高三英语独立主格结构用法精讲精练

独立主格结构的用法详解

独立主格复合结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。它由两部分构成，第一部分由名词或代词担任，第二部分由动词非谓语形式（即动词不定式、动名词或分词）、形容词、副词、名词或介词短语担任。两部分在逻辑上是主谓关系。

一、独立主格复合结构的类型

1．名词（或主格代词）+ 现在分词

Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor.时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一个则是劳力。

Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。

2. 名词（或主格代词）+ 过去分词

The duty completed, he had three months' leave. 任务完成之后，他休了三个月的假。

More time given，we should have done it much better．如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。

Everything considered, it is possible for their factory to raise the output quickly.考虑到各方面的情况，他们厂迅速提高产量是可能的。

All his ribs broken, he lay half dead. 他的肋骨全被打断，半死不活地躺着。

3．名词（或主格代词）+ 动词不定式，用来表示将来意义。

Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month. 这是头三卷，第四卷下月出版。

They agreed on a division of labor, each to translate one-third of the book.他们同意分工干，每人翻译全书的三分之一。

4．名词（或主格代词）+ 形容词

The baby began to cry afresh, his face very pale and his lips colorless. 那婴儿又哭了起来，他面色苍白，嘴唇发青。

My mother sat on the kitchen, her face dull and heavy. 我妈妈坐在厨房里，脸色阴沉而忧郁。Hands red with the cold, they were making a snow man. 他们在做雪人，手冻得发红。

5．名词（或主格代词）+ 介词短语

He stood at the door, hands in pocket. 他站在门口，双手插在口袋里。

So Oliver rose from the table and went up to the master, bowl and spoon in hand. 于是，奥利佛手拿饭碗和汤匙从桌旁站起来，向主人走去。

6．名词（或主格代词）+ 副词

His chin up, he walked towards the enemies who were armed with big swords. 他昂着头，朝实枪荷弹的敌人走去。

Class over, all the students went out from the classroom. 下课了，学生们都从教室里走了出去。7．名词（或主格代词）+ 名词

His first shot failure, he fired again. 他第一枪没打准，又打了第二枪。

The brave man fought the tiger, a stick his only weapon. 那勇士和老虎搏斗，木棍是他唯一的武器。

8. 介词引导的独立主格结构

英语中某些介词后面可以带有上述那样的7种词组，这种能引导出独立主格结构的介词有：with, without, like, on。

1) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 现在分词

Last night he was so tired that he fell asleep with the lamp burning.昨晚他十分疲劳，没熄灯就睡着了。

2) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 过去分词

She felt nervous, with so many eyes fixed on her.这么多眼睛盯着她，她感到紧张。

3) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 形容词

Frank stared at his friend, with his mouth open. 弗兰克张着嘴凝视着他的朋友。

4) with +名词（或主格代词）+ 副词

He stood before his teacher, with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。

5) with +名词（或主格代词）+ 动词不定式

With him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well.有他给我们带头，我们队一定能搞好。

6) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 介词短语

The old man stood there, with his back against the wall. 老人背靠着墙站在那里。

7) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 名词

He died, with his daughter yet a schoolgirl. 他去世的时候，女儿还是一个小学生。

介词without, like, on也能用来引导独立主格结构，其用法和with相同，但在意义上有所改变。如：

He entered the room, without steps being noticed. 他蹑手蹑脚地走进房间里去。

I told him everything, and he stood and listened, like a figure cut in stone. 我把一切情况都告诉了他，他呆若木鸡，站在那儿倾听着。

On our arrival being announced, they came out to receive us, accompanied by their two sons. 一听到我们到达的消息，他们由两个儿子陪伴着，立即出来迎接我们。

二、独立主格结构的句法功能

独立主格结构作为句子中的一个语言单位，行文简单明了，功能多种多样，在句中主要用作状语、定语和主语。

1．作状语

1）表示时间，其功能相当于一个时间状语从句。

The bell ringing, all the pupils went into the classroom. =When the bell rang, all the pupils went into the classroom. 铃响了，小学生们都走进教室。

Water changed into a solid, we call it ice. =When water is changed into a solid, we call it ice. 水变成固体时，我们称其为冰。

2）表示原因，其功能相当于复合句中的一个原因状语从句。

The question being rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully.=As the question is rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully. 由于这问题相当难，我们必须花时间仔细考虑。

Circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan. =It is necessary for you to make a new plan, since circumstances are changed. 因为情况变了，你必须制定新计划。

3）表示条件，其功能相当于复合句中的条件状语从句。

I'll take you home, your daughter having not come.=I'll take you home if your daughter has not come.如果你女儿没来，我就送你回家。

All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.=If all things are considered, her

paper is of greater value than yours. 从各方面来考虑，她的论文比你的论文要更有价值。4）表示伴随，其功能相当于并列句中的一个分句。

A bullet struck the soldier, who rode on, blood flowing from his side. =A bullet struck the soldier, who rode on, and blood was flowing from his side.子弹打在士兵的身上，他骑着马，身上流着血继续奔跑。

Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. =Almost all metals are good conductors, while silver is the best of all. 差不多所有的金属都是良导体，银是其中的最佳导体。

The frightened boys lay down with their eyes to holes in the floor.=The frightened boys lay down and their eyes were opened to holes in the floor. 恐惧的孩子们趴在地板上，眼睛望着地板上的小洞。

The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing.=The day was bright, and a fresh breeze was blowing. 天气晴朗，吹着阵阵和风。

He put on his socks with the wrong side out. =He put on his socks and the wrong side was out. 他把一只袜子穿反了。

独立主格结构在句中作状语表伴随情况，在英语中运用相当普遍，特别是在描绘性的文字中。这样，可使语言简洁有力，生动形象。

2．作定语。独立主格结构作定语，要放在它所修饰的名词之后，其句法功能相当于一个定语从句。

Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.=Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water of which was blue like the sky. 靠近岸时，我看见几个深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。The young pioneers found a wallet with a lot of money in it and they returned it to the owner as quickly as possible. =The young pioneers found a wallet that had a lot of money in it and they returned it to the owner as quickly as possible. 少先队员们发现了一个装有很多钱的钱包，他们尽快把它还给了失主。

3. 作主语，在意义上相当于复合句中的主语从句。

Mary (being) in trouble was the ample reason for my going there. =That Mary was in trouble was the ample reason for my going there. 玛丽遇到了困难，是我去那儿的充分理由。

Three such rascals hanged in one day was good work for society. =That three such rascals were hanged in one day was good work for society. =It is good work for society that three such rascals were hanged in one day. 一天处决了三个恶棍，对社会大有好处。

三、分词独立主格结构和状语从句的比较

分词独立主格结构和状语从句的区别在于：前者在句法结构上作为一个独立的语言单位存在，后者不能作为独立的语言单位存在，它必须附属在主句中；前者与分句之间不用从属连词，后者必须用从属连词；前者有自己独立的逻辑主语，后者的逻辑主语往往是句子的主语。试比较：

The letter having been written, he took it to the post.（分词独立主格）

When he had written the letter, he took it to the post.（时间状语从句）

他写完了信，就把它送到邮局去了。

No one being against, we'll adopt the proposal. （分词独立主格）

Since no one is against it, we'll adopt the proposal. （原因状语从句）

既然没有人反对，这个议案我们就通过了。

His voice being trembled, he spoke to her. （分词独立主格）

He always sings when doing his work. （简缩状语从句）

He always sings when he is doing his work. （完全状语从句）

His work being done, he always sings. （分词独立主格）

他干活的时候总是哼着歌曲。

由上述句子可以看出，从属连词直接带上分词或分词短语，便构成简缩状语从句。如把主语补语加到简缩状语从句中去，就会扩展成为完全状语从句。反过来，当分词短语结构的逻辑主语和主句主语一致时，可把完全状语从句中的连词和主语统统去掉，就形成了分词短语结构。如分词短语结构带有自己的逻辑主语，也就是当分词短语结构的逻辑主语和主句主语不一致时，可构成独立主格结构。

巩固训练。

1．______production up by 60％，the company has had another excellent year．

A．As B．For C．With D．Through

2．The weather______ so bad，we had to put the game off．

A. was

B. is

C. were

D. being

3. The boy seated himself in the corner with his back to ______ his father.

A. turning

B. to turn

C. to be turned

D. turned

4. There ______ no classes yesterday，we paid a visit to the Great Wall.

A. was

B. being

C. were

D. had been

5. The problem ______ ，the meeting came to the end.

A. settled

B. was settled

C. have been settled

D. settling

6. She was too nervous to speak with so many eyes ______ on her.

A. fixing

B. fixed

C. to be fixed

D. were fixed

7. ______，the girls raced on to the second runners.

A. Stick in hand

B. With a stick in her hand

C. Sticks in hand

D. Sticks in hands

8. The boy lay on the ground，his eyes and his hands ______ .

A. being closed；trembling

B. closed；trembling

C. closed；trembled

D. closing；trembled

9. All flights ______ because of the snowstorm，many passengers could do nothing but take the train.

A. had been canceled

B. have been canceled

C. were canceled

D. having been canceled

10. ______modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.

A. If

B. But

C. With

D. Once

11. The murder was brought in, with his hands ______ behind his back.

A. being tied

B. having tied

C. to be tied

D. tied

12. Weather ______ , we'll go out for a walk.

A. permitted

B. permitting

C. permits

D. for permitting

参考答案：1-5 CDDBA 6-10 BABDC 11-12 DB

独立主格结构

独立主格结构 概念：由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与主句不发生句法上的联系。 构成：逻辑主语+逻辑谓语 特点：1. 用逗号与主句分开； 2. 逻辑主语与主句主语不同，单独存在。 位置：句前、句末或句中，位置相当灵活。 注意：独立主格结构与句子之间不能使用任何连接词 句法功能： 1.作时间状语All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open. = After/ when all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open. 2.作条件状语All the work done, you can have a rest. = All the work is done, and you can have a rest. 3.作原因状语The boy leading, we had no trouble finding the strange cave 4.作伴随状语或补充说明I took my ticket, and marched proudly up the platform, with my cheeses, the people filling back respectfully on either side. (Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome) 5.作定语，其功能相对于一个定语从句Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 基本结构： 1. 名词（代词）+现在分词 e.g.: There being no bus, we had to walk home. （由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走路回家。） 2. 名词（代词）+过去分词 e.g.: City born and city bred, I have always regards the country as something you look at through a train window, or something you occasional visit during the week. 3. 名词（代词）+不定式 e.g.: Many trees, flowers, and glass to be planted, out newly-built school will look even more beautiful. （种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。） 4. 名词（代词）+形容词 e.g.: The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse. （特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里面悄悄爬了出来。） 5. 名词（代词）+副词 e.g.: The lights off, we could not go on with the work. （灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。） 6. 名词（代词）+名词 e.g.: His first shot failure, he fired again. （他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。）

(完整版)独立主格结构

英语中的独立主格结构 独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分。With( without) 的复合结构可看作是独立主格结构的一种形式。 一、独立主格结构的特点 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 4）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词 二、独立主格结构的构成: 名词普通格或代词主格+ 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。 1．名词（或代词）+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。 He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 注意：现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。 The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing. 独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略， 一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，There being no bus, we had to walk home. 二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 2．名词（或代词）+ 不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作。 He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 3．名词（或代词）+ 过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。 The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head. The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 4．名词（或代词）+ 形容词（短语） 形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态 The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while. He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 5．名词（或代词）+ 副词 副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。 The meeting over, we all went home. School over, we all went home. 6．名词（或代词）+ 介词短语 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. He left the office, tears in eyes. 注意：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分。但with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.

独立主格结构的用法

独立主格结构的用法 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式、名词等构成，在句中常作状语。 一、独立主格结构的特点 1、独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子主语不同，它独立存在。 2、名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 3、独立主格结构一般是用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的构成 1、名词或代词 + 现在分词 The children playing in the room, I couldn’t get down studying. 孩子们在屋里玩，我没法学习。 Mother being ill, I had to stay at home looking after her. 母亲病了，我只好待在家里照顾她。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 2、名词或代词 + 过去分词 Five years later, he returned home, his character greatly changed. 五年后他返回家乡，性格大变了。 They walked along holding hands, their fingers interlocked. 他们手指交错，携手而行。 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 Everything considered, his plan seems better. 从各方面考虑，他的计划似乎好一些。 That done, he put on his sweater and went out. 做完这事他穿上毛衣出去了。 The question settled, they went back to their respective posts. 问题解决了，他们就各自回到了他们的工作岗位。 This done, we went home. 做完这事，我们就回家了。 3、名词或代词 + 不定式 在“名词/代词 + 动词不定式”这类独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式，如： We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。 He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company. 下个星期他会去参加会议，所有费用归公司出。 Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 学校种上了许多树、花和草，我们新建的学校看起来越来越漂亮了。 4、名词或代词 + 形容词 He entered the room, his face pale. 他走进屋来脸色苍白。

5种基本句型和独立主格结构讲解

英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、句型1：Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3）Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋V erb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例： 1) He took his bag and left.（名词）他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 四、句型4：Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为： 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5：Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。

独立主格用法详解

一、 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1)结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2)名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、 英语中，的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成。 1.名词/ 代词+ 不定式。如： A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。 Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。 2.名词/ 代词+ -ing分词。如： The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。 Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。 3.名词/ 代词+ 动词的过去分词。如： His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 4.名词/ 代词+ 形容词。如： The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 5.名词/ 代词+ 副词。如： The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。 6. Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。 三、 在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。 1.作时间状语 School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。 The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。 2.作条件状语 It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。

独立主格with用法小全

独立主格篇 独立主格，首先它是一个“格”，而不是一个“句子”。在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构，而在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。除名词/代词+名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及介词短语外，另有with或without短语可做独立主格，其中with可省略而without不可以。*注：独立主格结构一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 一、独立主格结构： 1. 名词/代词+形容词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 靠近岸时，我看见几汪深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。 2. 名词/代词+现在分词 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.

The question having been settled, we wound up the meeting. 也可以The question settled, we wound up the meeting. 但含义稍有差异。前者强调了动作的先后。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 3. 名词/代词+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. More time given, we should have done the job much better. *当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。 4. 名词/代词+不定式 We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor.

独立主格结构精讲精练(定稿)

独立主格结构 一、概述 独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absolute construction），由名词/主格代词+ 现在分词（或过去分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成。在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。具有以下特点： （1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。 （2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。 （3）主要用于书面语。 （4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。 （5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。 二、独立主格结构的构成 1.名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和动作正在进行） 名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 ①Weather permitting (= If time permits)，we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气许可的话，我们明天去看你。(表示条件) ②Spring coming on (= When spring came on), the trees turned green.春天来了，树木绿油油的。(表示时间) 注意： （1）如果该结构表示的动作先发生，则用“名词/主格代词+having done”，含义为“……已经……”。 例如： The students having finished their homework (= After the students finished their homework), we went home. 学生做完家庭作业后，我们回家了。 （2）如果该结构表示“……正在被……”,则用“名词/主格代词+being done”, being不能省略。例如：Food being cooked (= When food was being cooked), I fell asleep. 当食物正在被烹饪的时候，我睡着了。 2.名词/主格代词+过去分词（表示被动含义和动作的完成） 名词/主格代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。 ①The signal given (= After the signal was given), the bus started. 发出信号后，汽车开始前进。(表示时间) ②Their strength exhausted (= Because their strength was exhausted), they sank down one by one. 他们精疲力竭，一个接一个倒下了。(表示原因) ③All things considered (= If all things are considered), her suggestion is of greater value than yours. 若全面考虑，她的建议比你的建议有价值。（表示条件） ④He sat silently, eyes closed (= and his eyes were closed) . 他静静地坐着，双眼紧闭。（表示伴随状况或方式） 注意：如果要明确时间上的先后顺序，该结构有时可以用“名词/主格代词+having been done”的形式，含义为“……已经被……”。但是having been可以省略，因为过去分词本身就表示动作完成。例如：The work having been finished (= After the work was finished), he left the workshop. 工作完成以后，他离开了车间。 3.名词/主格代词+不定式（表示将来含义） (1) 名词/主格代词是不定式所表示的动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，此时不定式用 主动形式。 ①The teacher to help us (= If the teacher to help us), we will succeed. 有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。（表示条件和将来含义） ②He invited us to see a film, he himself to buy the tickets (= and he himself bought the tickets). 他请我们看了一场电影，他自己买的票。（表示补充说明和过去含义）

高中英语独立主格结构详细讲解

独立主格 一、独立主格结构的含义和实质 “独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能 独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。 基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。 1．名词/代词+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。 例The man lay there, his hands trembling. So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep. 注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。 2．名词/代词+过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。 例The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。 3．名词/代词+不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作。 例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. These are the first two books，the third one to come out next month. We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp. 4. 名词/代词+名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。 例Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon. 5．名词/代词+形容词短语 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。 例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of sorry. 这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。 6．名词/代词+副词 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。

独立主格结构练习题及解析

独立主格结构练习题及解析 1. I have a lot of books, half of ___ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them 2. __ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing thedanger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since 3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of __ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they hadbought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silverpennies, all of ___ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them

D. it 5. The cave __ very dark, he lit some candles ___ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give 6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand __ a gun and his face ____ with sweat.A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair ___ . A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze 8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ____ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, ___ parents seated together joking.

2020年高考英语易错题集锦 独立主格结构

独立主格结构 (要点精讲) 一、总述 1．什么是独立主格结构？ 短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。当句子的主语不能够作这些短语的逻辑主语时就需要给它们加上一个逻辑主语（名词或代词），这种“名词、代词＋短语”的结构就叫做独立主格结构。如： The rain beginning to fall, we took a taxi.雨开始下了，我们坐出租车。 She ran to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬。 2．功能 独立主格结构在句子中作状语，相当于一个状语从句，表示时间、条件、原因、方式或补充说明等。这类结构多用于书面语中。如： (1)作时间状语 Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. =When everyone was ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。 (2)作条件状语 Weather permitting, we will go swimming tomorrow. =If weather permits, we will go swimming tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天会去游泳。 (3)作原因状语 The boy being late, his teacher was very angry. =As the boy was late, his teacher was very angry. 因为这个男孩迟到了，他的老师非常生气。 (4)作伴随状语 The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. =The boy lay on the grass, and his eyes were looking at the sky. 那个男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。 (5)表补充说明 All this time, they were fast asleep, all of them knowing nothing about what had happened. =All this time, they were fast asleep, and all of them knew nothing about what had happened. 那段时间，他们都很快就入睡了，没有人知道发生了什么事。 3．特点 (1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2)此结构中没有谓语动词，而前面的名词或代词在意思上是后面部分的主语（逻辑主语），后面部分在意思上是前面的名词或代词的谓语（逻辑谓语）。 如： He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk有自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”） =When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost的逻辑主语是the key，lost也可以用完成式having been lost）

独立主格结构图表解析

独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点

1.当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做时”，being不可以被省略。 2.当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it, there时，being不可以省略。 三、独立主格结构的用法。 一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。

四、非谓语动词独立主格结构。 “名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。 1.不定式构成的独立主格结构 不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常 作原因状语，有时做条件状语。 Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day. 由于很多作业要做，我只好待在家里。 So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job. 如此多的孩子要照顾，这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。 2.动词+ing形式的独立主格结构 动词-ing形式的句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就 是不正确的。动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在 动词的-ing形式前加上逻辑主语，构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构，逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作 时逻辑主语发出的动作。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，每个人就像在干两个人的活。 The governor considering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path. 总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。 The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 在向导的带领下，我们轻松地走出了森林。 3.过去分词形式的独立主格 过去分词形式的独立主格结构是由“逻辑主语+过去分词”构成。逻辑主 语与动词之间为动宾关系，它是分词的动作承受者，这一结构在句中作 时间状语，原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。 This done, we went home.做完这个，我们就回家了。 All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄用完后，我们都开始找工作。 More time and money given, we can finish the work in advance. 如果给予更多的时间和金钱，我们能提前完成这个工作。 五、其他形式的独立主格结构

独立主格结构英语句子结构

独立主格结构 独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是或者代词，后一部分是非(不定式、动名词和)或形容词、、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 详细概述 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing，被动用V-ed。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。“独立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 表示条件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 表示原因 There being no taxes, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 用法 独立主格结构主要表示发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语 The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。

英语独立主格结构精讲精练

英语：独立主格结构精讲精练 I. 独立主格结构的基本概念 由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。 II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能 独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。 1、名词或代词主格+ 分词 ①The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。 ②Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. 如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。 2、名词或代词主格+ 形容词 ①Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。 ② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧! 3、名词或代词主格+ 不定式 The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。 4、名词或代词主格+ 介词短语 ① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。 ② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。 5、名词或代词主格+ 副词 ① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。 ② The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。 III. 独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同 1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例①)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例②)。 ① If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为: Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。 ②When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为: Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。 2、还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其它成分,语法上称作"依着法则"(例①)。而如果一个分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作"悬垂分词"(例②)。