大英综合教程3第八单元课后答案

|竞争与合作| 人们往往认为自由市场的竞争“残酷”、“造成浪费”。“贪婪的私利”遵循“丛林法则”

中“适者生存”这唯一的一条定律，使“互相倾轧”的竞争变本加厉。与之形成对照的是，也有人说政府的调节有可能促进真正的合作，使公民“团结起来”，推动公益事业。

然而，那些反对自由市场竞争的人们根本不懂自由市场竞争。充满竞争的市场才擅长合作。更确切地说，要在市场上取得成功，必须具备很强的合作能力。在养羊、纺纱到零售这一系列广泛而多样化的活动中，正因为许多工人乐意倾力合作，羊毛大衣的消费者才最终获得舒适。每一件羊毛大衣，在生产和销售的过程中，都需要为数众多的人们齐心协力，这就是合作。同样，一支铅笔的存在，也是源于世界各地数不胜数的人以及公司之间的合作才成为可能。

可是人们仍然认为，卖大衣或者铅笔的私营公司处于竞争而不是合作的状态。从真正的意义上讲，这些公司确实如此。每一家公司、每一个生产商都参与竞争，为的是获得满足消费者需求的优势。

然而，这些公司之间不乏合作。竞争与合作并存，各自都为建立和平、繁荣的社会而发挥作用。

|合作与竞争的作用| 交响乐团是合作的最佳范例，但是即使在交响乐团内，竞争也发挥作用。

交响乐团中的每一个位置，都有不同的乐手在为之竞争；而且不同的交响乐团为了取得有名的录制室的录制权也在竞争。在这些方面，足球队、棒球队和交响乐团非常相似：不同的运动员为了获得队里的某个位置而竞争，同时不同的球队为了夺冠而互相竞争。生产钢铁、经营百货商店、出版杂志，都需要合作与竞争。在人类社会里，竞争与合作是不可避免的。

竞争与供不应求形影不离。当有些商品没有足够的数量可以提供给消费者时，就会发生供不应求的情况。这样我们必须找到某种方式来确定谁手中拥有这种奇缺的商品以及他拥有多少。自由市场里公认的方式是允许那些需要某种商品的人竞价来购买这一商品，比如，一蒲式耳苹果。苹果自然会卖给那个自愿用最大价值的货物来交换这些苹果的人。我们称其为“出价竞争”，但是必须注意，这种竞争从根本上不同于另外一种“竞争”——对身体实施恐怖行动：他痛打其他想买苹果的人，然后自己得到这些苹果。

当然，生产某种商品（比如羊毛大衣或铅笔）需要将许多人的劳动和知识协调起来时，合作正好发挥作用。这时，为了获得工作机会而竞争的人们发觉自己正在同他人合作，共同生产某种产品。

这种合作不仅仅在同事之间发生，公司与客户、股东、债权人和诸多供应商之间也存在着合作。

卖方与买方合作，为了让买方成为回头客；雇主与工人合作，为了提高工作效率；客户与供应商合作，为了确保可靠的服务和优质的货物。在充满竞争的市场上，合作的确是所有经济活动的一个标志。

>|好处与坏处| 并非所有种类的合作都是有利的，同样，并非所有种类的竞争都是有益的。其实，竞争有可能带来坏处。如果通用汽车公司在通往福特公司的工厂和经销处的路上撒下钉子，这就是一种非经济的竞争形式——也是一种最不受欢迎的竞争形式。通用公司在福特公司及消费者付出代价的基础上受益，因为路上的钉子能有效地消除消费者选购福特汽车的可能性。但是，请注意，如果通用公司和福特公司互相合作，疏通议员，成功地争取对进口汽车的限制，也会发生同样不理想的结果。关税对消费者的伤害不亚于路面上的钉子。但是，很少有人把关税、倾销法以及代价惨重的法规看成是残酷竞争或商业合作的例子。相反，这样的立法通常被尊崇为理想的社会政策。

“互相倾轧”和“适者生存”是不堪入耳的词语，严重歪曲了私人产业市场内的竞争活动。在竞争市场上，公司之间的竞争方式并非野蛮地互相伤害，而是看谁给客户提供最好的服务。也就是说，在竞争市场上，公司之间的竞争方式是看谁和消费者保持最好的合作。凯玛特和沃尔玛都竭力为客户提供更好的商品质量和价格，因为每一家公司都知道，如果自己无法提供上乘的质量和优惠的价格，客户就会光顾其他更能回应消费者需要的公司。这两家公司能够生存是因为它们与消费者的合作力度能使它们盈利。倘若保护一家公司免受来自其他对手的竞争的冲击，就意味着鼓励它不要和消费者紧密合作。

当然，在任何一个充满竞争的行业只有那些最适应环境的公司才能生存。在20世纪30年代，杂货主要由夫妻店经营。今天，超级市场已经取代夫妻店，每一家平均经营约5万种商品。超级市场为消费者提供了一个崭新的购物选择。消费者自愿将自己的惠顾目标从夫妻店转向超级市场，因为在消费者眼里，与夫妻店相比，超级市场和消费者的合作更好。事实上，超级市场并没有击垮夫妻店。这些小店的老板，有些退休了，有些转行了。今天，夫妻店老板的子孙过的生活，肯定比超级市场未出现时富裕得多。

|结论| 市场上的竞争是合作者之间的竞争。每个行业的最佳合作者能够“获胜”，其意义并非在于摧毁对手，而在于比对手盈利更多。竞争对手无法在一个行业成功时，转而进入那些他们可能具有相对的竞争优势的行业。市场规范和价格体现的信息结合起来，确保我们每一个人以最可能有效的方式、和最可能多的人保持合作关系。市场并非削弱合作，而是加强合作。

|行为准则| 为了建设一个健康和谐的社会，我们必须对所处环境当中的自我加以认识与了解。在这一认识和了解自己的过程中，我们会意识到那些儿童时期就已经潜移默化了的行为准则。有了这种自我认识，我们就有可能强化那些行之有效的准则，纠正妨碍我们进步的规范，从而与同伴们建立和谐的人际关系。

行为准则对人际关系有着至关重要的影响，不应把它们只看作社会习俗而不认真对待。正如我们得说相同的语言才能彼此理解一样，我们需要行为准则，行为准则构成了互相尊重的基础，而良好关系的确立就来自这里。在尊重他人的过程中，我们会不知不觉地心怀仁爱。

并非人人都对行为准则——尤其是对礼貌——给予必要的重视。虽说没有规矩我们无法生活，但有时我们却很反感规矩。一方面，我们不愿束缚自己，可另一方面，我们不想因他人缺乏约束而让自己承担后果。结果，为了大家在一定程度上和平共处，即使是最叛逆的人也被迫遵从最起码的规范。

礼貌待人的确是建立行为准则的一个必备条件。有时即使我们本意是好的，还会经常在人际关系上出现问题，原因在于我们并没有认识到自己考虑不周或行为鲁莽。人际关系会因为甚至仅有的一次不当言行而受到无可挽回的伤害。礼貌可以帮助我们克服最困难的境况，是我们处理人际关系中不可替代的资产。不过，我们需要记住一点：倘若在每天的人际关系中任由自己的感情和本能冲动无所羁绊，只在某些情形下才举止得体，那只会削弱我们为学会生活而付出的努力。

例如，在公共场合彬彬有礼，回到家里却撒野耍横、毫无耐心，诸如此类的行为就不能成为我们的行为准则。

优越感和傲慢有损于人际关系，因此谨防这两种心态是十分有益的。一个人尽管本意是好的，但是他会将帮助和劝说与发号施令混淆起来。只要别人听从他的意见，他便会为他们殚精竭虑；一旦别人不顺从他的意思，他便开始对人家大加指责，要恩断义绝。这种态度引起很多人际关系上的问题，会引起负面的情绪和怨恨，非但不能助人一臂之力，实际上反倒令人气馁。当我们处于这种思想状态时，我们会指出别人的错误和不足，却忘记鼓励和赏识人家。我们不要提出“别人能为我做什么？”的问题，但我们可提出“我能为别人做什么？我怎样才能将我的一生、劳动和经验奉献出来？”等问题。也就是说，我们把指责他人的态度搁置一边，采取为他人服务的态度。其他人是我们生活的一部分。

言及于此，礼貌待人和清晰的评判都不足以帮助他人。如果没有无私的爱心，没有积极的态度，一切善意的努力都是徒劳。

>如果我们的态度通过提供实际、有益、可行的建议激励他人，传递爱心，那么这种态度就是积极的。积极的态度可以支持和培育他人，帮助他人建立信心，赋予他人面对困难的勇气。积极的态度也可以生成快乐、健康的人际关系。尤其在我们经受磨难和心情沮丧时，这种态度本身就是一种很大的帮助。

积极的态度不是流于表面的乐观主义。相反，积极的态度会在我们自身和周围人身上激发起付出一切必要努力和为崇高事业牺牲自我的愿望。

积极的态度不取决于成功和运气。因此，抱有这一态度的人无论是悲伤还是高兴，无论在奋斗中是否成功，其行为举止总是一致的。

1. stimulated

2. nourishing

3. rivals

4. defects

5. enhance

6. scarce

7.

prosperous 8. reserved 9. boost 10. distributing 11. accompanying 12.

property 13. undermine 14. bid 15. regulations 16. parallels 17.

harmonious 18. retire 19. lobbying 20. coordinate

1. On the contrary

2. on (your) guard against

3. as a result of

4. take … lightly

5. working on

6. subjected to

7. Leaving aside

8. all manner of

9. in

exchange for 10. it … follow that 11. in combination with 12. beaten up 13.

pull together 14. at the expense of

1. relationship

2. courtship

3. leadership

4. apprenticeship

5. friendship

6.

dealership(s) 7. championship 8. sportsmanship

1. as

2. to

3. for

4. for

5. at / in

6. from

7. for

8. with

1)工友，同事2)竞争的商行3)交响乐团4)毛料/羊毛大衣5)消费者的权利6)进口限制7)市场价

格8)优质的供应品9)商业合作10)政府调控

1. why they fall in and out of friendship quickly is the predicative.

2. What I touched is the subject.

3. a) "that others will carry on what I can no longer do"is the object to the verb

"know".

b) "what I can no longer do"is the object to the phrasal verb "carry on".

c) "that what was possible has been done"is the appositive to the noun

"thought".

d) "what was possible"is the subject of the appositive clause.

4. a) "that she ever had time to notice that she was growing old"is the object

clause of the verb "believe".

b) "that she was growing old"is the object clause of the verb "notice".

5. "whether you are black or white, male or female"is the object to the verb

"ask".

6. "Where I teach"is the subject.

7. a) "what they habitually talk about"is the object to the preposition "by".

b) "how they allocate their time and money"is the other object to the

preposition "by".

8. "whatever effort is necessary" is the object to the verb "make".

1. where

2. what

3. whoever

4. Whether

5. which / what

6. why

7. whether /

if

1. It takes 10 minutes to get there on foot.

2. It is impossible for us to catch the first bus.

3. What to do next has not been decided yet. / It has not been decided yet

what to do next.

4. Spending too much time on computer games has affected his studies.

5. Not having enough people to do the job is our major problem at present.

1) intentions 2) as a result of 3) inconsiderate 4) conscious 5) hurt 6) reserve

7) on guard against 8) Instead of 9) defects 10) stimulate 11) positive 12)

nourishes 13) discouragement 14) accompanied

1. Those who suppose they possess more privileges tend to have feelings of

superiority.

2. High tariffs and an anti-dumping policy will undermine the competitive

edge of the foreign products in the domestic market.

3. If all the departments can be well coordinated and all of us pull together

for the common good, we are bound / sure to succeed.

4. To be on guard against theft, the school has issued regulations specifying

the duties of the door keepers / guards / janitors.

5. Good manners are always appreciated. It follows that good manners will enhance your chances of making friends with other people.

6. Punctuation marks should not be taken lightly; sometimes the use of a

wrong punctuation mark can literally change / alter the meaning of a

sentence.

In the modern society, how does competition work in combination with

cooperation? Firstly, scarcity leads to competition. Players of the same football team compete for slots on the team, and this team competes

against other teams for victory. In a work place, colleagues compete for higher positions. And also in business, firms become rivals for more

consumers and a bigger market share. But meanwhile competition is

inseparable from cooperation. Players have to cooperate efficiently with one another to win the championships for their team. Colleagues have to cooperate to accomplish their shared task. Firms try their best to

cooperate to lobby the agencies of business administration for the greatest privileges. All in all, individuals as well as teams are subjected to both competition and cooperation. The two together nourish the social

development so that we can enjoy a more prosperous and harmonious world.

大英综合教程第3册答案

Key to Exercises of Book 3 of New College English Unit 1 Vocabulary I. 1. On balance 2. resist 3. haul 4. wicked 5. illustrated 6. budget 7. lowering 8. boundary 9. involved 10. economic 11. blasting 12. just about II. 1. cut back / down 2. pick up 3. get by 4. get through 5. face up to 6. turn in 7. making up for 8. think up III. 1.pursued his mathematical studies and taught himself astronomy. 2.often generated misleading thoughts. 3.attach great importance to combining theory with practice in our work. 4.be suspected of doing everything for money. 5.before he gets through life. IV. 1.…their indoor… a profit… to invest in 2.…device… the improvement… on a global scale 3.…stacked… temptation… never dined out Confusable words I. 1. house 2. Home 3. home…family 4. household II. 1. doubt 2. suspected 3. doubted 4. suspected 5. suspect Word Formation 1. rise 2. final 3. regular 4. cash 5. hows …whys 6. upped 7. yellowed 8. bottled 9. lower 10. search Comprehensive Exercise I. 1. gets by 2. temptation 3. get through 4. improvement 5. aside from 6. suspect 7. supplement 8. profit 9. stacking II. 1. replaced 2. consider 3. quit 4. world 5. tough 6. fuels 7. provide 8. luxuries 9. balance 10. ideal Translation I. 1.We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it’s fairly minor. 2.My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown took

全新版大学英语综合教程2[第二版]课后答案解析

Unit1 Ways of Learning Vocabulary I 1. 1)insert 2)on occasion 3)investigate 4)In retrospect 5)initial 6)phenomena 7)attached 8)make up for 9)is awaiting 10)not; in the least 11)promote 12)emerged 2. 1) a striking contrast between the standards of living in the north of the country and the south. 2)is said to be superior to synthetic fiber. 3)as a financial center has evolved slowly. 4)is not relevant to whether he is a good lawyer. 5)by a little-known sixteen-century Italian poet have found their way into some English magazines. 3. 1)be picked up; can’t accomplish; am exaggerating 2)somewhat; the performance; have neglected; they apply to 3)assist; On the other hand; are valid; a superior II 1. 1)continual 2)continuous 3)continual 4)continuous 2. 1)principal 2)principal 3)principle 4)principles 5)principal III 1.themselves 2.himself/herself 3.herself/by herself/on her own 4.itself 5.ourselves 6.yourself/by yourself/on your own Comprehensive Exercises I.cloze 1.

综合教程3课后答案详解

全新版大学英语综合教程3 课后答案UNIT 1 Vocabulary I. 1. 1) on balance 5) illustrated 9) involved 2) resist 6) budget 10) economic 3) haul 7) lowering 11) blasting 4) wicked 8) boundary 12) just about 2. 1)cut back/ down 2) pick up 3) get by 4) get through 5)face up to 6) turn in 7) making up for 8) think up 3. 1) pursued his mathematical studies and taught himself astronomy 2) often generate misleading thoughts 3) attach great importance to combining theory with practice in our work 4) be suspected of doing everything for money 5) before he gets through life 4. 1) their indoor, a profit, to invest in 2) device, the improvement, on a global scale 3) stacked, temptation, never dined out

II Confusable Words 1. 1) house 2) Home 3) home, family 4) household 2. 1) doubt 2) suspect 3) doubted 4) suspected 5) suspect III. Word Formation 1) rise 2) final 3) regular 4) cash 5) hows, whys 6) upped 7) yellowed 8) bottled 9) lower 10) search Comprehensive Exercises I. Cloze 1. Text-related 1) get by 2) temptation 3) get through 4) improvements 5) aside from 6) suspect 7) supplement 8) profit 9) stacking 2. (Theme-related) 1) replaced 2) consider 3) quit 4) world 5) tough 6) fuels 7) provide 8) luxuries 9) balance 10) ideal II. Translation 1. We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it’s fairly minor. 2. My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown took over (responsibility for) my upbringing at that point. 3. The toys have to meet strict/ tough safety requirements before they can be sold to children. 4. Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as

综合教程1课后答案

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大学英语综合教程2课后答案

大学英语综合教程2课后答案 Unit 1 Text A Vocabulary I. 1.1) insert 2) on occasion 3) investigate 4) In retrospect 5) initial 6) phenomena 7) attached 8) make up for 9) is awaiting 10) not?in the least 11) promote 12) emerged 2. 1) There is a striking contrast between the standards of living in the north of the country and the south. 2) Natural fiber is said to be superior to synthetic fiber. 3) The city’ s importance as a financial center has evolved slowly. 4) His nationality is not relevant to whether he is a good lawyer. 5) The poems by a little-known sixteenth-century Italian poet have found their way into some English magazines. 3. 1) be picked up, can’ t accomplish, am exaggerating 2) somewhat, performance, have neglected, they apply to 3) assist, On the other hand, are valid, a superior II.

综合教程3unit1 课后答案

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