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论中国英语的存在和推介

论中国英语的存在和推介
论中国英语的存在和推介

论中国英语的存在和推介

广东江门五邑大学李举萍

摘要:中国英语是一种带有中国烙印的、客观存在的、具有积极意义的英语形式,它的存在和发展理应受到我们的高度重视。然而,出于某些原因,我们对中国英语仍有不少的误解,对它的介绍和推广也仍然是举步维艰。本文试图探讨中国英语存在的合理性和它的存在形式以及其推介的途径,以期唤起更多人对中国英语进行探索和研究。

关键词:中国英语;推介;英语教材

Abstract:China English is a positive English variety with Chinese features, which exists there objectively. Its existence attracts our attention and needs our justification. However,because of some reasons,we still misunderstand China English in different ways and there are still a lot of obstacles in introducing and spreading this English variety. This paper discusses about why China English can exist justifiably,what its major forms of existence are,and how it can be spread widely,hoping to arouse more people to study China English.

Key words:China English;introducing and spreading;English textbooks

1. 中国英语的概念

提起中国英语(China English),人们可能会即刻想到中国式英语(Chinglish)或洋泾浜英语(pidgin English),认为它也是一种不可接受的英语形式并加以排斥,甚至摒弃,笔者认为这是一种不妥和不明智的做法,因为中国英语既不是中国式英语,也不是洋泾浜英语,而是一种逐渐被英语接受的、有助于丰富英语词汇和传播中华文化的英语变体,我们不但不应排斥或摒弃它,相反,我们应加倍爱惜和推介它,以使之更好地发挥其应有的积极作用。

那么,中国英语与中国式英语或洋泾浜英语究竟有什么不同呢?中国式英语是指那些完全用汉语思维和汉语模式来表达的英语形式,如“I have a book want give he look.”(我有一本书要给他看。)、“She say she tomorrow not come.”(她说她明天不来。)等,或是指完全根据汉语字面意思来表达的英语形式,如“We all have bamboos in our hearts.”(我们都胸有成竹。)、“Guizhou’s ass’s technology is poor.”(黔驴技穷),等等。洋泾浜英语则是指形成于18世纪的上海,被中国人用于同英国商人进行贸易而使用的语言。它的词汇以上海方言为主,杂有葡萄牙语、马来语以及印地语,而语法结构则采用上海方言的语法形式。据霍尔(Hall,Robert A.,1966)研究指出,中国人使用的洋泾浜英语是于特定时期产生发展的,到19世纪末已基本消亡。而中国英语的概念是1980年葛传椝先生提出的,他称之为China English。根据葛传椝先生的观点,在旧中国和新中国,讲或写英语时都有些我国所特有的东西要表达,如“imperial examinations”(科举),“Hanlinyuan or Imperial Academy”(翰林院),“the May Fourth Movement”(五四运动),“putonghua”(普通话),“people’s commune”(人民公社),“four modernizations”(四个现代化),等等。这些虽然都不属于讲英语的民族所惯用的词语,但它们是正确的英文表达。李文中(1993)

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认为中国英语是以规范英语为核心,表达中国社会文化诸领域特有事物,不受母语干扰和影响,通过音译、译借及语义再生等手段进入英语交际,具有中国特点的词汇、句式和语篇的一种英语变体。中国英语的主要构成包括音译词、译借词以及独特的句式和语篇。根据谢之君(1995)的观点,中国英语是一种跨文化语言交际中的干扰性变体,以规范英语为基础,能够进入英语交际,其使用频度和交际效果与使用者的水平有关。后来瑞清、姜亚军(2001)进一步指出,中国英语是操汉语的人们所使用的,以标准英语为核心的,具有无法避免或有益于传播中华文化的中国特点的英语变体。寮菲(1998)在其论文《第二语言习得中母语迁移现象分析》间接说明了中国英语存在的合理性。王维波、马冬(2002)则主要论述了中国英语的表现形式。

2. 中国英语的具体特征

综合而言,笔者认为中国英语具有以下具体特征。① 中国英语是汉语与英语语言文化交流过程中所产生的一种语言现象。② 中国英语是用不属于讲英语的民族所惯用的词语来表达中国社会文化诸领域特有的事物、具有中国特点的英语。③ 中国英语以规范英语为基础,能够进入英语交际,不受母语干扰。④中国英语是一种被规范英语所接受的英语变体,对英语学习和国际交流具有积极意义。⑤中国英语具有群体语言特征和相对的稳定性,其发展变化以社会文化的发展为前提。⑥中国英语汉语特点的反映是有意识的,负迁移始终被压到最低度,而正迁移被发挥到最高度。⑦中国英语有益于传播中华文化,并将随着中国人和西方人的不断丰富和使用而得到普及和发展。⑧中国英语将随着中国国力的增强而逐渐得以扩充和发展,从而丰富和发展英语语言并让世界更好地了解中国。

中国英语目前有以下4种存在形式。① 按汉语习惯说出的英语与英语本族语者的英语并没有区别,如“hit while the iron is hot”(趁热打铁),“environmental protection”(环境保护)等。②有些中国英语虽然不符合或不完全符合英语本族语者的习惯,但符合语法,如“a collective ownership employee”(集体所有制员工),“bourgeois liberalism”(资产阶级自由化)等。③有些中国英语虽然不符合语法,但是可能符合英语本族语者的习惯,能被接受,如“one arrow,two hawks”(一箭双雕),“laid off workers”(下岗工人)等。④有些中国英语虽然既不符合英语思维,也不符合英语模式,但是对于英语本族语来讲意思十分清楚,理解不成问题,或者一经解释就会明白,并且对于中国人来讲学习起来不费工夫,用起来得心应手,能够发挥语言作为工具的功能,如“Long time,no see.”(好久不见。),“family contract responsibility system”(家庭联产承包责任制)等。而后两种形式最能体现中国特有的、难以改变的语言思维习惯,最具有中国的标记。

3. 中国英语的推介

随着经济和文化的发展,我国的国际地位在不断提高,对世界的影响也在不断扩大,在与世界的接触和交往中,必然会有更多的中国特有的说法被译成英语,从而使英语受汉语的影响不断增加而变得更为丰富。据统计,牛津字典中以汉语为来源的英语词有1 000多条,说明英语在不断吸收着汉语。英语中已使用从中文借用的词汇、短语数量之大,种类之多,居于英语中借词第11位。这些词的英语翻译都是汉化英语,即中国英语,可见受汉语影响的汉化英语的出现和发展是一种客观必然。罗运芝指出,中国英语的语法比美国英语的语法更趋灵活、自由。作为英语的一种变体,中国英语虽然还没有被广泛接受,但已呈现出不可阻挡的趋势。

“让世界了解中国,让中国走向世界”

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一直是我国对外交流的目标。毫无疑问,中国英语在世界的普及和发展是我国走向世界的重要标志之一。而依托我国的英语教材去介绍和推广中国英语是让其走向世界的必要途径。因此,我国英语教材选题应该在介绍英语国家文化的基础上,适当增加有中国特色的文章。我国英语教材的编写不应该走极端,一段时期全部是中国政治内容,一段时期又全是关于西方的知识,应该兼顾一点才是。就目前来看,几套权威的大学英语教材中的课文几乎全是介绍英语国家文化,尤其是介绍英美文化的文章,很难找到以中国社会和文化为背景的精读和泛读材料。结果,我国的许多大学生在学了数年英语后仍然不知道如何用英语来谈论中国的事情。笔者认为,我国的英语教材多介绍英语国家文化固然是好,但适当介绍一些中国的社会和文化还是必要的,毕竟,外国人也是非常想了解中国的。而且,交流应该是双向和平等的,如果我们只是一味地去学习西方人的思维模式和语言表达方式,而忽视了主动去寻找一种向对方表达自己思想的方式和途径,久而久之,我们学英语以求和西方人交际的良好初衷将难以实现,因为我们不知道如何去向对方表达自己的文化和社会所发生的事情,这样的交际迟早会以失败而告终。笔者认为,学习和大力推广中国英语是帮助我们走出这种交际困境的有效途径之一,而利用我国现有的和拟编的各类英语教材大力介绍和推广中国英语应该是很可行和非常有效的,因为各级各类英语教材是我国数以千万计的英语学习者所必须熟读的内容,同时,我国的广大英语学习者又是介绍和传播中国英语的不可忽视的强大力量。

4. 中国英语的一些值得推介的形式

4.1 音译

中国英语中有一部分词汇或短语是根据中国普通话(由于历史原因,相当一部分是由我国北方方言和南方方言)发音直接转化生成的。

有关历史文化音译的中国英语有:“xiucai”(秀才),“yamen”(衙门),“dazibao”(大字报),“putonghua”(普通话),“fenghuang”(凤凰)等;有关文体娱乐音译的中国英语有:“pipa”(琵琶),“erhu”(二胡),“wushu”(武术),“gongfu”(功夫),“Tai Chi”(太极),“yangko”(秧歌),“weiqi”(围棋),“mahjong”(麻将),“qigong”(气功),“sampan”(舢板)等;有关衣食住行音译的中国英语有:“cheongsam”(旗袍),“jiaozi”(饺子),“chowmein”(炒面),“won ton”(馄饨),“Wu Liang Ye”(五粮液),“Moutai/Maotai”(茅台酒),“longan”(龙眼),“kaoliang”(高粱),“litchi/lichee”(荔枝),“ginseng”(人参)等;有关自然风土人情音译的中国英语有:“feng shui”(风水),“kang”(炕),“kowtow”(叩头),“chow chop suey”(炒杂碎),“Cantonese”(广东话/广东人/广州的),“Hainanese”(海南人),“Chingming”(清明),“typhoon”(台风)等;有关度量单位:

“yuan”(元),“jiao”(角),“fen”(分)等;其他方面音译的中国英语有:“yen”(瘾),“yin and yang”(阴和阳)等。

4.2 译借

根据王维波(2002)的初步统计,将汉语词汇通过翻译手段逐词地借用英语表述的形式,仅此一项英语中的汉语借词已愈千条。

有改革开放时代特色的中国英语词汇或短语有:“two civilizations”(两个文明),“one-China policy”(一个中国的政策),“triangle debts/chain debts”(三角债),“construct clean politics”(廉政建设),“macro economic control system”(宏观调控体系),“special economic(development)zone (SEZ)”(经济(发展)特区),“Opening

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Up/Open door policy”(开放政策),“reform and opening up”(改革开放),“non-state industries”(非国有工业),“state manufacturers”(国有生产者),“floating population”(流动人口),“vegetable basket project”(菜篮子工程),“planned commodity economy”(计划经济),“a relatively comfortable standard of living”(小康水平),“iron rice bowl”(铁饭碗),“enterprise contracted production system”(企业承包经营责任制),“township enterprises”(乡镇企业),“knowledge economy”(知识经济),“charge”(充电,指工作一段时间后重新走进校园扩充或更新知识),“spiritual pollution”(精神污染),“one country two systems”(一国两制)等。

有历史文化特色的中国英语词汇有:“Confucianism”(儒家思想),“Four Books”(四书),“Five Classics”(五经),“Eight legged Essay”(八股文),“Eight-Power Allied Force”(八国联军),“paper tiger”(纸老虎),“Great Leap Forward”(大跃进),“Cultural Revolution”(文化大革命),“Little Red Book”(毛主席语录,即红宝书),“capitalist roader”(走资派),“Gang of Four”(四人帮),“Chinese herbal medicine”(中草药)等。

在书面语中,经常使用引号的中国英语词汇、短语或句子:“running dogs”(走狗),“work units”(工作单位),“political duty”(政治任务),“counterrevolutionary”(反革命的),“To get rich is glorious”(致富光荣),“Women are half the sky”(妇女能顶半边天)等。

4.3 语义再生

语义再生在翻译形象化语言时表现出明显的中国民族文化特色,这不但使外国人深感耳目一新,回味无穷,犹如饱餐一顿异国佳肴,而且丰富了英语的表达方式。

中国英语中有一部分词汇、短语、句子从汉语意思译成英语后而生成新的英语意思。例如,短语有:“bird’s nest”(燕窝),“bear’s paw”(熊掌),“work point”(工分),“the Great Wall”(长城),“Red Guard”(红卫兵),“beggar’s chicken”(叫花鸡),“barefoot doctor”(赤脚医生),“hundred flowers”(百花齐放),“reform through labor”(劳动改造),“work one’s heart out”(呕心沥血)等;成语有:“people mountains and people seas”(人山人海),“one arrow,two hawks”(一箭双雕)等;复合词,即音译和译借词的混合,有:“tea spoon”,“tea cup”,“Mexican tea”等。

5. 结语

和其他外来语一样,中国英语也是英语得以不断丰富和发展的不可或缺的源泉。同时,中国英语还可在很大程度上帮助中国走向世界。对中国英语的研究还有待进一步深入,新的研究领域也有待我们去开拓,例如,对英语中已被吸纳的一些汉语句式的研究,如“Long time,no see.”(好久不见);“One arrow,two hawks.”(一箭双雕)等,就是一个很好的研究课题。

参考文献

Hall Robert A. 1966. Pidgin and creole languages[M].

Ithaca:Cornell University Press.

葛传椝. 1980. 漫谈由汉译英问题[J]. 翻译通讯(2):

12.

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外语教学与研究(2):58-64.

李文中. 1993. 中国英语与中国式英语[J]. 外语教学与研究(4):18-24.

瑞清,姜亚军. 2001. 近二十年“中国英语研究述评”

[J]. 外语教学与研究(1):37-39.

王维波,马冬. 2002. 中国英语及其表达形式[J]. 大连民族学院学报部(4):55-57.

谢之军. 1995. 中国英语:跨文化语言交际中的干扰性变体[J]. 现代外语(4):7-11.

通讯地址:529020 广东江门市五邑大学外语系

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初中英语作文:中国的教育Chinese Education

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和实际脱节,使学生高分低能。因此,我国决定把应试教育转向素质教育。素质教育是以全面发展为重点。在这样的教育体制下,学生学习将会更轻松,方方面面都会得到提高。

中国春节的英文简介

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春天的节日春节是我国最重要的节日.它是根据1月1日在中国农 历日历.它是中国中国新年一个月前的一天,通常是在节日,人们开始为 装修房子买衣服和食品.新年前夕,每个家庭都会聚在一起吃饭、谈话、看电视几乎整个晚上.孩子们兴的,因为他们能够得到来自父母或带来 大的父母.农历新年中国人喜欢吃饺子.他们的邻居和朋友聚会时,他们 会说新年快乐!新年庆祝会历时约半个月. The Mid-Autumn Festival The Mid-Autumn is a very important Chinese festival. It falls on the 15th day of August.A few days before the festival, everyone in the family will help to make the house clean and https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2918002140.html,nterns will be hung in front of the house. On the evening there will be a big family dinner.People who work far away from their homes will try to come back for the union. After dinner,people will light the lanterns which are usually red and round.Children will play with their own toy lanterns happily. 中秋节是中国一个很重要的节日,在八月十五号.在节日来临的前 几天,家庭中的每一个人都帮着打扫房子,把房子装扮得漂漂亮亮的,灯 笼挂在屋前.

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