2009年考研强化班写作电子教材-考研英语写作分册

考研英语写作要求与评分细则

1.大纲对写作的要求

《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲(非英语考生)》在考试说明部分要求考生掌握的写作技能：

考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。短文写作时，考生应能：

1)做到语法、拼写、标点正确、用词恰当；

2)遵循文章的特定文体格式；

3)合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；

4)根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当选用语言。

2.考研写作试卷结构

写作是全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试卷的第三部分。该部分考查考生的书面表达能力。共30分。

A节：考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括信件、便笺、备忘录等。满分10分。

B节：要求考生根据提示信息写出一篇160-200词的短文(标点符号不计算在内)。提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。满分20分。

3．考研英语写作评分标准

（一）评分原则和方法

1．A节应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域的恰当。对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题做调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。

B节作文的评分重点在于内容的完整性、文章的组织连贯性、语法结构和词汇的多样性及语言的准确性。

2．评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来给分。评分人员在档内有1-3分的调节分。

3．A节作文的字数要求是100词左右。B节作文的字数要求是160-200词。文章长度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。

4．拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时，视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。

5．如书写较差，以致影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。

（二）一般评分标准

第五档A节（9-10分）B节（17-20分）

很好地完成了试题规定的任务。

---包含所有内容要点；

---使用丰富的语法结构和词汇；

---语言自然流畅，语法错误极少；

---有效地采用了多种衔接手法，文字连贯，层次清晰；

---格式和语域恰当贴切。

对目标读者完全产生了预期的效果。

第四档A节（7-8分）B节（13-16分）

较好地完成了试题规定的任务。

---包含所有内容要点，允许漏掉1、2个次重点；

---使用较丰富的语法结构和词汇；

---语言基本准确，只有在试图使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇时才有个别语法错误；

---采用了适当的衔接手法，层次清晰，组织较严密；

---格式和语域较恰当。

对目标读者完全产生了预期的效果。

第三档A节（5-6分）B节（9-12分）

基本完成了试题规定的任务。

---虽漏掉一些内容，但包含多数内容要点；

---应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的需求；

---有一些语法及词汇错误，但不影响理解；

---采用了简单的衔接手法，内容较连贯，层次较清晰；

---格式和语域基本合理。

对目标读者基本完全产生了预期的效果。

第二档A节（3-4分）B节（5-8分）

未能按要求完成试题规定的任务。

---漏掉或未能有效阐述一些内容要点，写了一些无关内容；

---语法结构单调、词汇项目有限；

---有较多语法结构及词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解；

---未采用恰当的衔接手法，内容缺少连贯性；

---格式和语域不恰当。

未能清楚地传达信息给读者。

第一档A节（1-2分）B节（1-4分）

未完成试题规定的任务。

---明显遗漏主要内容，且有许多不相关的内容；

---语法项目和词汇的使用单调、重复；

---语言错误多，有碍读者对内容的理解，语言运用能力差；

---未采用任何衔接手法，内容不连贯，缺少组织、分段；

---无格式和语域概念。

未能传达信息给读者。

零档（0分）

所传达的信息或所使用语言太少，无法评价；内容与要求无关或无法辨认。

4．应用性短文

2007年考研英语大纲样题：

Directions:

You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:

1)detailed information about the books you want,

2)methods of payment,

3)time and way of delivery.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Min g” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

Sample letter:

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing for information about test preparation materials for the IELTS test.

I wonder if you have a vocabulary book covering the words required for IELTS, as well as past examination papers with keys and model essays. Besides, how should I pay for these books---by cash, cheque, or any other means? If possible, I would like to use my credit card. Finally, how will these books be shipped and when is the approximate time I can receive them? The express mail is preferable if the additional charge is not too much.

I would appreciate it if you would send me a reply at your earliest convenience.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

步骤一：阅读并分析题目：

1）信息点和内容

Explaining a situation:

Requesting information:

2）语言

V ocabulary:

Sentence structure:

3）格式和语域（对比：便笺、备忘录）

Format：salutation, body, complimentary close, name of sender

Register：informal or formal?

步骤二：开始写作

写称呼语：Dear Sir/Madam…To whom it may concern…Dear Mr. Bush…Dear George

表明写作目的：I am writing for/ about/ concerning…I am writing to…I am writing because…

提供/询问信息：I wonder if…Would it be possible for you to…I would like to…

要求采取行动：I would appreciate it if you could…I should be grateful if you could…Could you please…Would you mind…

结束语：Thank you for your attention/ kindness…I look forward to seeing you/ your reply.

签名：Yours sincerely…Yours faithfully…Best wishes…Lots of love

步骤三：检查

检查内容：

检查语言：

检查卷面：

书信写作语言点：

语法点

一般过去时

I'm sorry, I was late for the class this morning.

I really enjoyed your dinner last week.

现在完成时

I have been studying English for 10 years.

The oven has been broken for over a week.

一般现在时

My class starts at 8:30.

They have parties every night.

请求

Would it be possible for me to borrow your notes?

Could you send me information about the trip?

提问

Do you know where the books can be found?

What clothes should I bring?

When does the course start?

原因和结果

I can't go because it is too expensive.

It is too expensive so I can't go.

对比

He studied very hard but he failed in the exam.

He was always late. However, he got the best test result.

词汇

不太正式与较为正式：

She gets good money --- She receives a good salary.

People are worried about the environment — The environment is a major issue.

I'm not really sure, but... — It is possible...

People say... — It is often said...

模拟题：

Directions:

You want to study at a certain foreign university. Write a letter to ask about the situation there as regards accommodation and fees, possible scholarsips, and what qualifications one needs for acceptance.

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am a Chinese student who wish to apply for admission into your prestigious university. My plan is to start my course next term, and I would be grateful if you would be kind enough to provide me with certain essential information.

First, what qualifications do I need to follow a course of study at your university? I already have a bachelor’s degree from Beijing University, but I wonder if there are any further academic requirements. Second, how much are the tuition fees? Although I intend to be self-supporting, I would be interested to hear if there are any scholarships available for international students. Third, what is the situation as regards accommodation?

I look forward to your reply, and to attending your esteemed institution.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

Directions:

You are the president of a company. Write a memo to Percy Shelley, the vice-president on the employee’s training on computer, telling him the need to train the employees, detailed information, and ask him to write a plan.

Date：January 20, 2008

To：Percy Shelley, Vice President

From：Li Ming, President

Subject：Computer Training of the Staff

As we discussed earlier this week, I agree with you that our firm is faced up with problem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff. We need to make up a plan for training our employees in the new field.

I would like you to design our own in-house computer-training program. We had better classify the employees and put them through the program in turn.

Write up a brief proposal, describing what you think the program should cover. Assume the class runs four hours a week for ten weeks. Also, assume people have no prior computer knowledge or any formal course work in computer science.

Directions:

The Students’ Union of your department is planning a Chinese Speaking Contest. Write an announcement which covers the following information:

1) the purpose of the contest,

2) time and place of the contest,

3) what is required of the candidates,

4) details of the judges and awards.

You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the announcement. Use Department of Chinese Language and Literature at the end of the announcement.

Chinese-Speaking Contest

January 20, 2008

To improve students’ ability to speak Chinese and enrich after-class ac tivities, the Students’ Union of Department of Chinese Language and Literature is organizing a school-wide Chinese-speaking contest to be held on Saturday next week (27 January) at the Students’ Auditorium. Those who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of their classes before Tuesday next week. Five professors will be invited to be judges. The first six winners will be given awards. Everybody is welcome to be present at the contest.

The St udents’ Union

Department of Chinese Language and Literature

2005

Directions:

Two months ago, you got a job as an editor for the magazine Fashion & Design. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.

Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming”instead.You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

高分作文：

Dear Mr. Wang,

I am much grateful to be employed by you two months ago as an editor for your magazine Design & Fashions. I appreciate the opportunity of having worked here with you and other colleagues. The experiences will be unforgettable throughout my life.

However, as a young man whose primary interest is in computer science rather than fashion designing. I find my present job doesn’t fall in with my previous training and strength. I therefore

decide to quit this job for something else that may conform to my former preparation.

Please accept my sincere apologies for any inconveniences my leaving may occur.

Yours truly,

Li Ming

2006

Directions:

You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area, write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan. Write your letter in no less than 100 words.Write it on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming”instead.You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

高分作文：

Dear Sir or Madam,

Moved by the noble cause of Project Hope and encouraged by what has been achieved so far, I would like to contribute my bit to the project by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area of your province.

I would be much grateful if you could help me seek out a girl who has just started schooling but whose family cannot afford her education. My plan is to pay for her tuition on an annual basis till she finishes her secondary education. I would like to remit my donation directly to a bank account opened by her family in her local area.

Yours truly,

Li Ming

2007

Directions:

Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use“Li Ming”instead.

Do not write the address. (10 points)

考研英语写作常见问题及对策

1．无话可说，难以下笔。

这主要是由于考生平时很少看文章，很少构思所导致。事实上，考研英语写作一般考的是人们普遍关注的社会性话题，既不出偏题怪题，也极少出现过于复杂的热门话题。要做到考试的时候写作不愁内容，一方面在于平时的积累，另一方面在于正确的构思。首先，考生不能临时抱佛脚，寄希望于背几篇范文照抄，而是应该多看报纸杂志，扩大知识面，关注普遍性的社会话题。如果看的是中文的，主要应该从内容方面了解，如果看的是英文的，还可以同时积累一些常用表达。其次，要做到有话可说，还应该掌握一些基本的构思方法。比如，考生可以用归纳法（induction）构思，然后以演绎法（deduction）写作。

2．有话可说，但不对路。

有的考生不愁没话说，甚至洋洋洒洒，但没有说到点子上，导致严重跑题。考研英语写作属于非开放性话题（controlled writing），不是可以随意创作的。考生应该严格按照题目要求进行。考生的作文应该是对于题目的合理回应（response to the task requirement）。因此，在写作的时候，考生要注意仔细审题。审题可能涉及到题目、提纲、图画图表、及文字说明等几个方面。对于题目中的解释性文字和图画图表要仔细理解斟酌。在平时练习的时候，考生可以采取用历年真题来练笔。自己先写一遍，然后看看高分作文是怎么写的，分析琢磨好的作文，进行模仿和学习。考生要避免东拉西扯加上与题目无关的内容。

3．文章安排，极不合理。

考生文章条理方面的缺乏往往是因为没有紧扣题目要求（directions）所造成。现行考研英语作文一般采用三段论的布局。题目中一般有三条要求，考生完全可以相应地写三段话回应。文章不分段或者分段过多都是不合理的。题目中的要点，一个都不能少。不能忽略题目中的提示，以免结构混乱失衡。段落要有主体句，要按照一定的逻辑框架写作。

4．结构混乱，缺乏关联。

考生写作的时候，可能内容方面都面面俱到，而且也写了三段，但是每段话内部缺少有机联系。这主要是因为没有采用正确的论证方法和文章衔接手段（cohesive devices）运用不成功造成。一般说来，在提出论点（thesis statement）的时候要明确清晰。在进行论证的时候要运用恰当的语篇模式（如exemplification举例说明，cause and effect因果论证, comparison and contrast比较对比等）。层次要清晰，要有逻辑性。阐述要合乎情理，衔接要流畅。衔接手段主要有语法手段（照应、省略、替代、连接）、和词汇手段（重复、同义反义、上下义、具体笼统、语义场）。

5．语言表达，错误众多。

考生在练习了一段时间的考研写作之后，往往发现内容和结构相对已经能够把握，但依然出现众多语言错误。事实上，12分以上的作文，在内容和结构方面已经很少有什么差异，区别主要就在语言质量上。如果用词不当，句不成句，语法错误连篇累牍的话，拿12分以上是天方夜谭。考生应该在了解基本语法的基础上掌握语言的基本运用。其次需要明白写作中经常出现的语言错误的种类。这可以通过反复写作反复修改以及学习琢磨范文加以提高。

6．用词贫乏，句式单一。

许多考生的作文错误倒不多，相当符合语法要求，但用词贫乏，过多使用如more and more, I think, as you know等表达，并且句子结构过于简单。统计结果表明，差的作文中简单句多，而好的作文简单句少；差的作文从句、连词、分词结构出现的频率大大低于好的作文；差的作文中关键词和同义表达出现的频率低于好的作文。用词的丰富和句式的多样应该主要通过多看好文章，仔细琢磨好文章中的用词和句子来提高。换句话说，也就是要从阅读中学习写作。

7．时间限制，无法完成。

每次考试都有相当一部分考生时间来不及，或者匆匆忙忙收尾。作文考试，既要求有准确度，又要求有速度。写得好而慢，或者快而差，都是不可取的。要想做到写作既快又好，别无捷径，只有靠多写多练。

8．字迹不清，影响阅卷。

如果考生由于龙飞凤舞，字迹混乱，从而导致阅卷老师在判卷的时候发生理解上的障碍，那么就会导致失分。考生在平时写作的时候，就应该养成书写清晰，字体适中的习惯。

如何准备考研英语写作

英文里有句谚语：Practice makes perfect.（熟能生巧）。作文要想写好，没有什么诀窍，主要靠多练习。练习作文的时候，可以掌握以下六个字：“多写、多读、多改。”

多写

首先要练习考研英语写作真题。只有练了真题才能对于出题思路和题目构成有清晰完整的了解。在练习的时候要注意应该在规定时间内完成。只有在有时间限制的压力下写作，考生才能在考试的时候发挥自如。当然，如果考生离考试时间还有三个月以上的话，那么可以适当放松时间方面的要求，先力求写得精彩，等到考前三个月的时候再加快写作速度。事实上，如果没有一定量的积累，速度是不可能上去的。在练习写作的时候也不一定非得要写完整的文章，有时候可以进行段落论证的写作。比如，专门花时间练一练开头段或结尾段的写作。有时把文章分解了写可以更能磨练写作技巧。有时候也可以专门练习某种论证手法的写作，甚至对于常用的句型可以进行造句练习。在练习频率上，基本应该保持一星期写一篇以上。

多读

如果考生只是一味埋头苦练的话，那只能提高写作速度而在写作水平上不一定会有长足的进步。只有看了好的文章，考生才会知道应该往哪方面努力以及自己的文章到底有什么不足。最重要的是要看历年考生高分样文。看的时候不要只看懂就行，而要着眼于三个方面：高分范文是如何提出观点并进行论证的，运用了哪些论证手法；范文是怎么安排段落的，段落之间以及句子之间是怎么连接在一起的，运用了哪些衔接手段；范文里有什么精彩的词、词组和句型是值得我们模仿的。如果考生能够举一反三，仔细思考并且适当借鉴的话，那么看一篇就会有一篇的受益。除了考生高分范文以外，其它的一些优秀范文也可以参考。各种精彩段落，包括考研英语阅读文章以及大学时候英语课本里面的一些论证方法和有用表达也可以成为学习的对象。此外，英文报纸杂志也是值得多看多学习的。

多改

有时候考生越看范文会越觉得郁闷甚至沮丧，因为发现自己的低水平文章和高分作文之间似乎存在着不可逾越的巨大鸿沟。要想跨越这条鸿沟，弥补其中的差距，关键在多修改。考生应该自己先在规定时间内完成作文，然后对照范文，看看自己作文中存在的问题。有没有审题错误？结构是否混乱？有没有表达不清的地方？然后仔细琢磨一下，范文是怎么展开论证

的？看数遍范文以后可以试着根据刚才学习范文的体会和收获来修改自己原先写过的文章，把论证不够充分的地方重新论证一下，关联不当的地方修补一下，错误表达改正过来。这样，练一篇，看一篇，改一遍。写一次就会有一次的收获。

只要考生做到了多写、多看、多改，那么，要想不考好考研英语写作都是一件极其困难的事情。

考研英语写作步骤

审题（Analyze the question）

构思（Brainstorm）

列提纲（Outline）

写作（Write up）

检查（Check up）

许多考生在写作文的时候由于担心时间不够，往往拿到题目以后就立刻开始写。但这样做以后却经常由于没有仔细审题和充分思考导致不同程度地跑题，从而失分。以下三步骤写作流程能帮助考生有条不紊地写作。

首先，考生可以用5-6分钟时间做一些准备工作。拿到题目先花1分钟仔细审题（Analyze the question），多看几遍。如果题目里面有生词的话，尽可能地通过上下文推断意思。还要把题目中的核心词（key words）划出来。然后进行Brainstorm（构思）。想一想这道题考的是什么方面的话题，应该从哪些方面展开，可以有什么样的论据。接下来进行Outline（列提纲）。列提纲不是给阅卷老师看的，而是让自己写作文的时候有一个基本清晰的框架结构，可以用英文，也可以用中文。列提纲的时候要注意不需要写出完整的句子，只要能通过这个过程整理思路，形成观点，写些词组下来就行。

第二个步骤是Write up（着手写）。考生可以在刚才所列提纲的基础上敷衍成文。如果说在第一个步骤里面考生主要应该关注写作的内容的话，那么在本步骤里面则是根据第一步骤的成果用通顺流畅的表达进行具体的论证说明。

最后一个步骤是用2-3分钟时间Check up（检查）。许多考生不注意写完以后检查文章当中的语法、词汇、拼写和标点等方面的错误导致失分。有时候，检查与不检查可能相差数分之多。

考研英语写作题型分类

可以用很多种方法对考研英语写作进行分类。如果按照提示信息的形式来分的话，可以分成以下几大类：

一．提纲式作文（1991—1996）

二．图表作文（1997，1999）

三．图画作文（1998，2000—2004）

四．情景作文

一．提纲式作文

1991

DIRECTIONS:

A)Title: WHERE TO LIVE---IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?

B)Time limit: 40 minutes

C)Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

D)Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the

given opening sentence.

E)Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.

OUTLINE:

1.Conveniences of the city

2.Attractions of the country

3.Disadvantages of both

4.My preference

1992

DIRECTIONS:

A)Title: FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN PARENT AND CHILD

B)Time limit: 40 minutes

C)Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

D)Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the

given opening sentence.

E)Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.

OUTLINE:

1.Present situation: Lack of communication between parent and child

2.Possible reasons:

1)Different likes and dislikes

2)Misunderstanding

3)Others

3.Suggestions:

1)For parents

2)For children

1993

DIRECTIONS:

A)Title: ADVERTISEMENT ON TV

B)Time limit: 40 minutes

C)Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

D)Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the

given opening sentence: “Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV

screen.”

E)Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.

OUTLINE:

1.Present state

2.Reasons

3.My comments

1994

DIRECTIONS:

A)Title: ON MAKING FRIENDS

B)Time limit: 40 minutes

C)Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

D)Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the

given opening sentence: “As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend.”

E)Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.

OUTLINE:

1.The need for friends

2.True friendship

3.My principle in making friends

1995

DIRECTIONS:

A)Title: THE “PROJECT HOPE”

B)Time limit: 40 minutes

C)Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

D)Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the

given opening sentence: “Education plays a very important role in the modernization of

our country.”

E)Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

OUTLINE:

1.Present situation

2.Necessity of the project

3.My suggestion

1996

DIRECTIONS:

A)Title: GOOD HEALTH

B)Time limit: 40 minutes

C)Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

D)Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the

given opening sentence: “The desire for good health is universal.”

E)Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

OUTLINE:

1.Importance of good health

2.Ways to keep fit

3.My own practices

二．图表作文

1997

DIRECTIONS:

A.Study the following set of

pictures carefully and write

an essay in no less than 120

words.

B.Your essay must be written

clearly on the ANSWER

SHEET.

C.Your essay should cover all

the information provided

and meet the requirements

below:

1.Interpret the following pictures.

2.Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.

1999

DIRECTIONS:

A.Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least150 words.

B.Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.

C.Your essay should cover these three points:

1. effect of the country’s growing human population on its wildlife

2. possible reason for the effect

3. your suggestion for wildlife protection

三．图画作文

1998

Directions:

A.Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than150

words.

B.Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.

C.Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:

1.Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.

2.Give your comments.

2000

Directions:

Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay to

1.Describe the pictures.

2.Deduce the purpose of the drawer of the pictures, and

3.Suggest counter-measures.

You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET II

A Brief History of World Commercial Fishing

Directions: Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his or her own understanding of it. There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to

1) Show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the pictures below. 2) Give a specific example, and

3) Give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.

You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET II.

2002

Directions:

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures---National and International ” In the essay you should

1. describe the picture and interpret its meaning,

and

2. give your comments on the phenomenon.

You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET II.

Directions:

Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following

1.describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning

2.point out its implications in our life.

2004

Directions:

Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should

1. describe the drawing.

2. interpret its meaning, and

3. support your view with examples.

You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

2005

Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

2006

Directions: Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should 1）describe the photos briefly;