Globular clusters with the extended horizontal-branch as remaining cores of galaxy building

a r X i v :0707.1705v 1 [a s t r o -p h ] 11 J u l 2007

2Lee,Gim,&Chung

2Clues fromωCen and other massive globular clusters Freeman(1993),among others,suggested that some globular clusters(GCs) might be remaining cores of disrupted nucleated dwarf galaxies.This idea was strengthened by the discovery of multiple stellar populations from the giant-branch ofωCen[8],which together with other works have basically established thatωCen is not a genuine GC,but a remaining core of a disrupted dwarf galaxy.More recent observations ofωCen have also found equally curious double main-sequences(MS),with a minority population of bluer and fainter MS well separated from the majority of redder and brighter MS[9]. This has provided further evidence for the presence of multiple populations in this GC,although the observed feature was not easily reproduced from the standard assumptions on chemical compositions.Soon it was suggested by Norris(2004)that the presence of helium enhanced subpopulations,in addition to the majority of normal helium population,can best reproduce the observed features on the MS.Lee et al.(2005)then showed that the same helium enhancement required to reproduce this special feature on the MS was also able to reproduce the presence of extremely blue HB in the same cluster without further?ne-tuning of the parameters,such as mass-loss on the giant-branch.So,inωCen,we have a case where one assumption(helium enhancement)can naturally explain two peculiar observations simultaneously, which,as we know from the history of science,then might be the case!

Furthermore,the same scenario can also explain the strongly extended HB in other peculiar GCs,such as NGC2808and NGC6388/6441([11],[12]). These authors have speci?cally predicted that the MS of these GCs would also be splitted or broadened,and the HST/ACS is now con?rming that the GCs with extended HB(EHB)are indeed showing either splitted or broadened MS[13].This would ensure that EHB is a strong signature of the presence of multiple populations in a GC.

Unfortunately,the origin of this helium enrichment is not fully understood yet.However,a signi?cant fraction(～30%)of the helium enriched subpop-ulation observed in these peculiar GCs appears to be best explained,if the second generation stars were formed from enriched gas trapped in the deep potential well while these GCs were cores of the ancient dwarf galaxies[14]. All of these recent developments suggest that GCs with extended HB(“EHB GCs”)are probably not genuine GCs,but might be remaining cores or relics of ancient building blocks of the Galaxy.Strong support for this possibility has recently been provided by Lee et al.(2007),who showed that EHB GCs are clearly distinct from GCs with normal HB in orbital kinematics and total stellar mass.

EHB GCs as remaining cores of galaxy building blocks 3

[Fe/H]

W (k m s -1)Fig.1.The correlations between kinematics (W velocity)and metallicity for GCs with and without EHB in the “old halo”group,which are preferentially located in the inner halo.Note the clear di?erence between GCs with and without EHB.3Evidence from luminosity function and kinematics

About 25%of the Milky Way GCs exhibit unusually extended HB [15].In-terestingly,these EHB GCs are clearly brighter (massive)than normal GCs,including 11of the 12brightest GCs (see Fig.1of [15]).Their inferred stellar mass,which is very likely to be only small fraction of their original mass,is already comparable to low-luminosity dwarf galaxies in the Local Group.Perhaps,this is already telling us that the origin of EHB GCs is indeed unique!

More interesting ?nding is,however,that the orbital kinematics of EHB GCs appears to be clearly decoupled from normal GCs !For example,we have plotted in Figure 1the correlation between metallicity and W velocity,a velocity component perpendicular to the Galactic plane,for GCs in “old halo”group,including metal-rich “disk-bulge”GCs.These classi?cations are,following Zinn (1993),based on the HB morphology versus metalliicty plane (see Fig.2of [15]),but note that most GCs in Figure 1are those in the inner halo (R <8kpc).We can see in Figure 1that EHB GCs show diversity in kinematics but no correlation with metallicity,as would be expected among

4Lee,Gim,&Chung

-2-1 0

4 6

8

[ F e / H ] ( FUV - V )0

Fig.2.(FUV-V)integrated color plotted against metallicity for GCs in two disk galaxies (Milky Way and M31)compared with those in gE galaxy M87(data from

[16]&[17]).The solid and dotted lines are our model predictions for normal GCs without EHB (at 10and 12Gyrs).Other model lines are for EHB GCs (at 12Gyr)with di?erent fraction of helium enhanced https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2818439097.html,pared at given metallicity,GCs in gE galaxy appear to be bluer than those in disk galaxies.

the relics of ancient subsystems that ?rst assembled to form the nucleus and halo of the Galaxy.Surprisingly,however,when they are excluded,most nor-mal GCs,especially those with prograde rotation (?lled circles),show very special “chevron”shape distribution.If we randomly choose a group of GCs from total sample,we will hardly end up with this kind of unique distribution.In fact,Monte-Carlo simulations suggest that the possibility of getting this only by chance is less than 0.001%!This and the coherent behaviors of other kinematic parameters considered by Lee et al (2007;see their Fig.3)appear to be fully consistent with the ELS type dissipational collapse that eventually led to the formation of the disk.Unlike GCs in the inner halo,normal GCs in the outer halo share their kinematic properties with the outlying EHB GCs (see Fig.3of [15]),which is consistent with the accretion origin of the outer halo.

EHB GCs as remaining cores of galaxy building blocks5 4Discussion

All of these di?erences between GCs with and without EHB are fully consis-tent with the idea that present-day Galactic GCs are ensemble of heteroge-neous objects originated from three distinct phases of the Milky Way forma-tion.Possible scenario is that(1)early mergers of building blocks(ancient dwarf galaxies,“rare peaks”,gas-rich subsystems)forming the nucleus and halo of the proto-Galaxy,leaving their dense cores as today’s EHB GCs,(2) formation of normal GCs in the dissipational collapse of a transient gas-rich inner halo system that eventually formed the Galactic disk,and?nally(3)ac-cretion of normal GCs originally formed in the outskirts of outlying building blocks to the outer halo of the Milky Way.

According to this picture,normal and genuine GCs formed in phase(2) would not be present in most giant elliptical galaxies(gEs),if the major star formation in these galaxies occurred before the formation of disk in subsystems (or building block galaxies)that merged to form gEs.If so,we would expect that the fraction of EHB GCs would be much higher among GCs in gEs, especially in the inner halo.Their mean integrated colors,especially in far-UV (FUV),would then be bluer,at given metallicity,than GCs in disk galaxies like the Milky Way.Interestingly,some support for this is provided from the far-UV observations of GCs in M87(see Fig.2).Further study will certainly help to shed more light into the new picture envisioned here. References

1.O.J.Eggen,D.Lynden-Bell,&A.R.Sandage:ApJ136,748(1962)

2.L.Searle&R.Zinn:ApJ225,357(1978)

3. A.Toomre:Mergers and Some Consequences.In:Evolution of Galaxies and

Stellar Populations,ed by B.M.Tinsley&https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2818439097.html,rson(Yale University Ob-servatory,New Haven1977)pp401–426

4.R.Zinn:The Galactic Halo Cluster Systems:Evidence for Accretion.In:The

globular clusters-galaxy connection:ASP Conf.Ser.,vol48,ed by G.H.Smith and J.P.Brodie(ASP,San Francisco1993)pp38–47

5.S.van den Bergh:ApJ411,178(1993)

6.R.A.Ibata,G.Gilmore,&M.J.Irwin:Nature370,194(1994)

7.K.C.Freeman:Globular Clusters and Nucleated Dwarf Ellipticals.In:The

globular clusters-galaxy connection:ASP Conf.Ser.,vol48,ed by G.H.Smith and J.P.Brodie(ASP,San Francisco1993)pp608–614

8.Y.-W.Lee et al.:Nature402,55(1999)

9.L.R.Bedin et al.:ApJ605,L125(2004)

10.J.E.Norris:ApJ612,L25(2004)

11.Y.-W.Lee et al.:ApJ621,L57(2005)

12. F.D’Antona et al.:ApJ631,868(2005)

13.G.Piotto et al.:ApJ661,L53(2007)

14.K.Bekki&J.E.Norris:ApJ637,L109(2006)

15.Y.-W.Lee,H.B.Gim,&D.I.Casetti-Dinescu:ApJ661,L49(2007)

6Lee,Gim,&Chung

16.S.-C.Rey et al.:ApJS in press(2007)

17.S.T.Sohn et al.:AJ131,866(2006)

with的复合结构和独立主格结构

1. with+宾语+形容词。比如：. The boy wore a shirt with the neck open, showing his bare chest. 那男孩儿穿着一件衬衫，颈部敞开，露出光光的胸膛。Don’t talk with your mouth full. 嘴里有食物时不要讲话。 2. with+宾语+副词。比如：She followed the guide with her head down. 她低着头，跟在导游之后。 What a lonely world it will be with you away. 你不在，多没劲儿呀！ 3. with+宾语+过去分词。比如：He was listening to the music with his eyes half closed. 他眼睛半闭着听音乐。She sat with her head bent. 她低着头坐着。 4. with+宾语+现在分词。比如：With winter coming, it’s time to buy warm clothes. 冬天到了，该买些保暖的衣服了。 He soon fell asleep with the light still burning. 他很快就睡着了，（可）灯还亮着。 5. with+宾语+介词短语。比如：He was asleep with his head on his arms. 他的头枕在臂膀上睡着了。 The young lady came in, with her two- year-old son in her arms. 那位年轻的女士进来了，怀里抱着两岁的孩子。 6. with+宾语+动词不定式。比如： With nothing to do in the afternoon, I went to see a film. 下午无事可做，我就去看了场电影。Sorry, I can’t go out with all these dishes to wash. 很抱歉，有这么多盘子要洗，我不能出去。 7. with+宾语+名词。比如： He died with his daughter yet a school-girl.他去逝时，女儿还是个小学生。 He lived a luxurious life, with his old father a beggar . 他过着奢侈的生活，而他的老父亲却沿街乞讨。(8)With so much work to do ,I can't go swimming with you. (9)She stood at the door,with her back towards us. (10)He entered the room,with his nose red with cold. with复合结构与分词做状语有啥区别 [ 标签：with, 复合结构, 分词状语] Ciro Ferrara 2009-10-18 16:17 主要是分词形式与主语的关系 满意答案好评率：100%

With的用法全解

With的用法全解 with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词； 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词； 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语； 4. with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式； 5. with或without-名词/代词 +分词。 下面分别举例： 1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语）

2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语） 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。） The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语）He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语） 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语） Without anything left in the with结构是许多英 语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 二、with结构的用法 with是介词，其意义颇多，一时难掌握。为帮助大家理清头绪，以教材中的句子为例，进行分类，并配以简单的解释。在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件（详见上述例句）。 1.带着，牵着…… (表动作特征)。如： Run with the kite like this.

伴随状语的用法

伴随状语的用法 WITH作伴随状语,或说明造成某一局面的原因.至于是用现在分词,还是过去分词得看与主句主句的关系是被动或主动. Fg: with time passing by随着时间的流逝He sat on the chair with his eyes closed.他坐在椅子上,眼睛闭着. 总结一下： with的复合结构可以分以下几种: 一. w ith + 名词 + 形容词.表处于一种状态. He often sleeps with windows open.他经常开着窗户睡觉. 二.with +名词 + 副词. There is a temple with no table in. 三.with +名词 + 介词短语. The teacher came into the classroom with a book under his arm. 四.with + 名词 + 现在分词.这种结构表动作的主动和进行态. The old woman left the her house with water running all the time. 五.with + 名词 + 过去分词,这种结构表被动和完成. The thief was taken to the police station with his hands tied to his back. 六.with + 名词 + 不定式,这种结构表动作的将来式. The mamager has been busy these days with a lot of work to do . 伴随状语是指状语从句的动作伴随主句发生，它的特点是：它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的。 例如： ①He sat in the armchair，reading a newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅里读报。 ②All night long he lay awake，thinking of the problem. 他整夜躺在床上睡不着，思考着那个问题。 伴随状语的判断 The dog entered the room, following his master.一般在分词短语（现在分词表主动过去表被动）前有逗号的是伴随状语。

with的用法大全

with的用法大全----四级专项训练with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词; 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词; 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语; 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式; 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。 下面分别举例：

1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.(with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语) 2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.(with+名词+副词，作时间状语) 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。) The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语) He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语) 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.(with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语) 6、Without anything left in the cupboard， she went out to get something to eat.(without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语) 二、with结构的用法 在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件(详见上述例句)。

现在分词作状语的分类(伴随、让步、条件、时间等等)资料讲解

谓语动词: 有提示词, 句子缺谓语(与主语构成主谓结构) I. I _______ (tell) by my classmates about that. 2. My mother often __________ (stop) me from watching TV. 时态语态变化, 及主谓一致 非谓语动词(主动---doing , 被动---done, 目的/结果/将要to do ,) 1. We must also consider the reaction of the person __________ (receive) the gift. 2. My pupils, Tom__________ (include), liked her. 1. He entered, ________ (hold) a book in his hand. 2. He entered the room and _______ (hold) a book in his hand. 3. I politely refused her invitation and _____ (walk) away. 4. I politely refused her invitation, ______ (walk) away. 两个动词是同时发生的时候 主语+ 谓语1 + and / but + 谓语2 主语+ 谓语，+非谓语 1. When he _______ (come) in, I was reading a book. 2. Unless I ________ (invite), I won’t attend he party. 3. When _____ (hear) the news, I was excited. 4. Unless ____ (invite), I won’t attend he party. --- When / if / unless / /After/Before 等连词后没有主语+非谓语（--- ing /---ed ) , 主句---When / if / unless / /After /Before等连词+ 主语+ 谓语，主句 1. A boy ________( call ) Jack came here today 2. A boy who ________( call ) Jack came here today 3. We enjoy the movie _________ (direct) by a world famous artist. 4. We enjoy the movie which_________ (direct) by the world famous artist. 名词后没关系词时+ 非谓语, 非谓语动词修饰前面的名词做定语 名词后有关系词时+谓语，做定语从句中的谓语 1.“You can’t catch me!” Jan et shouted, _______ (run) away. 2.He said thanks and ____ (smile) a row of teeth. 3.When first ___________ (introduce) to the market, these products enjoyed great success. 4.When he_______( arrive ) at the corner , he met his friend. 5.________ ( sleep ) late, he turned off the alarm clock. 6.Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases _______(know) only to people with specific knowledge. [例1] I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man 18 (sit) at the front. （2011广东卷） [例2] He spit it out, __37___(say) it was awful. （2010广东卷） [例3]The fact that so many people still smoke in public places _______ that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking. A. suggest B. suggests C. suggested D. suggesting turn

with 复合结构的常见形式及句法功能

with 复合结构的常见形式及句法功能 1with 复合结构的常见形式 1、with + 名词(或代词) + 现在分词 此时，现在分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓关系。 With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries. 由于物价上涨很快，我们买不起高档商品。（原因状语） With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. 在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到皇宫。（伴随状语） 2、with + 名词(或代词) + 过去分词 此时，过去分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。 I sat in my room for a few minutes with my eyes fixed on the ceiling. 我在房间坐了一会儿，眼睛盯着天花板。（伴随状语） She had to walk home with her bike stolen. 自行车被偷，她只好步行回家。（原因状语） 3、with + 名词(或代词) + 形容词 I like to sleep with the windows open. 我喜欢把窗户开着睡觉。（伴随状语） With the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one it'll rain presently. 大气这样闷，十之八九要下雨。（原因状语） 4、with + 名词(或代词) + 介词短语 With the children at school, we can't take our vacation when we want to. 由于孩子们在上学，所以当我们想度假时而不能去度假。（原因状语）

现在分词短语作伴随状语

其实分词做伴随状语就是分词做方式状语的一种，伴随是一种方式。大多情况下其实方式状语从句都等于伴随状语从句。只有在just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体 分词短语作伴随状语 伴随状语的特点是：它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的 1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。 现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。 1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 ）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 比如 The teacher came in the classroom with handing a book in his hand. with handing就是个例子 过去分词，现在分词都可以做伴随状语,即在某件事情发生的时候相伴发生的事情这个句子老师进入了教室，他是拿着本书进入教室的，在他进入教室的时候他的手中有一本书（相伴）知道意思了吧。 做题的时候要注意区分什么时候使用过去分词和什么时候使用现在分词做伴随状语。一般的无非又几种情况： 1，过去分词表示一种完成了的或者是被动意义的动作 分词作状语（关键找逻辑主语） a)放在句首的分词往往看作时间状语1以及原因状语2 1. Looking (when I looked) at the picture, I couldn't help missing my middle school days. 2.Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital. =As he was seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital. b)放在句中或句末常常看作为伴随状态(并列句) The girl was left alone in the room，weeping（crying ）bitterly. (但注意特殊：Generally/frankly speaking... / taken as a whole(总的来讲）不考虑逻辑主语，看作为独立成分)

with_作伴随状语

As 与with 引导伴随状语 as 与with 都可以构成结构来表示伴随状语，as 在此结构中是一个连词，而with 是一个介词，因此构成不同的结构来表示伴随状语： 区别：结构不同！with 引导的不是句子而是短语 As＋主语＋谓语动词，主句 With ＋名词、代词＋介词、形容词，副词，分词，不定式 随着产量增长20％，....... As the production increased by 20 percent, we have had another good harvest year. With the production up by 20 percent, we have had another good harvest year. He enjoys listening to music with his eyes closed. 他喜欢闭着眼睛听音乐。 He came out of the room with his eyes shining. 他走出房间，眼里闪着亮光。 Don't speak with your mouth full. 嘴里吃东西时不要讲话。 Mother looked at me with tears in her eyes. 母亲含泪看着我。 with独立结构的位置可前可后，如： With a lot of work to do,he felt even busier. 有大量工作要做，他感到更忙了。 With a lot of work done,he felt he would have a good rest. 做完了工作，他感到他要好好休息一下。 练习： 1.with ＋名词（代词）＋介词短语 他手托下巴chin，坐在那儿沉思。 He sat there thinking, with 那位老人背倚着墙站在那里。 2.with ＋名词（代词）＋形容词 He stared at his friend 他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。 The man raised his head 这人抬起头来，眼里充满了好奇 3.with ＋名词（代词）＋现在分词 She stood there chatting with her friend, with她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。With , I feel very obliged to you． 无论我什么时候遇到困难你总是帮助我，真是太感激你了。 4.with ＋名词（代词）＋过去分词 The goalkeeper left Japan with….这位守门员离开了日本，而他的缺点却暴露无遗。 5.with ＋名词（代词）＋不定式 With……, you’d better hurry． 还有十分钟，你最好快一点。 With….., our group is sure to succeed． 有你领导我们，我们组肯定能成功。 随着社会的发展 随着经济技术的发展progress 随着时间的流逝pass by /go by/elapse/pass 随着时间的推移go on

伴随状语定义

定义 定义:伴随状语是指状语从句的动作伴随主句发生，它的特点是：它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的。 例如： ①He sat in the armchair，reading a newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅里读报。 ②All night long he lay awake，thinking of the problem. 他整夜躺在床上睡不着，思考着那个问题。 伴随状语出现的条件 是由一个主语发出两个动作或同一个主语处于两种状态，或同一个主语发出一个动作时又伴随有某一种状态。伴随状语的逻辑主语一般情况下必须是全句的主语，伴随状语与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的。 伴随状语几种表示方法 一、使用分词形式 The dog entered the room, following his master(这条狗跟着主人进了屋)。 The master entered the room,followed by his dog(主人进了屋，后面跟着他的狗)。 二、用with复合结构 The little girls were playing with snow with their hands frozen red(小女孩们在玩雪，手都冻红了)。 三、用独立主格结构 The little boy goes to school, the little dog accompanying him every day(这小孩每天去上学，那条小狗陪伴着他)。 四、用形容词 Crusoe went home, full of fear(克鲁索满怀恐惧地回家)。 The match will be broadcast live(这场比赛将作实况转播)。 He left home young and came back old(他少小离家老大回)。 五、用名词 He went away a beggar but returned a millionaire(他讨吃要饭离家，腰缠万贯回归)。。 六、用介词短语 The girl came back to her mother in tears.(这女孩眼泪汪汪地回到母亲身边)。 How can you go to the wedding party in rags(你怎能衣衫褴褛地去参加婚宴)？ I went home out of breath(我上气不接下气地回家)。 伴随状语的判断 The dog entered the room, following his master.一般在分词短语（现在分词表主动过去表被动）前有逗号的是伴随状语。 让步状语从句

with结构做宾补用法

With 结构（with+宾语+宾补）宾补可以是：过去分词，现在分词，不定式，副词，adj.，介词短语 可以做定语，伴随状语，原因状语，结果状语等等。 1. 1) With his key lost, he couldn’t get into his house.(钥匙丢了, 他进不了家门. ) 2) With his hair cut, Father looks much younger. (理了发,父亲看上去年轻多了.) 3) He sat there with his eyes closed. (他闭目坐在那儿。) 4) All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. (整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。) 5) The meeting ended with all the problems settled. (问题解决了,会散了.) 2. 1) With the teacher standing beside, the girl felt a bit uneasy. (老师站在一旁,女孩子感到有点不自在.) 2) She was chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her． (她在跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。) 3) He felt uneasy with the whole class staring at him. (他感到很不安，因为所有的同学都盯着他。) 4) The boy lay on the grass, with his eyes looking into the sky. (小男孩躺在草地上，两眼望着天空。) 5) With night coming on, we started for home. 夜幕降临，我们动身回家。 6) I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. (因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。) 7) He fell asleep with the lamp burning. (他没熄灯就睡着了。) 3.1) I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. (要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。) 2) With so many people to help us, we are sure to finish the work in time.

with 做伴随状语的用法

with 做伴随状语的用法 标签：教育分类：专业收集 WITH作伴随状语,或说明造成某一局面的原因.至于是用现在分词,还是过去分词得看与主句主句的关系是被动或主动. Fg: with time passing by随着时间的流逝 He sat on the chair with his eyes closed.他坐在椅子上,眼睛闭着. 总结一下： with 的复合结构可以分以下几种: 一.with + 名词 + 形容词.表处于一种状态. He often sleeps with windows open.他经常开着窗户睡觉. 二.with +名词 + 副词. There is a temple with no table in. 三.with +名词 + 介词短语. The teacher came into the classroom with a book under his arm. 四.with + 名词 + 现在分词.这种结构表动作的主动和进行态. The old woman left the her house with water running all the time. 五.with + 名词 + 过去分词,这种结构表被动和完成. The thief was taken to the police station with his hands tied to his back. 六.with + 名词 + 不定式,这种结构表动作的将来式. The mamager has been busy these days with a lot of work to do . （学习的目的是增长知识，提高能力，相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力就一定可以获得应有的回报） 1 / 1下载文档可编辑

(完整版)with的复合结构用法及练习

with复合结构 一. with复合结构的常见形式 1.“with+名词/代词+介词短语”。 The man was walking on the street, with a book under his arm. 那人在街上走着，腋下夹着一本书。 2. “with+名词/代词+形容词”。 With the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one it’ll rain presently. 天气这么闷热，十之八九要下雨。 3. “with+名词/代词+副词”。 The square looks more beautiful than even with all the light on. 所有的灯亮起来，广场看起来更美。 4. “with+名词/代词+名词”。 He left home, with his wife a hopeless soul. 他走了，妻子十分伤心。 5. “with+名词/代词+done”。此结构过去分词和宾语是被动关系，表示动作已经完成。 With this problem solved, neomycin 1 is now in regular production. 随着这个问题的解决，新霉素一号现在已经正式产生。 6. “with+名词/代词+-ing分词”。此结构强调名词是-ing分词的动作的发出者或某动作、状态正在进行。 He felt more uneasy with the whole class staring at him. 全班同学看着他，他感到更不自然了。 7. “with+宾语+to do”。此结构中，不定式和宾语是被动关系，表示尚未发生的动作。 So in the afternoon, with nothing to do, I went on a round of the bookshops. 由于下午无事可做，我就去书店转了转。 二. with复合结构的句法功能 1. with 复合结构，在句中表状态或说明背景情况，常做伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。With machinery to do all the work, they will soon have got in the crops. 由于所有的工作都是由机器进行，他们将很快收完庄稼。（原因状语） The boy always sleeps with his head on the arm. 这个孩子总是头枕着胳膊睡觉。（伴随状语）The soldier had him stand with his back to his father. 士兵要他背对着他父亲站着。（方式状语）With spring coming on, trees turn green. 春天到了，树变绿了。（时间状语） 2. with 复合结构可以作定语 Anyone with its eyes in his head can see it’s exactly like a rope. 任何一个头上长着眼睛的人都能看出它完全像一条绳子。 【高考链接】 1. ___two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.（04北京） A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of 【解析】A。“with+宾语+不定式”作状语，表示原因。 2. It was a pity that the great writer died, ______his works unfinished. (04福建) A. for B. with C. from D.of 【解析】B。“with+宾语+过去分词”在句中作状语，表示状态。 3._____production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. (NMET) A. As B.For C. With D.Through 【解析】C。“with+宾语+副词”在句中作状语，表示程度。

With复合结构的用法小结

With复合结构的用法小结 with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二 部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词； 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词； 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语； 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式； 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。 下面分别举例： 1、She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语） 2、With the meal over ，we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语） 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。）The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语）He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词+不定式，作条件状语） 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语）Without anything left in the cupboard，shewent out to get something to eat.（without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语） 二、with结构的用法 在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件（详见上述例句）。 With结构在句中也可以作定语。例如： 1.I like eating the mooncakes with eggs. 2.From space the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water. 3.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house. 三、with结构的特点 1. with结构由介词with或without+复合结构构成。复合结构中第一部分与第二部分语法上是宾语和宾语补足语关系，而在逻辑上，却具有主谓关系，也就是说，可以用第一部分作主语，第二部分作谓语，构成一个句子。例如：With him taken care of，we felt quite relieved.（欣慰）→（He was taken good care of.）She fell asleep with the light burning. →（The light was burning.）With her hair gone，there could be no use for them. →（Her hair was gone.） 2. 在with结构中，第一部分为人称代词时，则该用宾格代词。例如：He could not finish it without me to help him. 四、几点说明： 1. with结构在句子中的位置：with 结构在句中作状语，表示时间、条件、原因时一般放在

分词短语作伴随状语

聊聊分词短语作伴随状语 先铺垫下：其实分词做伴随状语就是分词做方式状语的一种，伴随是一种方式。大多情况下其实方式状语从句都等于伴随状语从句。只有在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是'正如…'，'就像'，多用于正式文体 分词短语作伴随状语 伴随状语的特点是：它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的 1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。 现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。 1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 ）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 比如 The teacher came in the classroom with handing a book in his hand. with handing就是个例子 过去分词，现在分词都可以做伴随状语,即在某件事情发生的时候相伴发生的事情。 以上那个句子中，老师进入了教室，他是拿着本书进入教室的，在他进入教室的时候他的手中有一本书（相伴）大家明白这个意思了吧。 做题的时候要注意区分什么时候使用过去分词和什么时候使用现在分词做伴随状语。一般的无非又几种情况：

1，过去分词表示一种完成了的或者是被动意义的动作 分词作状语（关键找逻辑主语） a)放在句首的分词往往看作时间状语1 以及原因状语2 1. Looking (when I looked) at the picture, I couldn't help missing my middle school days. 2.Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital. =As he was seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital. b)放在句中或句末常常看作为伴随状态(并列句) The girl was left alone in the room，weeping（crying ）bitterly. (但注意特殊：Generally/frankly speaking... / taken as a whole(总的来讲）不考虑逻辑主语，看作为独立成分) C.'being done'和'done'的区别 1）being done---->'又被动，又进行” 2）done------->“又被动，又完成” 1），2）均可作原因状语从句，而且更倾向于“done”，因为简单 eg.(being) deeply moved, she couldn't help crying. 但作条件(a)，伴随状语只能用(b)2），不能用1） eg.(a)Once seen, it can't be forgotten./If asked so many questions, Mary's face will turn red. (b)she watched all the gifts ,greatly amazed.(=she watched all the gifts, and was greatly amazed 在一般句中：v1,and v2/ v1,v2,and v3) 结论：当发现所要填非谓语为被动时，能用'done'就用'done'(除了有先后顺序(用(having done/having been done)，详见D)

with伴随状态

As 与 with 引导伴随状语 as 与with 都可以构成结构来表示伴随状语，as 在此结构中是一个连词，而with 是一个介词，因此构成不同的结构来表示伴随状语：区别：结构不同！with 引导的不是句子而是短语，而As＋主语＋谓语动词，+主句 随着产量增长20％，....... As the production increased by 20 percent, we have had another good harvest year. With ＋名词、代词＋介词、形容词，副词，分词，不定式 He enjoys listening to music with his eyes closed. 他喜欢闭着眼睛听音乐。 He came out of the room with his eyes shining. 他走出房间，眼里闪着亮光。Don't speak with your mouth full. 嘴里吃东西时不要讲话。 Mother looked at me with tears in her eyes. 母亲含泪看着我。 with独立结构的位置可前可后，如： With a lot of work to do,he felt even busier. 有大量工作要做，他感到更忙了。With a lot of work done,he felt he would have a good rest. 做完了工作，他感到他要好好休息一下。 练习： 1.with ＋名词（代词）＋介词短语 他手托下巴chin，坐在那儿沉思。 He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand． 2.with ＋名词（代词）＋形容词 Don”t sleep with the door and windows open.不要开着门窗睡觉.