国际经济学作业答案-第八章
Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Specific tariffs are
(a) import taxes stated in specific legal statutes.
(b) import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods.
(c) import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.
(d) the same as import quotas.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
2. Ad valorem tariffs are
(a) import taxes stated in ads in industry publications.
(b) import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods.
(c) import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.
(d) the same as import quotas
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
3. The excess supply curve of a product we (H) import from foreign countries (F) increases as
(a) excess demand of country H increases.
(b) excess demand of country F increases.
(c) excess supply of country H increases.
(d) excess supply of country F increases.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
4. If a good is imported into (large) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariff
in country H
(a) raises the price of the good in both countries (the “Law of One Price”).
(b) raises the price in country H and cannot affect its price in country F.
(c) lowers the price of the good in both countries.
(d) lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F.
(e) raises the price of the good in H and lowers it in F.
Answer: E
.
5. If a good is imported into (small) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariff In
country H
(a) raises the price of the good in both countries (the “Law of One Price”).
(b) raises the price in country H and does not affect its price in country F.
(c) lowers the price of the good in both countries.
(d) lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F.
(e) raises the price of the good in H and lowers it in F.
Answer: B
6. If a good is imported into (large) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariff in country
H in the presence of the Metzler Paradox,
(a) raises the price of the good in both countries (the “Law of One Price”).
(b) raises the price in country H and cannot affect its price in country F.
(c) lowers the price of the good in both countries.
(d) lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F.
(e) raises the price of the good in H and lowers it in F.
Answer: C
7. The effective rate of protection measures
(a) the “true” ad valorum value of a tariff.
(b) the quota equivalent value of a tariff.
(c) the efficiency with which the tariff is collected at the customhouse.
(d) the protection given by the tariff to domestic value added.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
8. If the tariff on computers is not changed, but domestic computer producers shift from domestically
produced semiconductors to imported components, then the effective rate of protection in the
computer industry will
(a) increase.
(b) decrease
(c) remain the same.
(d) depend on whether computers are PCs or “Supercomputers.”
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
9. If the tariff on computers is not changed, but the government then adds hitherto nonexistent tariffs
on imported semi-conductor components, then the effective rate of protection in the computer
industry will
(a) increase.
(b) decrease
(c) remain the same.
(d) depend on whether computers are PCs or “Supercomputers.”
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
.
86 Krugman/Obstfeld ?Seventh Edition
10. If a small country imposes a tariff, then
(a) the producers must suffer a loss.
(b) the consumers must suffer a loss.
(c) the government revenue must suffer a loss.
(d) the demand curve must shift to the left.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
11. If a large country imposes a tariff, then
(a) the producers must suffer a loss.
(b) the consumers must suffer a loss.
(c) the government revenue must suffer a loss.
(d) the demand curve must shift to the left.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
12. The imposition of tariffs on imports results in deadweight (triangle) losses. These are
(a) production and consumption distortion effects.
(b) redistribution effects.
(c) revenue effects
(d) efficiency effects.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
13. Suppose the United States eliminates its tariff on ball bearings used in producing exports. Ball
bearing prices in the United States would be expected to
(a) increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increase.
(b) decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increase.
(c) increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decrease.
(d) decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decrease.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
14. A specific tariff provides home producers more protection when
(a) the home market buys cheaper products rather than expensive products.
(b) it is applied to a commodity with many grade variations.
(c) the home demand for a good is elastic with respect to price changes.
(d) it is levied on manufactured goods rather than primary products.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
.
15. A lower tariff on imported steel would most likely benefit
(a) foreign producers at the expense of domestic consumers.
(b) domestic manufacturers of steel.
(c) domestic consumers of steel.
(d) workers in the steel industry.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
16. When a government allows raw materials and other intermediate products to enter a country duty
free, this generally results in a(an)
(a) effective tariff rate less than the nominal tariff rate.
(b) nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff rate.
(c) rise in both nominal and effective tariff rates.
(d) fall in both nominal and effective tariff rates.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
17. Of the many arguments in favor of tariffs, the one that has enjoyed significant economic justification
has been the
(a) cheap foreign labor argument.
(b) infant industry argument.
(c) even playing field argument.
(d) balance of payments argument
(e) domestic living standard argument.
Answer: B
18. The main redistribution effect of a tariff is the transfer of income from
(a) domestic producers to domestic buyers.
(b) domestic buyers to domestic producers.
(c) domestic producers to domestic government.
(d) domestic government to domestic consumers.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
19. The principle benefit of tariff protection goes to
(a) domestic consumers of the good produced.
(b) foreign consumers of the good produced.
(c) domestic producers of the good produced.
(d) foreign producers of the good produced.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
.
88 Krugman/Obstfeld ?Seventh Edition
20. As globalization tends to increase the proportion of imported inputs relative to domestically supplied
components,
(a) the nominal tariff automatically increases.
(b) the rate of (effective) protection automatically decreases.
(c) the nominal tariff automatically decreases.
(d) the rate of (effective) protection automatically increases.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
21. Which of the following policies permits a specified quantity of goods to be imported at one tariff
rate and a higher tariff rate to imports above this quantity?
(a) Import tariff
(b) Voluntary exports restraint
(c) Tariff quota
(d) Ad valorum tariff
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
22. Should the home country be “large” relative to its trade partners, its imposition of a tariff on imports
would lead to an increase in domestic welfare if the terms of the trade rectangle exceed the sum of the
(a) revenue effect plus redistribution effect.
(b) protective effect plus revenue effect.
(c) consumption effect plus redistribution effect.
(d) protective distortion effect plus consumption distortion effect.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
23. A problem encountered when implementing an “infant industry” tariff is that
(a) domestic consumers will purchase the foreign good regardless of the tariff.
(b) the industry may never “mature.”
(c) most industries require tariff protection when they are mature.
(d) the tariff may hurt the industry’s domestic sales.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
24. Which of the following is a fixed percentage of the value of an imported product?
(a) Specific tariff
(b) Ad valorem tariff
(c) Nominal tariff
(d) Effective protection tariff
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
.
25. A tax of 20 cents per unit of imported garlic is an example of a(n)
(a) specific tariff.
(b) ad valorem tariff.
(c) nominal tariff.
(d) effective protection tariff.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
26. A tax of 20 percent per unit of imported garlic is an example of a(n)
(a) specific tariff.
(b) ad valorem tariff.
(c) nominal tariff.
(d) effective protection tariff.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
27. Which type of tariff is forbidden in the United States on Constitutional grounds?
(a) Import tariff
(b) Export tariff
(c) Specific tariff
(d) Prohibitive tariff
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
28. The deadweight loss of a tariff
(a) is a social loss because it promotes inefficient use of national resources.
(b) is a social loss because it reduces the revenue of the government.
(c) is not a social loss because it merely redistributes revenue from one sector to another.
(d) is not a social loss bacuase it is paid for by rich corporations.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
29. Tariffs are not defended on the ground that they
(a) improve the terms of trade of foreign nations.
(b) protect jobs and reduce unemployment.
(c) promote growth and development of young industries.
(d) prevent over-dependence of a country on only a few industries.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
.
90 Krugman/Obstfeld ?Seventh Edition
30. The most vocal political pressure for tariffs is generally made by
(a) consumers lobbying for export tariffs.
(b) consumers lobbying for import tariffs.
(c) consumers lobbying for lower import tariffs.
(d) producers lobbying for export tariffs.
(e) producers lobbying for import tariffs.
Answer: E
31. A policy of tariff reduction in the computer industry is
(a) in the interest of the United States as a whole and in the interest of computer producing regions
of the country.
(b) in the interest of United States as a whole but not in the interest of computer producing regions
of the country.
(c) not in the interest of the United States as a whole but in the interests of computer producing
regions of the country.
(d) not in the interest of the United States as a whole and not in the interests of computer consumers.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
32. The fact that industrialized countries levy very low or no tariff on raw materials and semi processed
goods
(a) helps developing countries export manufactured products.
(b) has no effect on developing country exports.
(c) hurts developing country efforts to export manufactured goods.
(d) hurts developing country efforts to export raw materials.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
33. The Metzler Paradox
(a) explains why the United States uses both specific and ad valorum tariffs.
(b) explains why the United States uses many none-tariff barriers to imports.
(c) refers to the fact that the United States exported labor-intensive goods.
(d) is not considered to be of practical application in the real world.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
34. The Metzler Paradox
(a) could theoretically happen when a small country levies a tariff.
(b) refers to a situation when an Optimal Tariff hurts a country’s economic welfare.
(c) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff lowers domestic prices.
(d) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff helps foreign exporters.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
克鲁格曼国际经济学第八版上册课后答案Word版
Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model Chapter Organization The Concept of Comparative Advantage A One-Factor Economy Production Possibilities Relative Prices and Supply Trade in a One-Factor World Box: Comparative Advantage in Practice: The Case of Babe Ruth Determining the Relative Price after Trade The Gains from Trade A Numerical Example Box: The Losses from Non-Trade Relative Wages Misconceptions about Comparative Advantage Productivity and Competitiveness The Pauper Labor Argument Exploitation Box: Do Wages Reflect Productivity? Comparative Advantage with Many Goods Setting Up the Model Relative Wages and Specialization Determining the Relative Wage with a Multigood Model Adding Transport Costs and Non-Traded Goods Empirical Evidence on the Ricardian Model Summary
国际经济学作业答案第一章
Chapter 1 Introduction Multiple Choice Questions Historians of economic thought often describe ___________ written by _______ and published in __________ as the first real exposition of an economic model. “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1776 “Wealth of Nations,” David Hume, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1776 “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1758 Answer: E From 1959 to 2000, the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because the United States is a relatively large country. the United States is a “Superpower.” the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. the United States invests in many other countries. many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries are: not relevant to current policy analysis. are only of moderate relevance in today’s modern international economy. are highly relevant in today’s modern internationa l economy. are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy. are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists. Answer: C
国际经济学英文题库(最全版附答案)
【国际经济学】英文题库 Chapter 1: Introduction Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which of the following products are not produced at all in the United States? *A. Coffee, tea, cocoa B. steel, copper, aluminum C. petroleum, coal, natural gas D. typewriters, computers, airplanes 2. International trade is most important to the standard of living of: A. the United States *B. Switzerland C. Germany D. England 3. Over time, the economic interdependence of nations has: *A. grown B. diminished C. remained unchanged D. cannot say 4. A rough measure of the degree of economic interdependence of a nation is given by: A. the size of the nations' population B. the percentage of its population to its GDP *C. the percentage of a nation's imports and exports to its GDP D. all of the above 5. Economic interdependence is greater for: *A. small nations
李坤望《国际经济学》课后习题答案
第一章 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要? 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答：参见教材第一章第二节内容，将图1－6a中，以横坐标表示y商品的供给，以纵坐标表示x商品供给，得出相应生产可能性边界线，然后将图1－6b中，以横坐标表示y商品供给，以纵坐标表示y的相对价格，通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线，国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡? 答：两种商品同时达到均衡。一种商品均衡时，由其相对价格，机会成本，需求可知另一种商品得相对价格，机会成本和需求。 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示：略，参见书上 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致? 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平?
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第八版课后答案(英文)-Ch06
Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade Chapter Organization Economies of Scale and International Trade: An Overview Economies of Scale and Market Structure The Theory of Imperfect Competition Monopoly: A Brief Review Monopolistic Competition Limitations of the Monopolistic Competition Model Monopolistic Competition and Trade The Effects of Increased Market Size Gains from an Integrated Market: A Numerical Example Economies of Scale and Comparative Advantage The Significance of Intraindustry Trade Why Intraindustry Trade Matters Case Study: Intraindustry Trade in Action: The North American Auto Pact Dumping The Economics of Dumping Case Study: Anti-Dumping as Protection Reciprocal Dumping The Theory of External Economies Specialized Suppliers Labor Market Pooling Knowledge Spillovers External Economies and Increasing Returns
国际经济学作业答案
C h a p t e r7I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a c t o r M o v e m e n t s Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework (a) I nternational trade in goods (b) I nternational conflict resolution (c) I nternational trade in services (d) I nternational trade in factors of production (e) I nternational borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) t he physical increase in output as country grows. (b) t he dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) t he increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) t he marginal product of labor. (e) t he marginal product of capital.
Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) i ncrease total world output. (b) i mprove the economic welfare of everyone. (c) i mprove the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) i mprove the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) N one of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) w orkers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) w orkers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) w orkers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country.
国际经济学计算题及答案
计算题及答案 1. 在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。 从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为，而B国为，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。 2.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。假定生 600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。 时各国生产计算机和Array 小麦的产量。 （2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？ （3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？ （4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。（以效用水平来衡量福利水平） 思路： （1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20 （2）因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低，所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势，中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。 （3）如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口，加拿大进口小麦出口计算机，中国进口计算机出口小麦。 加拿大进口一单位小麦需要出口1/22单位计算机，折合成劳动时间来算，生产一单位小 麦本国要用3小时，但生产1/22单位计算机本国要用60/22小时劳动，所以加拿大进口 一单位小麦相当于用60/22小时的劳动换回本国3小时生产的产品，节省了 3-60/22=3/11小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需要出口22单位小麦，相当于 用22*4=88小时的劳动换回本国需用100小时生产的产品，节省了100-88=12小时的劳 动时间。 如果世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，则相当于用60/24小时的劳动换回本 国3小时生产的产品，节省了3-60/24=1/2小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需 要出口24单位小麦，相当于用24*4=96小时的劳动换回本国需用100小时生产的产品， 节省了100-96=4小时的劳动时间。 （4）在自由贸易的情况下，加拿大应专业生产计算机，数量为600/60=10单位；中国应专业 生产小麦，数量为800/4=200单位。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第八版课后答案(英文)-Ch08
Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy Chapter Organization Basic Tariff Analysis Supply, Demand, and Trade in a Single Industry Effects of a Tariff Measuring the Amount of Protection Costs and Benefits of a Tariff Consumer and Producer Surplus Measuring the Costs and Benefits Other Instruments of Trade Policy Export Subsidies: Theory Case Study: Europe’s Common Agricultural Policy Import Quotas: Theory Case Study: An Import Quota in Practice: U.S. Sugar Voluntary Export Restraints Case Study: A Voluntary Export Restraint in Practice: Japanese Autos Local Content Requirements Box: American Buses, Made in Hungary Other Trade Policy Instruments The Effects of Trade Policy: A Summary Summary Appendix I: Tariff Analysis in General Equilibrium A Tariff in a Small Country A Tariff in a Large Country Appendix II: Tariffs and Import Quotas in the Presence of Monopoly The Model with Free Trade The Model with a Tariff The Model with an Import Quota Comparing a Tariff with a Quota
国际经济学英文版选择题汇总版附答案
《国际经济学》选择题汇总版（附答案） Ch1-Ch3 1.The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because A) the United States is a relatively large country with diverse resources. B) the United States is a “Superpower.” C)the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. D) the United States invests in many other countries. E) many countries invest in the United States. 2. Because the Constitution forbids restraints on interstate trade, A) the U.S. may not impose tariffs on imports from NAFTA countries. B) the U.S. may not affect the international value of the $ U.S. C) the U.S. may not put restraints on foreign investments in California if it involves a financial intermediary in New York State. D) the U.S. may not impose export duties. E) the U.S. may not disrupt commerce between Florida and Hawaii. 3. International economics can be divided into two broad sub-fields A) macro and micro. B) developed and less developed. C) monetary and barter. D) international trade and international money. E) static and dynamic. 4. International monetary analysis focuses on A) the real side of the international economy. B) the international trade side of the international economy. C) the international investment side of the international economy. D) the issues of international cooperation between Central Banks. E) the monetary side of the international economy, such as currency exchange. 5. The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the fact that A)trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAFTA trade. B) trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods. C) trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultural products. D) Intra-European Union trade exceeds international trade by the European Union. E) the U.S. trades more with Western Europe than it does with Canada. 6. The gravity model explains why A)trade between Sweden and Germany exceeds that between Sweden and Spain. B)countries with oil reserves tend to export oil. C)capital rich countries export capital intensive products. D) intra-industry trade is relatively more important than other forms of trade between neighboring
国际经济学课后习题
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克鲁格曼国际经济学第八版上册课后答案
Overview of Section II: International Trade Policy Section II of the text is comprised of four chapters: Chapter 8The Instruments of Trade Policy Chapter 9The Political Economy of Trade Policy Chapter 10Trade Policy in Developing Countries Chapter 11Controversies in Trade Policy n Section II Overview Trade policy issues figure prominently in current political debates and public policy discussions. The first two chapters of this section of the text are concerned with the instruments of trade policy and the arguments for free trade and managed trade. The second two chapters consider these concepts in the context of specific sets of countries that face common problems. Throughout, the use of case studies provides the student with real world examples that clearly illustrate the theoretical arguments. Chapter 8 discusses various instruments of trade policy including tariffs, quotas, voluntary export restraints, and local content requirements. The effects of these policies on prices and trade volumes are determined in the context of a partial equilibrium framework. The chapter reviews the analytical tools of consumer and producer surplus, and uses these tools to consider the welfare effects of various protectionist measures. The specific incidents of trade restrictions presented as case studies include import quotas on sugar entering United States markets, voluntary export restraints on Japanese autos, and oil import quotas. Chapter 9 presents the set of ideas known as the political economy of trade theory. These ideas enable you to understand why certain trade restrictions exist, despite the force of general economic arguments which suggest that they reduce aggregate welfare. Possible motivations for trade restrictions are identified as those which increase national welfare, such as the optimum tariff, and those which foster either income
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国际经济学课后习题答案
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国际经济学第十版课后答案(萨尔瓦多、杨冰译)
国际经济学（第十版）多米尼克.萨尔瓦多(著) P16页练习题 6.（1）根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高（如由于税率的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高，则该商品的需求量将会下降。 （2）根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高（如由于进口关税的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高，则该商品的出口量将会下降。 7．（1）一国政府如何能消除或减少预算赤字？ 答：一国政府可以通过减少政府支出、增加税收，来消除或者减少预算赤字。（2）一个国家如何能消除或减少贸易逆差？ 答：一个国家要消除或减少其贸易逆差的方式有：对进口商品增税、补贴出口，借如更多的国外债券、减少借出外国债券，降低该国的国民收入水平。 8．（1）国际经济关系与地区经济关系有何区别？ 答：在国际经济关系下，国家通常限制在国际间的自由流动的货物、服务和因素，不同的语言、消费习惯和法律规定同样也阻碍了它们在国际间的流动，此外，国际收支会在各种货币收据和付款中流通。 而在地区经济关系下，就关税和进行相同的货币而言,区际流动的货物、服务和因素没有面临这样的限制因素，它们经常是在同样的语言环境下，在类似的消费习惯和法律规定下进行的，这就与国际经济关系形成了鲜明对比。 （2）它们在哪方面相似？ 答：国际经济关系和地区经济关系的相似点：两者都跨越了空间距离，事实上，它们都是在远距离贸易下的产物，把经济看待成在一个进行着生产、交换和消费的空间中的单一点，这也是从经济学的复位空间将它们区分。 1
国际经济学习题及参考答案
国际经济学作业 一、名词解释 幼稚产业：所谓幼稚产业是指某一产业处于发展初期，基础和竞争力薄弱但经过适度保护能够发展成为具有潜在比较优势的新兴产业。 倾销：是指一国（地区）的生产商或出口商以低于其国内市场价格或低于成本价格将其商品抛售到另一国（地区）市场的行为。 提供曲线：也称相互需求曲线，是由马歇尔和艾奇沃斯提出的，它表明一个国家为了进口一定量的商品，必须向其他国家出口一定量的商品，因此提供曲线即对应某一进口量愿意提供的出口量的轨迹。两个国家的提供曲线的交汇点所决定的价格，就是国际商品交换价格（交换比率）。 国际收支：国际收支分为狭义的国际收支和广义的国际收支。狭义的国际收支指一个国家或地区与世界其他国家或地区之间由于贸易、非贸易和资本往来而引起的国际间资金收支流动的行为。包括两种具体形式:直接的货币收支和以货币表示的资产的转移。反映了以货币为媒介的国际间的债权、债务关系。广义的国际收支为系统记载的、在特定时期内(通常为一年)一个国家或经济体的居民与世界其他地方居民的全部各项经济交易，不仅包括外汇收支的国际借贷关系，还包括一定时期全部经济交易与往来。 二、简答题 试画出出口贫困化增长的图形并作出分析 答：出口贫困化增长，是指某国的传统出口产品的出口规模极大地增长，但结果不仅使该国的贸易条件严重恶化，而且该国的国民福利水平也出现下降，这种现象一般出现在发展中国家。
贸易条件变化前，该国生产均衡点为A，消费点为C；由于该国传统出口产品X 的出口规模极大增长，使得该国贸易条件恶化，此时，生产点变为A’，消费点变为C’。由图中的无差异曲线可以看出，该国贸易条件的变化使得它的福利水平低于增长前。这种情形就成为“出口贫困化增长”。 产生出口贫困化增长的原因主要有：（1）该国在该种出口产品的出口量中占到相当大的比重，这样，当其出口大幅度增加时，会导致世界市场上出现供大于求的情况，导致价格大幅下跌。（2）该种产品的需求国的需求弹性很低，当产品价格降低时，需求是并不会相应大幅增长。（3）该国经济结构十分单一，依赖该种产品的出口来促进经济的发展，因此在贸易条件恶化的时候也不能压缩出口，而是进一步扩大出口量从而保持一定的出口收入。 试说明国际贸易中要素密集度逆转的情况 答：这是解释列昂惕夫反论的观点之一，它认为，某种商品在资本丰富的国家属于资本密集型产品，而在劳动力相对丰富的国家则属于劳动密集型产品，如小麦在非洲是劳动密集生产过程的产品，而在美国则是资本密集型的产品，也就是大机器和高效化肥生产的产品。所以，同一种产品是劳动密集型产品还是资本密集型产品并没有绝对的界限。在国外属于劳动密集型的产品，也有可能在国内属于资本密集型的产品。 即如果两种要素在行业间的替代弹性差异很大，以至于两种等产量曲线相交两次，那么，可能产生生产要素密集度逆转的现象。即一种产品在A国是劳动密集型产品在B国是资本密集型产品。可能就无法根据H-O的模式预测贸易模式了。