CECL book4 Unit3

CECL book4 Unit3 Civilizations

①Stonehenge:Theories and Controversies Page4~6

Inhabitant n. （某地的）居民，栖息动物a person or an animal that lives in a particular place Primitive adj. [ubn]原始的；远古的belonging to a very simple society with no industry, etc. Hut n. 简陋的小房子（或棚、舍）a small, simply built house or shelter

Take time off 腾出时间；抽出一部分时间

Structure n. [c]结构体；（尤指）建筑物a thing that is made of several parts, especially a building Rectangle n. 长方形；矩形a flat shape with four straight sides, two of which are longer than the other two, and four angles of 90?

Ditch n. 沟；渠a long channel dug at the side of a field or road, to hold or take away water Surround by 以…环绕

Dig v. ~ (for sth)掘（地）；凿（洞）；挖（土）to make a hole in the ground or to move soil from one place to another using your hands, a tool or a machine

Take down 拿下；取下；拆卸

Place on 把…放在…上

Be put back 被放回

There have been many theories about...... Some people have said it was...... Others have said it was ...... The most convincing theory is that......

Equinoxes n. 二分时刻；昼夜平分时；春分；秋分one of the two times in the year (around 20 March and 22 September) when the sun is above the equator and day and night are of equal length Of equal length 长度相等

Indicate v. 表明show表明；显示to show that sth is true or exists

Sowing v. to plant seeds in the ground

Describe v. ~ sb/sth (to/for sb).~ sb/sth (as sth)描述；形容；把…称为to say what sb/sth is like A respected authority adj. admired and approved of by many people

N. 专家expert[c]~ (on sth)专家；学术权威；泰斗a person with special knowledge Cautious adj. ~ (about sb/sth).~ (about doing sth)小心的；谨慎的being careful about what you say or do, especially to avoid danger or mistakes; not taking any risks

Clarify v. 使更清晰易懂；阐明；澄清to make sth clearer or easier to understand

Reach consensus v. [sing][u]~ (among sb).~ (about sth).~ (that…)一致的意见；共识an opinion that all members of a group agree with

Note down 记下；记下来；写下

Respond to 对…反应；回答；对…作出反应

②The Great Wall of China Page7~9

Historic interest 名胜

Formidable adj. 可怕的；令人敬畏的；难对付的if people, things or situations areformidable , you feel fear and/or respect for them, because they are impressive or powerful, or because they seem very difficult

Ward off 挡开;架开

Barbarian n. （古代欧洲原始部落的）野蛮人a person long ago in the past who belonged to a European people which was considered wild and uncivilized

Principle n. [c]观念；（行动、思想的）理由，信条a belief that is accepted as a reason for acting or thinking in a particular way

Fortification n. [c][usupl]碉堡；围墙；炮台；防御工事a tower, wall, gun position, etc. built to defend a place against attack

Go back to v. 追溯到

Construction n. 建筑；结构building/structure[c]建造物；构筑物；制成物a thing that has been built or made

V estige n. 残留部分；遗迹a small part of sth that still exists after the rest of it has stopped existing

Conserve v. 保护；保存；保藏to protect sth and prevent it from being changed or destroyed Antedate v. =pre-date 早于；先于…建成（或形成、发生等）to be built or formed, or to happen, at an earlier date than sth else in the past

Undertake v. 承担；从事；负责to make yourself responsible for sth and start doing it

Link up 连结,联合,会合

Stretch from...to 从...延伸到...

Cohesive defense adj. 结成一个整体的forming a united whole

Accession n. [u]（国家统治者的）就职，就任；（君主、帝王等的）登基，即位the act of becoming a ruler of a country

Reign n. 君主统治时期the period during which a king, queen, emperor , etc. Rules

Span v. 横跨；跨越to stretch right across sth, from one side to the other

Incursion n. 突然入侵；突然侵犯；袭击a sudden attack on a place by foreign armies, etc. Federated adj. to join together in a federation, or cause various bodies to join together in a federation

Steppes n. an extensive, usually treeless plain, often dry and grass-covered

Downfall n. [sing]衰落；衰败；垮台；衰落（或衰败、垮台）的原因the loss of a person's money, power, social position, etc.; the thing that causes this

Enter its medieval phase adj. [ubn]中世纪的（约公元1000到1450年）connected with the Middle Ages (about AD1000 to AD1450)

Maintenance v. ~ (of sth)维护；保养the act of keeping sth in good condition by checking or repairing it regularly

Halt v. （使）停止，停下to stop; to make sb/sth stop

Expulsion n. [u][c]驱逐；逐出the act of forcing sb to leave a place; the act of expelling sb Frontier n. [c]~ (between A and B).~ (with sth)国界；边界；边境a line that separates two countries, etc.; the land near this line

Garrison n. [cspv]卫戍部队；守备部队；卫戍区；驻防地a group of soldiers living in a town or fort to defend it; the buildings these soldiers live in

At strategic points n. 地方place[c]某地方；地点a particular place or area

Fortress n. 城堡；堡垒；要塞；设防的地方a building or place that has been made stronger and protected against attack

Passageway n. a long narrow area with walls on each side that leads from one room or place to another

Run along 沿着……跑

Imperial courier adj. 帝国的；皇帝的connected with an empire 【情报员】

Monument n. ~ (to sb/sth)纪念碑（或馆、堂、像等）a building, column, statue, etc. built to remind people of a famous person or event

Complex adj. 复杂的；难懂的；费解的made of many different things or parts that are connected; difficult to understand

Diachronic adj. （尤指语言研究）历时的relating to the way sth, especially a language, has developed over time

Ensemble n. [c][ususing]全体；整体a number of things considered as a group

Serve a single strategic purpose

Successive advances in defence technique adj. [obn]连续的；接连的；相继的following immediately one after the other

N. [c][u]~ (in sth)进步；进展progress or a development in a particular activity or area of understanding

Adaption to changing political context n. （事情发生的）背景，环境，来龙去脉the situation in which sth happens and that helps you to understand it

Outside aggression n. 侵犯；挑衅；侵略a violent attack or threats by one person against another person or by one country against another country

Essential reference n. 提及mentioning sb/sth[c][u]~ (to sb/sth)说到（或写到）的事；提到；谈及；涉及a thing you say or write that mentions sb/sth else; the act of mentioning sb/sth Undertaking n. [c]（重大或艰巨的）任务，项目，事业；企业a task or project, especially one that is important and/or difficult

On the vast scale of 巨大的规模

Integrate into 融入到……中去；成为一体，融入；使并入

Impose v. ~ sth (on/upon sth/sb)推行，采用（规章制度）；强制实行to introduce a new law, rule, tax, etc.; to order that a rule, punishment, etc. be used

Accentuate v. 着重；强调；使突出to emphasize sth or make it more noticeable Necessitate v. 使成为必要to make sth necessary

Bear exceptional testimony v. 负责be responsible for sth承担责任to take responsibility for sth Adj. 杰出的；优秀的；卓越的unusually good

N. [u][sing]~ (to sth)证据；证明a thing that shows that sth else exists or is true

Tamped-earth adj. 夯土；宫殿建筑基址夯土

Be conserved in 被保存在

Acclaimed adj. 受欢呼的；受赞誉的；受欢迎的

Masonry n. [u]砖石结构；砖石建筑the parts of a building that are made of stone

Language work Page9~11

Eternal adj. 不朽的；永久的；永恒的without an end; existing or continuing forever

In keeping with 和...一致,与...协调

Grandeur n. 宏伟；壮丽；堂皇the quality of being great and impressive in appearance Lavish adj. 大量的；给人印象深刻的；耗资巨大的large in amount, or impressive, and usually costing a lot of money

Interment n. [c][u]埋葬；安葬the act of burying a dead person

Be buried with 随葬

Detailed adj. 详细的；细致的；精细的giving many details and a lot of information; paying great attention to details

Life-sized 同原物[自身]一样大的

Terracotta n. （无釉的）赤陶土，赤陶reddish-brown clay that has been baked but not glazed , used for making pots, etc.

Assemble v. 装配；组装to fit together all the separate parts of sth, for example a piece of furniture

Artisan n. 工匠；手艺人a person who does skilled work, making things with their hands

Aura n. ~ (of sth)气氛；氛围; 气质a feeling or particular quality that is very noticeable and seems to surround a person or place

Motion in stillness 静中之动

Posture n. [u][c]（坐立的）姿势the position in which you hold your body when standing or sitting

Alertness n. 机智；敏捷性；机敏

March into battle 上阵

Exaction n. the act of forcing somebody to give something, especially payment

Mould [c]模具；铸模a container that you pour a soft liquid or substance into, which then becomes solid in the same shape as the container, for example when it is cooled or cooked

Sculpting v. to make a solid object as a work of art by shaping a substance such as wood, stone, or metal

Headgear n. [u]头戴之物；帽子anything worn on the head, for example a hat

Resourceful adj. 机敏的；足智多谋的；随机应变的good at finding ways of doing things and solving problems, etc.

Disputed adj. 争议；有争议的；争论

Elaborate on 详细说明

Hold for 对某人适用

Extraterrestrial n. （故事中的）天外来客，外星人，外星生物(in stories) a creature that comes from another planet; a creature that may exist on another planet

Quarry n. [c]采石场a place where large amounts of stone, etc. are dug out of the ground

Plank n. 木板；板条a long narrow flat piece of wood that is used for making floors, etc.a plank of wood

Whence adv. 从何处；从哪里from where

From tier to tier 一层层

Ramp n. 斜坡；坡道a slope that joins two parts of a road, path, building, etc. when one is higher than the other

Corkscrew v. （顺某方向）作螺旋式转动to move in a particular direction while turning in circles Mile-long 英里长

Unseen adj. 前所未见的；未被发现的not previously seen

Revelation n. [c]~ (about/concerning sth).~ (that…)被暴露的真相；被曝光的秘闻a fact that people are made aware of, especially one that has been secret and is surprising

Cast a fresh light on

Posit v. 假设；认定；认为…为实to suggest or accept that sth is true so that it can be used as the basis for an argument or discussion

The Rise And Fall of the Roman Empire:A Chronology Page12~14

Reach the fullest extent

Give one’s name to 以自己的名字命名

Tyrant n. 暴君；专制君主；暴虐的统治者a person who has complete power in a country and uses it in a cruel and unfair way

Patrician adj. 贵族的；上流社会的connected with or typical of the highest social class Plebeian adj. 平民的；百姓的；下层社会的connected with ordinary people or people of the lower social classes

Hold office 供职；担任公职；奉职

Annex v. 强占，并吞（国家、地区等）to take control of a country, region, etc., especially by force

Stab to death 刺死

Triumvirate n. 三人领导小组；三人统治集团；三方执政集团a group of three powerful people or groups who control sth together

Revered adj. 尊敬的；被崇敬的

Proclaim v. 宣布；宣告；声明to publicly and officially tell people about sth important Insane adj. 精神失常的；精神错乱的seriously mentally ill and unable to live in normal society Condemn to death 审判死刑

Incompetent adj. 无能力的；不胜任的；不称职的not having the skill or ability to do your job or a task as it should be done

Plague n. [c]~ of sth（老鼠或昆虫等肆虐造成的）灾害，祸患large numbers of an animal or insect that come into an area and cause great damage

Tetrarchy n. the rule or domain of one of four joint rulers

Full-fledged=fully fledged adj. [ubn]成熟的；完全合格的completely developed; with all the qualifications necessary for sth

Subordinate n. 下级；部属a person who has a position with less authority and power than sb else in an organization

Sole reign adv. 不可抵抗地；以压倒之势地；压倒地

Deserted adj. 被抛弃的；被遗弃的；被舍弃的left by a person or people who do not intend to return

Sack v. （尤指旧时军队等）破坏，劫掠(of an army, etc., especially in the past) to destroy things and steal property in a town or building

Cut off 停止

Lose control of 失去对…的控制；失去控制；失控

Depose v. 罢免；废黜to remove sb, especially a ruler, from power

Termination n. [u][c]结束；终止；末端；端the act of ending sth; the end of sth

Assertion n. [u][c]声称；使用；主张the act of stating, using or claiming sth strongly Momentous adj. 关键的；重要的；重大的very important or serious, especially because there may be important results

Derive v. to receive or obtain something from something else; to have something as an origin

Controversy over the collapse of Roman Empire Page14~21

Under its own weight 自身重力下

Display v. 陈列；展出；展示to put sth in a place where people can see it easily; to show sth to people

Specifically adv. 具体来说；确切地说used when you want to add more detailed and exact information

Primary cause 主要原因；首要原因；最初主因

Periphery n. 边缘；周围；外围the outer edge of a particular area

Ultimately adv. 最终；最后；终归in the end; finally

Slay v. （在战争或搏斗中）杀，杀死to kill sb/sth in a war or a fight

Sap v. ~ sth.~ sb (of sth)使虚弱；削弱；逐渐破坏to make sth/sb weaker; to destroy sth gradually

Alleged adj. claimed to be true, even though this has not been proved

Imperial adj. 帝国的；皇帝的connected with an empire

Distinguish v. ~ (between) A and B.~ A from B区分；辨别；分清to recognize the difference between two people or things

Oversimplify v. 陈述过于简略；说明过于简单化to describe a situation, a problem, etc. in a way that is too simple and ignores some of the facts

Undergoing v. to experience something, especially something that is unpleasant but necessary Immensely adv. 极端地；非常；极大地extremely; very much

Mounting adj. [obn]上升的；增长的increasing, often in a manner that causes or expresses anxiety

Morale n. [u]士气the amount of confidence and enthusiasm, etc. that a person or a group has at a particular time

Haphazard adj. 无秩序的；无计划的；组织混乱的with no particular order or plan; not organized well

Succession n. [u]继承；继任；（尤指王位的）继承权the act of taking over an official position

or title; the right to take over an official position or title, especially to become the king or queen of a country

Affiliation n. 隶属；从属one group or organization's official connection with another Despotism n. [u]专制统治；独裁制；暴政the rule of a despot

Arbitrary adj. 专横的；专制的using power without restriction and without considering other people

Disorganization 解组；组织的破坏；混乱

plunder v. （尤指战乱时用武力）抢劫，掠夺to steal things from a place, especially using force during a time of war

Mutiny n. [u][c]（尤指士兵或船员的）哗变，暴动the act of refusing to obey the orders of sb in authority, especially by soldiers or sailors

Designate v. ~ sth (as) sth.~ sth (as being sth)命名；指定to say officially that sth has a particular character or name; to describe sth in a particular way

Ablest adj. 有才智的；有才能的；（某方面）擅长的intelligent; good at sth

Stagnation n. 经济停滞；不景气；滞胀

Dislocation n. the displacement of something from its usual or proper position

Devise v. 发明；设计；想出to invent sth new or a new way of doing sth

Bureaucracy n. [u]官僚主义；官僚作风the system of official rules and ways of doing things that a government or an organization has, especially when these seem to be too complicated Municipal adj. [ubn]市政的；地方政府的connected with or belonging to a town, city or district that has its own local government

Undermine v. 逐渐削弱（信心、权威等）；使逐步减少效力to make sth, especially sb's confidence or authority, gradually weaker or less effective

Surrender v. ~ (yourself) (to sb)投降to admit that you have been defeated and want to stop fighting; to allow yourself to be caught, taken prisoner, etc.

Grim adj. 严肃的；坚定的；阴冷的looking or sounding very serious

Submission n. [u]屈服；投降；归顺the act of accepting that sb has defeated you and that you must obey them

Totalitarian adj. 极权主义的in which there is only one political party that has complete power and control over the people

salvation n. 得救；救恩；救世the state of being saved from the power of evil

Intellectual collapse adj. [ubn]智力的；脑力的；理智的connected with or using a person's ability to think in a logical way and understand things mental

Groping v. 探索(after；for)；(暗中)摸索；用手摸索

Solomon Katz’s Lecture

Single-causation 历史单元论

Slain v. to kill someone in a violent way

Disastrous assault adj. 极糟糕的；灾难性的；完全失败的very bad, harmful or unsuccessful A dramatic proof adj. 突然的；巨大的；令人吃惊的sudden, very great and often surprising Offer effective resistance to

Lie in (原因,本质等)在于,存在于

Sap the strength and will of the empire to resist

Declare v. 表明；宣称；断言to state sth firmly and clearly

Ultimate cause 终极原因

Oversimplify v. 陈述过于简略；说明过于简单化to describe a situation, a problem, etc. in a way that is too simple and ignores some of the facts

Interacting factor adj. 相互作用,相互影响,互动

Virtually adv. 几乎；差不多；事实上；实际上almost or very nearly, so that any slight difference is not important

To give priority to any one of the is virtually impossible, since each acted with and upon every other factor

At the outset 在开始时；从一开始

In need of 需要

Alike 两者都；同样地used after you have referred to two people or groups, to mean ‘both’or ‘equally’

The high ideal of

Evoke v. 引起，唤起（感情、记忆或形象）to bring a feeling, a memory or an image into your mind

Put up an effective resistance

It is worth to mention

Royal succession 皇位继承；皇室继承权；皇权继承

Affiliation n. 隶属；从属one group or organization's official connection with another

Static adj. 静止的；静态的；停滞的not moving, changing or developing

Manufacture v. （用机器）大量生产，成批制造to make goods in large quantities, using machinery

Impose higher taxes, bureaucratic controls and other means of compulsion

N. [u][c]强迫；强制strong pressure that makes sb do sth that they do not want to do

Low consumption power 低消费能力

A sluggish market adj. 缓慢的；迟缓的；懒洋洋的moving, reacting or working more slowly than normal and in a way that seems lazy

Strife n. [u]冲突；争斗；倾轧angry or violent disagreement between two people or groups of people

Provide the local market with a peaceful environment for development

In turn 反过来；转而

Paralyze people’s initiative and enterprise

V. to make something completely unable to operate normally or effectively

N. [u]事业心；进取心；创业精神the ability to think of new projects and make them successful Observe v. 观察；注视；监视to watch sb/sth carefully, especially to learn more about them Impose an enormous burden upon

Government treasury [c]（城堡等中的）金银财宝库，宝库a place in a castle, etc. where valuable things are stored

Soaring expense 飙升的费用

Devise a method v. 发明；设计；想出to invent sth new or a new way of doing sth

Bind people to their callings

V. 捆绑tie with rope/cloth~ sb/sth (to sth).~ sb/sth (together)捆绑；系to tie sb/sth with rope, string, etc. so that they cannot move or are held together firmly

N. 职业；事业a profession or career

Resort to 诉诸于；求助于；采取

Municipal adj. [ubn]市政的；地方政府的connected with or belonging to a town, city or district that has its own local government

Civic vitality adj. 市政的；城市的；城镇的officially connected with a town or city

N. [u]生命力；活力；热情energy and enthusiasm

Undermine v. 逐渐削弱（信心、权威等）；使逐步减少效力to make sth, especially sb's confidence or authority, gradually weaker or less effective

Emphasis upon

Surrender v. ~ (yourself) (to sb)投降to admit that you have been defeated and want to stop fighting; to allow yourself to be caught, taken prisoner, etc.

Would better take a deeper look at

A growing note of

Inner security 内在安全感；拥有内在安全感；内置的安全特性

Defeatist mentality adj. 失败主义（者）的expecting not to succeed, and showing it in a particular situation

N. [ususing]心态；思想状况；思想方法the particular attitude or way of thinking of a person or group

Hasten v. 促进；使加快to make sth happen sooner or more quickly

Interaction n. the process by which different things affect each other or change each other Discerned to notice something, especially after thinking about it carefully or studying it

Prof.Arthur Ferrill’s Argument

Panoramic treatment adj. a panoramic view allows you to see a large area of land or water around you

Point out to tell someone something

Distinction n. [c]~ (between A and B)差别；区别；对比a clear difference or contrast especially between people or things that are similar or related

refer v. to relate to or be connected with something

Demonstrate v. ~ sth (to sb)证明；证实；论证；说明to show sth clearly by giving proof or evidence

Totter into v. 蹒跚；踉跄；跌跌撞撞to walk or move with weak unsteady steps, especially because you are drunk or ill/sick

Senile decay adj. 衰老的；年老糊涂的behaving in a confused or strange way, and unable to remember things, because you are old

Impel v. ~ sb (to sth)促使；驱策；迫使if an idea or feelingimpels you to do sth, you feel as if you are forced to do it

Divisive adj. 造成不和的；引起分歧的；制造分裂的causing people to be split into groups that disagree with or oppose each other

Rigidity 坚硬,强直;僵硬

In short used for introducing a summary of something that you have just said

Remarkable adj. ~ (for sth).~ (that…)非凡的；奇异的；显著的；引人注目的unusual or surprising in a way that causes people to take notice

Vigor n. [u]精力；力量；活力；热情energy, force or enthusiasm

Merely adv. 仅仅；只不过used meaning ‘only’or ‘simply’to emphasize a fact or sth that you are saying

Foe n. 敌人；仇敌an enemy

Imperial frontier 帝国边界

On a downhill course 在走下坡路

Lose faith in 对…失去信念

Seizure n. [u]~ (of sth)夺取；占领；控制the act of using force to take control of a country, town, etc.

On its downhill spiral 逐渐加速上升（或下降）a continuous harmful increase or decrease in sth, that gradually gets faster and faster

Primarily adv. 主要地；根本地mainly

Project v. [usupass]规划；计划；拟订方案to plan an activity, a project etc. for a time in the future

A string of 一串；一系列

Decisive adj. 决定性的；关键的very important for the final result of a particular situation Collapse 失败fail突然失败；崩溃；瓦解to fail suddenly or completely

Shrinkage n. [u]缩小；收缩；收缩量；收缩程度the process of becoming smaller in size; the amount by which sth becomes smaller

Strategic resource 战略资源；战略性资源；策略性资源

Manpower n. [u]劳动力；人手；人力the number of workers needed or available to do a particular job

Compound v. 由…构成（或形成）to be formed from sth

deal sb/sth a blow/deal a blow to sb/sth令…震惊；给…以打击；使…受到伤害

to be very shocking or harmful to sb/sth给…一击；打击to hit sb/sth

Superbly adv. 雄伟地；壮丽地

Migratory adj. 迁移的；迁徙的；移栖的connected with, or having the habit of, regular migration

Protocol n. [c]条约草案；议定书；（协议或条约的）附件the first or original version of an agreement, especially a treaty between countries, etc.; an extra part added to an agreement or treaty Succumb v. ~ (to sth)屈服；屈从；抵挡不住（攻击、疾病、诱惑等）to not be able to fight an attack, an illness, a temptation , etc.

Approach n. [c]~ (to sth)（待人接物或思考问题的）方式，方法，态度a way of dealing with sb/sth; a way of doing or thinking about sth such as a problem or a task

Set aside 搁置；拨出；驳回

Depopulation 人口减少；集居数不足

Economic deterioration 经济衰落

Scapegoat 替罪羊；代人受过者a person who is blamed for sth bad that sb else has done or for some failure

Ridicule v. [u]嘲笑；奚落；讥笑unkind comments that make fun of sb/sth or make them look silly

Draw into 诱使参加

military service n. 兵役a period during which young people train in the armed forces

Tactic n.[pl]战术；兵法the art of moving soldiers and military equipment around during a battle or war in order to use them in the most effective way

A matter of controversy

General loss of morale n. [u]士气the amount of confidence and enthusiasm, etc. that a person or a group has at a particular time

Close-order 密集队型

Exacerbate v. 使恶化；使加剧；使加重to make sth worse, especially a disease or problem Onrush via-a-vis fighting n. [sing]猛然而来；突如其来a strong movement forward; the sudden development of sth 面对面的

Constitute v. （被认为或看做）是；被算作to be considered to be sth

A turning point 转机；转涙点；切点

Die a nature death

Treatment n. [u][c]处理；讨论；论述a way of dealing with or discussing a subject, work of art, etc.

Concomitant adj. （尤指相关联的或有因果关系的事）同时发生的，伴随的，相伴的happening at the same time as sth else, especially because one thing is related to or causes the other

Face equally formidable attack

Face n特征；方面character/aspect~ of sth方面a particular aspect of sth

Enhance v 提高；增强；增进to increase or further improve the good quality, value or status of

sb/sth

Barbarization n. 野蛮化

How to do inductive and deductive reasoning?

Inductive adj. 归纳法的；归纳的using particular facts and examples to form general rules and principles

Deductive adj. [ubn]演绎的；推论的；推理的using knowledge about things that are generally true in order to think about and understand particular situations or problems

Argumentation n. [u]推论；论证；论据logical arguments used to support a theory, an action or an idea

Rationale n. ~ (behind/for/of sth)基本原理；根本原因the principles or reasons which explain a particular decision, course of action, belief, etc.

Inference n. [c]推断的结果；结论something that you can find out indirectly from what you already know

Abduction 外展(作用)

Exemplar reasoning n. 模范；榜样；典型；范例a person or thing that is a good or typical example of sth

Causal reasoning 因果推理；因果型思维

Comparative reasoning 比较思维；比较法律思维

Testify the hypothesis

Analogy n. [u]类推；比拟the process of comparing one thing with another thing that has similar features in order to explain it

Comparator comparator

Duplicate v. [oftpass]复制；复印；复写to make an exact copy of sth

Metaphor [c][u]暗喻；隐喻a word or phrase used to describe sb/sth else, in a way that is different from its normal use, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful, for exampleShe has a heart of stone ; the use of such words and phrases Linkage n. [u][c]~ (between A and B)连接；联系；链环；连锁the act of linking things; a link or system of links

Irrefutable adj. 无可辩驳的；不能否认的that cannot be proved wrong and that must therefore be accepted

Compare against 比较

Undesirable adj. 不想要的；不得人心的；易惹麻烦的not wanted or approved of; likely to cause trouble or problems

Legitimacy 正当性；合理性

Applicable adj. [nubn]~ (to sb/sth)适用；合适that can be said to be true in the case of sb/sth Dissolution n. 解体；瓦解；分裂the act of breaking up an organization, etc.

Cataclysmic adj. 大变动的

Indisputable adj. 不容置疑的；无可争辩的；不容否认的that is true and cannot be disagreed with or denied undeniable

Administer v. [oftpass]管理（公司、组织、机构等）；治理（国家）to manage and organize the affairs of a company, an organization, a country, etc.

Be admitted into 被…录取；被选入

Come to form a dwindling minority 减少,变小,缩小

Long spell n. [c]（持续的）一段时间a short period of time during which sth lasts Humiliation n. something that makes you feel very embarrassed and ashamed

Individual initiative 个人主动性；个人的积极性；个人创动

Portent n. 预兆；征兆；先兆；（尤指）恶兆，凶兆a sign or warning of sth that is going to happen

in the future, especially when it is sth unpleasant

Requisition n. [c][u]正式要求；征用；需要a formal, official written request or demand for sth Regiment v. 系统化；把…编成组

Insofar 到如此程度

Predestine 预先指定,预先决定;命中注定

The fall of Qin dynasty

Imperial dynasty 帝国朝代；皇朝；帝国王朝

Reign n. 任期；当政期the period during which sb is in charge of an organization, a team, etc. Declare oneself 宣布自己身份

Lead a peasant rebellion 领导农民起义

Capture v. 控制take control夺得；赢得；争得to succeed in getting control of sth that other people are also trying to control

Proclaim v. 宣布；宣告；声明to publicly and officially tell people about sth important Custom(s) duty(ies) 关税；上收的关税；进出口税

Standardize v. 使标准化；使符合标准（或规格）to make objects or activities of the same type have the same features or qualities; to make sth standard

Script n. [u][c]（一种语言的）字母系统，字母表a set of letters in which a language is written Political philosophy 政治哲学；政治无道德；政治的哲学

Monopolies n. ~ (in/of/on sth)垄断；专营服务；被垄断的商品（或服务）the complete control of trade in particular goods or the supply of a particular service; a type of goods or a service that is controlled in this way

Magic canal=Lingqu canal

Terracotta army 兵马俑；秦始皇兵马俑；中国西安的兵马俑

Imperial library 经书殿

Short-lived adj. 短暂的lasting only for a short time

Feasibility n. 可行性；现实性

Tyrannical adj. 暴君的；专横的；残暴的using power or authority over people in an unfair and cruel way

Lead to one’s downfall

Oppose the rebellion of peasants

Inhumane adj. （对他人的疾苦）无动于衷的；残忍的；不人道的not caring about the suffering of other people; very cruel

Absorb v. 使并入make part of sth larger[oftpass]使并入；吞并；同化to make sth smaller become part of sth larger

Availability n. 有效；可得到的东西[人员]

Make a unified set of laws and put them into practice

Hold too much power alone

Radical policy

Push onward to extend its frontier

Secure its ruling over such a vast territory

Despotic adj. 专制的,专横的,暴虐的

Come to the throne

Come to an abrupt n.（言语、行为）粗鲁的，莽撞的，唐突的；生硬的speaking or acting in a way that seems unfriendly and rude; not taking time to say more than is necessary

Revolt n. [c][u]（尤指针对政府的）反抗，违抗；起义；叛乱a protest against authority, especially that of a government, often involving violence; the action of protesting against authority

Attack officials/ raise armies/ declare themselves kings of seized territories

Political advisers 政治顾问

Puppet n. 傀儡a person or group whose actions are controlled by another

take your cue from sb/sth模仿…的样子做；学…的样

to copy what sb else does as an example of how to behave or what to do

Substantially weak adv. 基本上；大体上；总的来说mainly; in most details, even if not completely

Lieutenant n. 副职官员；助理官员；代理官员a person who helps sb who is above them in rank or who performs their duties when that person is unable to

In such turmoil n. [u][sing]动乱；骚动；混乱；焦虑a state of great anxiety and confusion

The challenge of preserving the past

Loopholes in law n. ~ (in sth)（法律、合同等的）漏洞，空子a mistake in the way a law, contract, etc. has been written which enables people to legally avoid doing sth that the law, contract, etc. had intended them to do

Lax enforcement adj. 不严格的；不严厉的；马虎的not strict, severe or careful enough about work, rules or standards of behaviour

Fresco n. [c][u]湿壁画（墙壁灰泥未干时绘）；湿壁画技法a picture that is painted on a wall while the plaster is still wet; the method of painting in this way

Mural n. 壁画a painting, usually a large one, done on a wall, sometimes on an outside wall of a building

Defacement n. 〔技〕毁损；外表受损

Disfigured v. 毁损…的优点[价值]

Garish adj. 俗艳的；花哨的；炫目的very brightly coloured in an unpleasant way

Sloppily-drawn 不整洁地；马虎地；打得稀松

Restoration [u][c]整修；修复the work of repairing and cleaning an old building, a painting, etc. so that its condition is as good as it originally was

Refurbishment 翻新；整修；翻新工程

Cartoon-like figures

Draw widespread condemnation n. [u][c]~ (of sb/sth)谴责；指责an expression of very strong disapproval

Expose 使显露show sth hidden暴露；显露；露出to show sth that is usually hidden

Under national-level protection

Turn into 把……变成；变为

Draw a fair comparison

Come to the public attention

Public fury

Ensue v. 接着发生；因而产生to happen after or as a result of another event

In one’s best expertise

Relevant regulation on the protection of cultural relics

Enough said used to indicate that nothing more need be said for a situation to be understood Criminal responsibility 刑事责任能力

Solicitor n. 事务律师，诉状律师（代拟法律文书、提供法律咨询等的一般辩护律师）a lawyer who prepares legal documents, for example for the sale of land or buildings, advises people on legal matters, and can speak for them in some courts of law

Substandard adj. 不达标的；不合格的not as good as normal; not acceptable

Contractor n. 承包人；承包商；承包公司a person or company that has a contract to do work or provide goods or services for another company

Carry out the maintenance work

Relief of one’s duties

Sectary general

Be custodians of n.监护人；看守人；保管人a person who takes responsibility for taking care of or protecting sth

⑾The U.S. Department of the interior’s standards for the treatment of historical properties Preservation n. 保护；维护；保存the act of keeping sth in its original state or in good condition Graffiti n. [u][pl]（公共场所墙上等处的）涂鸦，胡写乱画drawings or writing on a wall, etc. in a public place

Promote responsible preservation practices

Kiln n. 窑a large oven for baking clay and bricks, drying wood and grain, etc.

Statuary [u]雕塑；雕像；塑像statues

Industrial complexes 工业复合体；工业设施；产业复合体

Proposed use 所计划的用途；用途

Mandated code 依法的；按法律要求的required by law

Rehabilitation 恢复；善后

Restoration n. [u][c]整修；修复the work of repairing and cleaning an old building, a painting, etc. so that its condition is as good as it originally was

Reconstruction n. [u]重建；改造；复原the process of changing or improving the condition of sth or the way it works; the process of putting sth back into the state it was in before

A compatible use 可共存的；可共用的；兼容的able to exist or be used together without causing problems

Integrity n. 完整；完好the state of being whole and not divided

Focus upon the ongoing maintenance and repair of historic material

be not within the scope of this treatment

Depicting v. 刻画；描写；叙述

Detailing n. [u]（建筑、服装等的）装饰细部small details put on a building, piece of clothing, etc., especially for decoration

Repair/alternation/addition/sustain the existing form, integrity and materials of an historic property/ exterior addition/ replicating its appearance