China is from6.4to9.2,and most of the pH values are more than7.0,showing the alkaline feature (Table5).According to Van V oast(2003),the Na-HCO3and Na-HCO3-Cl are typical types of CMPW in China,and Na-Cl,Na-SO4-Cl,as well as Na-SO4types also exist in some CBM areas in China(Table5).Generally,the recommended TDS limit for drinking water is500mg/L;for beneficial use,such as irrigation in Wyoming,the limit is2,000mg/L;and for wildlife and livestock watering in Wyoming,the limit is 5,000mg/L(EPA2009;Wyoming DEQ2005).According to above limits,most of CMPW in CBM areas in China need to be discharged and managed properly.

Status of CMPW management in China

The strategies of CMPW management mainly include(1) disposal,storage,or treatment as a waste product;(2)appli-cation in beneficial use opportunities,with or without treat-ment.Strategies for management and beneficial use of CMPW depend on water quality and quantity,legal and regulatory issues,permitting constraints for discharge and use,the local environment and climate,and economic consid-erations(NAS2010;Hamawand et al.2013).Disposal and storage options include direct discharge to surface water bod-ies,deep-well reinjection,storage in surface impoundments,

Table5Summary of quality of CMPW in the USA,Canada,Australia,and China

Countries Basins Areas Stratigraphic units TDS(mg/L)Water types pH Sources

USA Powder River—Fort Union250–3,000Na-HCO3 6.9–9.2NAS2010;Dahm et al.2011 USA Raton—Raton900–30,000Na-HCO3-Cl 6.9–9.3NAS2010;Dahm et al.2011 USA Uinta—Ferron6,350–42,700Na-HCO3-Cl—NAS2010

USA San Juan—Fruitland10,000–170,000Na-HCO3-Cl 5.4–9.3NAS2010;Dahm et al.2011

Canada Alberta—Horseshoe Canyon,

Belly River 100–18,000Na-HCO3-Cl,Na-Cl 6.8–11.2Bachu and Michael2003;

Cheung et al.2010

Canada Alberta—Mannville31,113–88,956Na-HCO3-Cl,Na-Cl 6.3–7.5

Australia Bowen Queensland Moranbah,Baralaba2,650–8,090Na-HCO3-Cl7.5–8.2Draper and Boreham2006;

Kinnon et al.2010 Australia Surat Queensland Walloon950–12,894Na-HCO3-Cl7.8–8.5Moran and Vink2010;

Papendick et al.2011 China Qinshui Jincheng Shanxi691–3,409Na-HCO38.1–9.2Li and Sjursen2013 China Ordos Liulin Shanxi2,300–6,800Na-HCO3-Cl 6.7–8.2Chi1998;

Tang et al.2011

China Ordos Shanjiao Shanxi,Taiyuan822–3,797Na-HCO3—Zhou et al.2013

China Ordos Baode Shanxi1,400–5,800Na-HCO3-Cl7.3–7.8Tian et al.2012c

China Ordos Daning-Jixian Taiyuan>4,000Na-SO4-Cl—Tian et al.2012c

China Ordos Baode Taiyuan1,200–6,000Na-HCO3-Cl7.3–7.8Tian et al.2012c

China Ordos Hancheng Shanxi,Taiyuan1,532–7,061Na-HCO3,Na-Cl—Ma et al.2013

China Ordos Binchang Shanxi6,192–15,790Na-SO4,Na-Cl—Tian et al.2012a

China Ordos Yanchuannan Shanxi3,000–4,900——Wang et al.2013

China Ordos Xifeng Yan’an51,910–93,898Na-HCO3 6.4–6.9Wang and Li2012 China Ningwu Lanxian Shanxi,Taiyuan985–5,082Na-HCO3—Tian et al.2010

China Tuha Shaerhu Xishanyao15,000–30,000—8.2Wu2005;Li et al.2013 China Tuha Hami Xishanyao3,000–7,000Na-HCO3—Li et al.2013

China Chaoshui Hongshagang Qingtujing>10,000——Sun et al.2010“—“represent data are unavailable;water types are classified according to Van V oast(2003)

evaporation,and land application(V eil2009).Table6sum-marizes the strategies used to manage CMPW in the CBM basins in the USA,Canada,and Australia.

The predicted large volume and variable quality of CMPW make water management a key issue associated with CBM production in China.However,treatment and utilization of CMPW in China lag far behind the USA and Australia. Currently,due to lack of large-scale water treatment facilities and recycled and reusing projects in CBM fields,CMPW is mainly managed by surface impoundment and evaporation process in China(such as Figs.3and4).Although some Chinese scholars have done some investigations on foreign CMPW treatment technology(Gao and Yu1997;Zhang et al. 2010;Liu et al.2013;Ren2012;Qian et al.2012),large-scale practices have not yet been carried out in China.Several previous studies revealed that CMPW in Liulin and Jincheng CBM areas in North China must be treated before discharge and could be used as irrigation water with proper treatment (Pan and Zhang2011;Yang et al.2011;Li and Sjursen2013). China should make great effort to carry out research and practices of CMPW treatment and reusing projects to ensure the environmental protection and rational utilization of water resources.

Environmental challenges and issues associated

with CMPW in China

National development plans and schedules for CBM industry do not fully consider environmental effects of CMPW

in China

Currently,under the guidance of governmental policy that gives priority to the development of CBM resources,the potential environmental effects of CMPW have not been given enough attention in China.The criteria for favorable CBM areas selection mainly considers the reserves,formation depth,and surface conditions,but ignores environmental pro-tection and human health impacts.From strategic planning stage to trial production stage,environmental impact evalua-tion is inadequate.Moreover,China is facing the situation of a large-scale CBM commercial development these years,and the controversy surrounding the impacts of CBM develop-ment on water resources is more aggravated.Adverse envi-ronmental impacts(such as groundwater level decline prob-lems and impacts on species,ecosystems,and water systems that are connected to groundwater)which have occurred in the USA could not be avoided in the process of decision making in China(Fisher2003;Ganjegunte et al.2005;NAS2010). Lags in basic researches as well as insufficient management experience and technical expertise for CMPW in China

In the USA and Australia,basic and strategic research on environmental issues related to CMPW have been undertaken and published in literatures(Taulis2009;NAS2010;Nghiem et al.2011).However,in China,no research has been con-ducted to obtain systemic parameters for management of CMPW in pilot projects.Also,studies on CBM resource distributions and environmental characteristics in China have not been conducted.Therefore,the technical expertise is in-sufficient.Besides,in China,the scientific understanding of the ultimate consequences of environmental effects from CMPW is limited.Technical measures for the prediction and control of potential environmental impacts are inadequate. Basic research on environmental protection for CBM devel-opment still lags behind the needs.

Table6Summary of primary CMPW management strategies in the USA,Canada,and Australia

Countries Basins Primary water management methods References

USA San Juan99.9%reinjected NAS2010 USA Uinta97%reinjected,3%evaporated NAS2010 USA Raton(Colorado)70%direct discharge to streams,2%surface impoundments,28%reinjected NAS2010 USA Raton(New Mexico)Nearly100%reinjected NAS2010 USA Piceance(Colorado)Nearly100%reinjected NAS2010 USA Powder River(Wyoming)64%surface impoundments,20%direct discharge to streams,13%for

surface or subsurface irrigation,3%reinjected

NAS2010

USA Tongue River drainage–Powder

River(Montana)61–65%direct discharge to streams,4–5%industrial dust control,26–

30%for surface and subsurface irrigation,5%surface impoundments

NAS2010

Canada Western Canada(Alberta)Surface discharged for water in shallower seams;reinjected for water in

deeper coal seams Ingelson et al.2006; MacLellan and MacNeil2008

Australia Surat,Bowen(Queensland)Mainly treated at large water treatment plants and reuse for irrigation Lewis and Baudish2011;

Swayne2012 Australia Sydney(Southern coalfield)Large volumes of water storage and treated at large treatment plants for reuse Stammers2012

Lack of specific environmental protection regulations and environmental impact assessment (EIA)technical guidelines for CMPW in China

The USA,Canada,and Australia have more mature systems of regulations for energy development and environmental protection,especially for CBM industry (Ingelson 2005;Ingelson et al.2006;Eynon et al.2010;Stammers 2012).China still lags behind in this aspect relatively.That is mainly reflected in the following two aspects:(1)Relevant water quality standards for CMPW have not been enacted yet in China,only with standards such as “the standard of surface water environment quality ”(GB3838-2002),“the standard of irrigation water quality ”(GB5084-2005),and “the standard of sewage comprehensive discharge ”(GB8978-1996);(2)Governments at all levels and relevant enterprises in China are usually unable to attach really great importance to EIA for CMPW and to implement relevant regulations strictly in the processes of CBM development.

At present,the ecological environment of coal mining areas in China has suffered pollution and destruction in varying degrees (Shi et al.2013),so more attention should be paid to environmental protection in the process of CBM exploration and development.Chinese governments should enact relevant

regulations and standards for CMPW treatment and manage-ment in time.Besides,relevant regulations should be imple-mented strictly.

Other potential environmental issues associated with CMPW in China

Water quality monitoring issues for CMPW with special components in special areas

Although CMPW compositions in most CBM areas are rela-tively simple,some specific elements (such as heavy metals,fluoride,etc.)are enriched in coal seam water in regions with special geological conditions.In Southwestern China (poten-tial CBM developed areas (Qin et al.2012b ;Li et al.2012c )),the depositional environment and hydrothermal events result in the enrichment of many special components in coal seams.About 10～20%of coals in Longtan Formation of Permian in Guizhou province belong to high arsenic coals,and the distri-bution of them has a close relationship with tectonism and associated hydrothermal activity (Kang et al.2011;Li et al.2012a ).Other studies reveal that heavy metal and other trace elements,such as mercury,fluorine,and antimony,are also relatively rich in coals from Southwestern China (Dai et al.2004;Zheng et al.2007;Liu et al.2007;Feng and Qiu 2008;Qi et al.2008).Some of these elements dissolved in coal seam water can be brought to the surface along with the CBM development,and may pose a threat to the ecological envi-ronment and the public health.So far,little research has been done to determine the concentration of deleterious elements in CMPW in China (Chen et al.2009;Pan and Zhang 2011;Huang et al.2013).So for areas with special components in CMPW in China,water quality should be given a special and strict monitoring process.

Groundwater level decline issues associated with the dewatering process

A substantial environmental concern in CBM production is that water production from coal seams will result in the

a. Impoundment for a vertical CBM well

b. Impoundment for a horizontal CBM well

Fig.3Surface impoundments for CBM wells in Liulin area in China (from

CUCBM)

Fig.4A surface impoundment for a CBM wells group in Yanchuannan area in China (from China Petrochemical gallery)

drawdown of shallow groundwater (Fisher 2003).Groundwater withdrawal from aquifers is a particularly sensi-tive issue to landowners who use groundwater for their live-stock and for irrigation.There is an observational evidence of groundwater drawdown due to CBM production,such as in the San Juan Basin (BLM 1999;S.S.Papadopulos and Associates,Inc.2006)and Powder River Basin (Meredith et al.2008;Campbell et al.2008).An example of groundwater drawdown and recovery in four wells in the Anderson-Dietz coal aquifer in Montana in Powder River basin is shown in Fig.5.

So far,there have not been published papers that studied on this potential issue in China,although some studies have been conducted on groundwater level decline problems caused by coal mining (Wu et al.2002;Ji et al.2011).Currently,CBM development areas are mainly in North and Northwest China,both of which are arid areas,therefore possible groundwater level decline associated with the dewatering process of CBM development should be taken seriously.

Potential environmental issues of groundwater pollution associated with hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing often serves to improve the permeability of coal seams and help release the CBM.It is common to add substances to assist the fracturing process,and there have been concerns that these substances could contaminate shallow aquifers and affect drinking water in US (NRDC 2002).In theory,this might happen where the fracturing of a coal seam below the nonsaline groundwater zone extends upwards into the nonsaline water zone.

Pei and Liang (2005)and Yang et al.(2008)found that the water contamination of Liulin Karstic Spring located in Eastern Ordos Basin was probably associated with coal min-ing activity.Xu et al.(2012)and Meng et al.(2013b )revealed that hydraulic fracturing of CBM wells in Taiyuan Formation,Carboniferous,connected the water in coal seam with the above limestone aquifer.There has not been much research about groundwater pollution associated with CBM hydraulic fracturing in China.However,the potential environmental issues of groundwater pollution associated with hydraulic fracturing should be paid close attention.

Conclusions and recommendations

CMPW management is a complex issue for regulatory agen-cies,CBM well operators,water treatment companies,policymakers,and the public in China.The quantity and the quality of the water both vary enormously between coal basins and stratigraphic units,indicating that the EIA and the man-agement for CMPW are very difficult in China.The rapid advance of commercial CBM production in recent years in China makes environmental issues associated with CMPW more urgent.China still lags far behind the USA,Canada,and Australia in many aspects,such as basic research on environ-mental effects of CMPW,specific environmental regulations for CMPW,and management experience of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2512500138.html,ernments at all levels and relevant enterprises in China should attach really great importance to the EIA for CMPW,implement relevant regulations strictly,and support systemic research on environmental effects of CMPW.Besides,

other

Fig.5Measured groundwater elevations in Anderson-Dietz coal seams during and after coal mining dewatering and then following the initiation of CBM dewatering.Note:The larger drawdown (80to 233ft,starting in 2001)is related to CBM production,and recoveries of 73to 87%over a 7-year period are related to a gradual decrease in CBM production.Full recovery is predicted to take 20to 30years.Source Meredith et al.2008

potential environmental issues related to CMPW in China should also be given enough attention. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Major National Science and Technology Special Projects(Grant Nos.2011ZX05062-01 and2011ZX05034-001)and the National Natural Science Foundation Project(Grant No.41272175).This paper was reviewed critically by Philippe Garrigues and Sue Golding.Their comments significantly im-proved the manuscript and are deeply appreciated.

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公司节约成本的具体方案

公司节约成本的具体方案文件排版存档编号：[UYTR-OUPT28-KBNTL98-UYNN208]

关于公司节约成本的具体方案作为一个自主经营，自负盈亏的企业来讲，不光要潜心研究怎么挣钱如何创造效益，更要考虑如何节约成本，降低损耗。俗话说：“不省不成家”，企业就是一个大家庭，只有这个“大家”发展了，们各自的“小家”才会殷实，也就是印证了“大河有水小河满，大河无水小河干”的这句话。最初我理解的公司节约，只考虑到了节约水电等能源方面的节约，缺忽视了还有其他很多方面。针对集团公司目前的状况，从三个方面着手精简公司成本。一.集团公司的能源节约。主要为节电电的使用主要集中在照明设备电灯、电脑饮水机、和空调三个方面水的成本主要在饮用水上面。公司的饮用水分为两种，分别是饮水机上大桶升的桶装水和农夫4升桶装水。其中大桶装水升，每桶10元，农夫桶装水每桶4升，每桶7元。尽量做到以下几方面： 1.白天上班时间除非室内采光不足，否则不开启室内照明灯。 2.人走关灯，人来开灯，外出办公超过半小时离开时需关闭电灯，电脑。否则一经发现罚款10元 3.空调恒定开在26度，关机后须断电。对于下班没关电脑（包括显示器）的员工，罚款10元，以示批评。

水的成本主要在饮用水上面。公司的饮用水分为两种，分别是饮水机上大桶18升的桶装水和农夫4升桶装水。其中大桶装水升，每桶10元，农夫桶装水每桶4升，每桶7元。目前情况下，每周平均使用7桶大桶装水和40桶农夫纯净水。如果提高大桶纯净水的使用量而降低农夫桶装水，则是一笔可观的费用。二．集团公司的办公费节约。由财务部财务总监计算出当月办公费使用的大体金额，主要包括纸张、墨盒、一次性口杯、易损耗的其他办公用品。立足当月，参照前几月，做出下月的办公费预算，月底检查完成情况，如果超支了，则要找出超支的重点，从源头上控制浪费。纸张双面打印提倡了很多年，但我发现很少时候能做到。我觉得问题的关键不是大家不知道双面打印节省纸张，而在于很少人能在打印的时候把用过的纸放进打印机里。没有人做这个动作，那打出来的东西就只能是单面的、一次性的。解决这个问题，可以出台规定，除了公司重要文件不允许直接使用白纸打印。另外将打印过的纸张放到打印机放的显眼地方，方便看到使用。（这个动作我已经做了）即使双面打印的纸张在不是完全看不清的情况下仍旧可以留下来当草稿纸。在采购的时候同时采购相应的内件产品，中性笔、圆珠笔的笔芯，活页本的内页。都可以增加办公用品的使用寿命。

新版广州英语八年级英语下册总复习

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Eｎd???结束 Band ?乐队 Praｃtｉce??练习 Togetｈｅr 一起 Maｒket?市场 Guitaｒ?吉它 Graｄｅ??年级 junior hiｇh school?初中ｏn fooｔ??步行 takeｐart in??参加 haｖe a good time 玩得开心 go to bed??上床睡觉 get up???起床 Moduｌe 2 Ｔhe Natural WorｌｄUnit３& Unit4Ｕnit３Tｈe Eａｒｔh Eaｒｔｈ???地球 Quiz????测试Ｐattｅｒn??模式 Proteｃt ?保护 Repｏrt??报告 Paｒt?部分 Land???陆地 Fieｌｄ?田野、田地Ｌargｅ??大的Ｐroviｄe 提供 Pｏllｕtｉoｎ污染 Bｕｒn???燃烧Ｅnｅrgy ?能量Ｐolｌｕｔe??污染Ｉnto ??进入 Grｏｕnd ?地面Ｋiｌl ?杀死 Muｓｔ?必须Ｉmｐoｒtａnt ??重要的 Fact???事实Ｋilｏmｅｔer??千米 Oｗn?自己的 Caｔcｈ???抓住Ｆew????很少 Aｗay ?离开 Prｏblem 问题ｐroviｄe wｉth ?提供。。。

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