Lecture 5 Word Formation-《英语词汇学》第五章教案
Lecture 5
讲授题目：Word Formation Ⅰ
所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第3章 计划学时：4 periods
教学方法：传统讲授法
参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》 教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对英语的构词法有初步了解，尤其是产出新词最多的三种主要构词法：词缀法、复合法、转类法。
教学重点：1) Affixation;
2) Compounding;
3) Conversion.
教学难点：The above-mentioned word-formations.
The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion.
According to Pyles and Algeo (1982), words produced through affixation constitute 30% to 40% of the total number of new words; compounding yields 28% to 30% of all the new words; conversion gives us 26% of the new vocabulary. The rest of new words come form shortening including clipping and
acronymy, amounting to 8% to 10%, together with 1% to 5% of words born out of blending and other means.
Talking about word-forming patterns means dealing with rules. But a rule of word-formation usually differs from a syntactic rule. Not all the words that are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. For example, the existence of the actual English words unclean, unwise, unfair does not ensure the acceptance of unsad, unexcellent.
Therefore, rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent. For example, the Old English –th which is found in warmth, length, depth, width, derived from adjectives warm, long, deep, wide,but broad is no longer used to form new word broadth (※coolth)---(Quirk, et al 1985).
By word-formation processes, we concentrate on productive or marginally productive rules. While applying the rules, we should remember that there are always exceptions.
(在构词过程中，我们要注意到活跃性和边缘性问题。必须记住，规则都有例外。)
1. Affixation (词缀法)
Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-form or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms.
The words formed in this way are called derivatives. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.
1) Prefixation (前缀法)
※Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.
※Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, present-day English finds an increasing number of class-changing prefixes, for example:
asleep, alike, alive (a- + v. →adj.) a- ( in, to, at, on)
encourage, entrain, endanger (en- + n. →v.) en- (to put or get into)
enlarge, enrich, enable (en- + adj. →v.) en- (to cause to be)
belittle, becalm (be- + adj. →v.)
bedazzle, bewitch (be- + n. →v.) be-(to make, to
cause to be )
deplane, detrain (de- + n. →v. )
de- (to get off)
postwar, postliberation (post- + n. →adj.)
post- (after, later than)
inter-laboratory, intercollege (inter- + n. →adj. ) inter- (between, among)
These make up only an insignificant number in the huge contemporary vocabulary.
The majority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class changing nature. Their chief function is to change meanings of the stems. Accordingly, we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups.
1) Negative prefixes
Prefixation
Order
Literate
Symmetry
Governmental
Relevant
Productive
Believable
Vulnerable
Sane
Related
Aligned
Mature
Disorder
Illiterate
Asymmetry
Nongovernmental
Irrelevant
Unproductive
Unbelievable
Invulnerable
Insane
Unrelated
Nonaligned
Immature
※Of this group, un- is by far the most productive and can usually replace in- or dis- with adjectives for actual use as in unreplaceable, unmovable for irreplaceable and immovable.
2) Reversative Prefixes
Prefixation
Centralize
Plane
Infect
Zip
Regulate
Possess
Pollute
Decentralize
Deplane
Disinfect
Unzip
Deregulate
Dispossess
Depollute
3) Pejorative prefixes
Prefixation
4) Prefixes of degree or size
Prefixation
Computer
Critical
Conscious
Natural
Sensitive
Simple
Number
Statement
culture
Minicomputer
Ultracritic /hypercritic
Subconscious
Supernatural
Hypersensitive/ultrasensitive
Oversimple
Outnumber
Understatement
Subculture
5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude
Prefixation
6) Locative prefixes
Prefixation
View
Conference
Continental
Ground
Cast
Specific
Racial
Shore
Interview
teleconference
Intercontinental
Foreground
Telecast
Transpacific
Transracial
Foreshore
Prefixation
7) Prefixes of time and order
Prefixation
8) Number prefixes
Prefixation
⑨Miscellaneous prefixes:
auto – (self):autobiography, autonomy, autonym.
noe- (new): neoclassicism, neologism, neonatal (初生的) pan- (all): pan- European, panacea (万灵药), panorama (全景，全图).
vice- (in place of): vice-president, vice- minister, vice-govemor 副州长
2) Suffixation 后缀法
Suffixation is the formation of words by adding suffixes to stems.
Suffixes are of two kinds: class changing and class maintaining.
Class-changing suffixes change the word class of the word to which they are added, e.g. –ity in electricity. Class-maintaining suffixes do not change the word class but changes the meaning of the derivative, e.g –hood in boyhood. Unlike prefixes, most of the English suffixes are class-changing.
Suffixation
The classification of suffixes
Since suffixes mainly change the word class, we shall group
suffixes on a grammatical basis into
1) noun suffixes
2) adjective suffixes
3) adverb suffixes
4) verb suffixes
1) Noun suffixes
Noun suffixes may be subdivided into the following five kinds.
Denominal nouns (来自名词的名词)
Deverbal nouns(来自动词的名词)
De-adjectival nouns(来自形容词的名词)
Noun and adjective suffixes
2) Adjective Suffixes
3) Adverb Suffixes
4) Verb suffixes
Fa lse
Sterile
Intense
Fat
Horror
Memory
Apology
Falsify
Sterilize
Intensify
Fatten
Horrify
Memorize
Apologize
Some modern affixes 1. Mega-(very large)
Megacity特大城市
Megadestruction大毁灭
Megagame大赛
Megastructure超级建筑
Megarich十分富有
Megaversity超级大学
2.Cyber-(automatic/computerized)
Cyberculture电脑化文化/电脑化社会
Cyberbrain电脑
Cyberart电脑艺术/计算机技术
Cyber-security 网络安全
Cyber-space网络虚拟空间
Cyber-privacy网络隐私
Cyber-sex网络色情
Cyber-punk网络高手
cyberfiction网络小说
3.Hyper-(super/too much)
Hypermedia超媒体
Hyperlinks超级链接
Hyperfriction过度摩擦
Hyperslow极缓慢的
Hyperverbal说话过多的
Hyperaccess超级访问软件
Hypertext超文本
Some modern affixes
4. Info- (information)
Infotech信息技术
Infocenter信息中心
Infotainment信息娱乐节目
Infomercial信息商业化的/商业信息片
5. nano- (one billionth)
Nanotech纳米技术
Nanofabrication纳米加工
Nanocomputer超高速电脑
6.techno- (technology)
Technomania技术热
Technophobia恐技术症
Technocracy专家政治、技术专家治国制度
techno-centric 以技术为中心的
7. tele- (long-distance transfer/television)
Telead电话约定广告
Telebanking电脑化银行业务
Telebus电话叫车/租车
Telecenter远程计算中心
Tele-education远程教育
Some modern affixes
8. E- (electronic)
E-mail电子邮件
E-text电子文本
E-zine电子杂志
E-cash电子货币
9. Of- (office)
Oftel办公电话
Oflot公司内部停车场地
Ofbank银行办事处
Some modern affixes
10. -bot (robot)
Knowbot智力机器人
Mobot移动机器人
Microbot微型机器人
11. –size (measurements)
Downsize缩小
Upsize放大
Rightsize按比例制作
life-size 按实物大小制作
12. –nick (以…..为特征的人；参加…. 的人)
Earthnick 地球人
Computernick 电脑迷
Peacenick追求和平者
Jobnick 工作迷
No-goodnick 不怀好意者
13.-centric (of the center/taking…as the center)
Male-centric以男士为主的
Net-Centric War 网络中心战
IBM compatible-centric以销售IBM兼容机为主的User-centric以用户为中心的 14. –ware (articles of the same kind)
Glassware玻璃器皿
Soft/hardware软/硬件
Middleware中间设备
Silverware银器
Warehouse仓库
15.franken- (转基因的；经过基因工程的)
Frankenfruit 转基因水果
Frankenfood 转基因食品
Frankenplant 转基因植物
2. Compounding (复合法/合成法)
Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.
So a compound is a ‘lexical unit consisting more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word’ (Quirk et al 1985).
Compounding
Forms of compounds
Solid: bedtime, honeymoon
Hyphenated: above-mentioned, town-planning
Open: reading material, hot line
Compounding
Types of compounds
Noun compounds
Adjective compounds
Verb compounds
Compounding
Noun compounds
Headache, housekeeping, hot line, swimming pool, raindrop, breakdown, biological clock, identity crisis
Compounding
Adjective compounds
Weather-beaten rocks, peaceloving people, everlasting friendship, a
difficult-to-operate machine, a made-up story, an on the spot inspection, taxfree products, fire-proof dress
Compounding
Verb compounds
Formed by back-formation
h ouse-keep from housekeeper
w indowshop from window-shopping
m ass produce from mass production
h en-peck from hen-pecked
s poon-feed from spoon-fed.
Compounding
Verb compounds
Formed by conversion
t o blue-print, to cold-shoulder, to outline, to honeymoon, to
snowball, to chain-smoke, to sweet-talk, to job-hop.
3. Conversion (词类转化法/转类法)
The definition of conversion
①Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech.
②Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain
word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生).
Conversion
Major types of conversion
Noun-verb conversion
Verb-noun conversion
Adjective-noun conversion
Noun-verb conversion
He elbowed his way through the crowd.
Problems snowballed by the hour.
The newspaper headlined his long record of
accomplishments.
Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David.
Verb-noun conversion
He was admitted to the university after a three-year wait.
This little restaurant is quite a find.
It is a good buy.
He took a close look at the machine.
doubt, smell, desire, want, attempt, hit, reply, divide
Verb-noun conversion
Phrasal verb-noun conversion
Adjective-noun conversion
Partial conversion
Complete conversion
Adjective-noun conversion
Partial conversion
D enoting a quality or a state common to a group of person:
the deaf, the blind, the poor, the wounded
D enoting peoples of a nation (ending in –sh, -se, -ch): the
English, the Chinese, the Danish, the Scotch
D enoting a quality in the abstract: a strong dislike for the
sentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from the
sublime to the ridiculous
D enoting a single person (converted from participles): the
accused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemned
Adjective-noun conversion
Complete conversion
A native, two natives, a returned native
He is a natural for the job.
Tom is one of our regulars, he comes in for a drink about
this time every night.
To them she is not a brusque crazy, but appropriately
passionate.
They are the creatives in the advertising department. Miscellaneous conversion
a. Would you like a with or a without? 你是要这个，还是不要这个？
b. His argument contains too many ifs and buts. 他的争辩托词太多。
c. Life is full of ups and downs. 人生充满了兴衰得失。
d. Rubber gloves are a must if your skin is sensitive to washing powders.如果你的皮肤对洗衣粉过敏，就必须戴手套。
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