语言学chapter2课后练习答案

Chapter 2

Revision exercises reference

1.What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is

primary and why?

Refer to section 2.1

The two major media of communication are speech and writing. Of the two, speech is considered primary for the following reasons: 1) from the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always a later invention. 2) In everyday communication, speech conveys a greater amount of information than writing. 3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later as part of formal education.

2.What is voicing and how is it caused?

Refer to section 2.2.2 (1)

V oicing is a phonetic feature of some speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the speaker's vocal cords when he produces a certain sound. If a sound bears this feature, it is voiced. If such a feature is absent in the pronunciation of a sound, it is voiceless. All vowels in English are voiced; and some consonants in English are voiced such as [d] and [v] while others are voiceless such as [p] and [s].

3.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription

differ.

Both broad and narrow transcriptions are ways to transcribe speech sounds, i.e.

ways of using written symbols to represent speech sounds. In broad transcription, only the letter symbols are used, and the principle is to use one letter for one

sound, such as [P] and [I]. In narrow transcription, a set of symbols called

diacritics are added to the letter symbols to show the finer differences between similar sounds, such as[P h] and [?].

4.How are the English consonants classified?

As in the pronunciation of consonants the air stream coming from the lungs is somehow obstructed, it is possible and also necessary to classify them in terms of manner of articulation and place of articulation. In terms of manner of obstruction, the consonants are classified into the following groups: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of obstruction, the consonants are classified into the following groups: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal.

5.What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?

To classify the English vowels, the following criteria can be applied: position of the tongue, openness of the mouth, length of the vowels, and the shape of the lips.

According to the position of the tongue, the vowels are classified into front, central and back vowels; according to the openness of the mouth, the vowels are classified into close, semi-close, semi-open, and open vowels; and according to the length of the vowels, they are classified into long vowels and short vowels;

and according to the shape of the lips, and the vowels are classified into rounded and unrounded vowels.

6.Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:

1)voiced palatal affricate--- [d?]

2)voiceless labiodental fricative---[f]

3)voiced alveolar stop---[d]

4)front, close, short---[i]

5)back ,semi-open, long ---[?:]

6)voiceless bilabial stop---[p]

Given the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:

1)[d]---voiced alveolar stop

2)[l]---voiced alveolar liquid

3)[t?]---voiceless palatal/alveolar affricate

4)[w]---voiced bilabial glide

5)[u]---back,close,short(rounded)

6)[?]---front,short,open(unrounded)

7.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you

think will be more interested in the difference between, say, [l]and[?], [p?]and[P],a phonetician or a phonologist? Why?

Refer to section 2.3.1

Though both dealing with speech sounds, phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study in that the former focuses on the speech sounds themselves, their ways of pronunciation, their differences, their classifications, etc., while the latter focuses on the sound system of particular languages and the role sounds play in conveying meaning. Therefore, a phonetician will be more interested in the difference between two sounds.

8.What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones

related to a phoneme?

Refer to section 2.3.2

A phone is simply a speech sound, every actual sound we use or hear in

meaningful linguistic communication. For example, in pronouncing the two words “feel” and “leaf”, we actually use or hear four phones:[f][i:][l]and[~l].

A phone differs from a phoneme in that the former is an actual sound we hear and

it is the unit of study in phonetics, and the latter is not an audible sound, but an abstract entity, a collection of phonetic features, used as a unit of study in phonology. Take the “feel” and “leaf” example again. While four phones are used or heard in the pronunciation of these two words, only three phonemes are involved, i.e. /f/ /i: / and /l/.

A phoneme, though as an abstract entity, is realized as different phones in

different phonetic contexts. All these different phones are called the allophones of the same one phoneme. For example, the aspirated [p?] and the unaspirated [p] are allophones of the same phoneme/p/.

9.Explain with examples the sequential rules, the assimilation rule, and the

deletion rule.

Sequential rules are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For exam ple, why “klib” is a permissible combination of the four sounds in English and why “kbli” is not can only be accounted for by a sequential rule.

The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the actual pronunciation of the letter “n” in the word “ incorrect” is not the alveolar [n] but the velar nasal [?] is a manifestation of the assimilation rule at work.

The deletion tells us when a sound is deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words as sign, design, and paradigm, there is no [g] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter

g. But in their corresponding noun forms signature, designation and paradigmatic,

the [g] represented by the letter g is pronounced.

10.What are Suprasegmental features? How do the major Suprasegmental

features of English function in conveying meaning?

Suprasegmental features refer to those phonological features occurring above the sound segment level. The major Suprasegmental features in English are stress and intonation. The shift of word stress may change the part of speech of words of the same spelling, such as “'progress n.” and “pro'gress v.” , and different stress may cause difference in the meaning of some compound nouns and noun phrases with the same components, such as “'hotdog” and “hot 'dog”. Stressing words that are normally unstressed in a sentence may convey some extra meaning by the speaker.

For exam ple, by stressing the pronoun “my” in the sentence “He is driving 'my car” the speaker is emphasizing the fact that the car he is driving is no one else`s but the speaker`s.

The three often-used intonations in English are the falling tone, the rising tone, and the fall-rise tone. The basic role they each play is that the falling tone states a fact, the rising tone raises a question, and the fall-raise tone implies some meaning not literally expressed. For example, the same sentence “That`s not the book he w ants” said in the three different intonations convey three different meanings.

Supplementary Exercises

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:

1.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish

meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.

2. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.

3.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.

4.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.

5.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount

of information conveyed.

6.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which

a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.

7.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat,

the mouth and the chest.

8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.

9.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the

tongue that is raised the highest.

10.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be

classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.

11.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.

12.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more

phonemic segments.

II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:

13. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.

14.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all b_______

sounds.

15.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.

They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.

16.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____

rules.

17.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and

how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.

18.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word

stress and s_________ stress.

III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:

19.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.

A. mouth

B. lips

C. tongue

D. vocal cords

20.__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.

A. /z/

B. /d/

C. /k/

D. /b/

21.Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can

distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.

A. in phonemic contrast

B. in complementary distribution

C. the allophones

D. minimal pair

22. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest

position.

A. back

B. central

C. front

D. middle

23.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic

segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.

A. phonetic components

B. immediate constituents

C. Suprasegmental features

D. semantic features

24.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of

distinctive phonetic features.

A. phone

B. sound

C. allophone

D. phoneme

语言学概论复习题及参考答案

语言学概论 一、填空题： 1.双唇、浊、鼻音的国际音标是，舌面前、高、圆唇元音的国际音标是，舌面 前、半高、不圆唇元音的国际音标是，舌面后、半高、圆唇元音的国际音标是。 2.舌面后、半高、圆唇元音的国际音标是，齿间、浊、擦音的国际音标是__________，双 唇、不送气、浊、塞音的国际音标是__________，舌尖中、送气、清、塞音的国际音标是。 3.根据发音特征描述，写出下列元音：舌面后半高圆唇元音是，舌面前低不圆唇元音 是，舌面前高圆唇元音是。 4.汉语的七大方言是、、、、、 、，其中是现代汉民族共同语的基础方言。 5.根据语素在词中的不同作用，把词根和词缀叫作语素，而把词尾叫作语素。 6.世界上的语言从语法结构角度来划分，一般可以分为四种类型，即：、、 和复综语，汉语属于。 7. 是由两个或两个以上构词语素组成的词。 8. 和是语言发展的两个突出的特点。 9.研究通常以词为界，词以上的规则叫，词以下的规则叫。 10.语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系 是和。 11.语言符号的和是它的两大特点。 12.每个元音的音质是由、、三个方面的因素决定的。 舌位的高低，舌位的前后，嘴唇的圆展 13.以音素为材料进行分析的音位是，具有区别意义作用的音高、音重、音长这类音位叫 做。 14.一般说来，地域方言间的差别主要表现在上。 15.根据发音特点，音素可以分为和两类，例如汉语音节中的声母，主要就是 由充当的。 16.用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员。 17.人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的 感性。 18.几种句子格式表示相同或相近的结构意义，称为。同一个句子表示几种不同的结构意 义，称为。 19.语音的、、三个环节，分别对应于语音的生理、物理、心理 三个方面的属性。 20.句子按其语气可以分为陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等不同的类型，例如“什么书他都喜欢看” 是。 二、单项选择题： 1.从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（）。 A.元音 B.辅音 C.音素 D.音位 2.汉语拼音方案是以（）字母为基础制订的。 A.英语 B.法语 C.拉丁 D.希腊 3.下列说法中，（）是正确的。 A.音高具有区别意义的作用。 B.妇女的声带比男子要厚。 C.汉语中音长具有区别意义的作用 D.汉语“天”、“空”两个音节的音高不同 4.下列说法，只有（）正确。

语言学课后习题答案

语言学概论作业 Chapter 1 1.How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: linguistics is the scientific study of language? To understand this definition, we should focus on three words in this sentence: scientific, study and language. First of all, scientific here means a study which is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. The linguist studies it to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system. Secondly, the word study here refers to investigation or examination. Thirdly, Language here is general term. It refers to any human language, Chinese spoken by the Chinese, English by the English people, German by the Germans, or even Esperanto, an artificial language. Language here also means the dialects or variants of a common language such as Cantonese, a variant of Mandarin.Therefore, this whole sentence can be interpreted that linguistics is a language study through the systematic investigation of linguistic data and some general theory of language structure. 2.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? Phonetics:the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties. Phonology:it studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language. Morphology: a field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a language Syntax:A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences. Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context. 3.In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? ①Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. ②Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. ③Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why? In modern linguistics, the linguists seem to give priority to synchronic studies other than diachronic ones. Because it is believed that unless the various states of

语言学-Chapter4-课后练习答案

Chapter 4 Revision Exercises 1. What is syntax? Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 2. What is phrase structure rule? The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP→(Det) N (PP) ... VP→(Qual) V (NP) ... AP→(Deg) A (PP) ... PP→(Deg) P (NP) ... We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P. The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement) 3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category? Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution. 4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have? The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure. It has four important properties: 1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction. 2) a category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated. 3)coordinated categories must be of the same type. 4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined. 5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play? A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier. The role each element can play:

语言学概论课后练习汇总

语言学概论课后练习汇总 第一章总论 本章思考题： 1.“在现代科学体系中语言学是领先和关键的学科。”怎样理解这句话的含义？ 2.你怎样理解应用语言学这一术语？ 3.有人说转换生成语言学是语言学的革命，有人则说它是“毒蛇蛋”；有人说它不断改变看法是理论上的不一贯，有人则说它是理论上的发展。你认为应该怎样正确看待转换生成语言学？ 4.张三和李幺妹刚给2岁的孩子过完两周岁的生日，两人就为小孩的培养问题争吵了起来。张三说：“应该教儿子识字了。”李幺妹说：“应该教儿子学音乐。”请从语言学的角度给他们一点建议。 练习题 名词解 1.语言学 2.小学 3.专语语言学 4.共时语言学 5.历时语言学 二、填空题 1.语言学的三大发源地是______、______、______。 2.我国传统的语文学统称“小学”，包括______、______、______三方面。 3.研究语言的结构，主要包括______、______、______、______四个部分。 4.语言是传递信息的过程，主要包括______、______、______、______、______五个阶段。 5.专语语言学可以从______和______两个方向研究语言，分别被称为______语言学和______语言学。 6.______语言学的建立，标志着语言学开始走上独立发展的道路。 7.布龙菲尔德的代表性著作______是美国结构主义语言学的奠基性著作，对美国结构主义语言学的形成、发展有重要的作用。 8.______被称为现代语言学之父，其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上具有十分重要的地位。 三、问答题 1.古代的语言研究和今天的语言研究有哪些不同之处？ 2.语言交际过程分为哪几个阶段？请举例说明。(可结合分析任举一个句子作说明.) 3.“语言学既是一门古老的学科,又是一门年轻的学科;既与社会科学有密切的联系,又与自然科学有密切的联系。”怎样理解这句话的含义？ 4.语言学有哪些作用？请结合实际加以说明。(结合实际部分可以根据自己的学习,工作或生活经历举例) 5.简述语言学的分类。

语言学概论习题课堂习题答案版

语言学概论习题 1．根据发音特点，音素可以分为__元音__和__辅音__两类，例如汉语音节中的声母，主要就是由__辅音__充当的。 2．每个元音的音质是由__舌位的高低__、__舌位的前后__、__嘴唇的圆展_三个方面的因素决定的。 7．汉语的调位可分__阴平__、__阳平__、__上声__和__去声__四类，其音质分别是__55__、__35__、__214__、__51__。 8．汉语的音节可分为__声母__、__韵母__、__声调__三部分，其中__韵母__又分__韵头__、__韵腹__、__韵尾__三部分。 9．常见的语流音变主要有__同化__、__异化__、__脱落__、__增音__四种，例如汉语的"豆腐"，实际音质是[toufu],但人们说话时常说成[touf]，这种现象是__脱落__。 1. __语法规则__是大家说话的时候必须遵守的习惯,不是语言学家规定的。 2.语法的__组合规则__和__聚合规则__构成一种语言的语法规则。 3.从形式上看，句子的最大特点是_____有一个完整的语调_______。 4.句子按其语气可以分为陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等不同的类型，例如“他谁都认识”是__陈述__ 。 5.句子里根据表达的需要临时作出组合的词组叫__自由词组__ 。 6.固定词组中的成份一般不能__更换__、__增删__ ,次序不能__颠倒__ ，它在语法结构中的作用与词完全一样。 7.从意义和作用看，词可以分为__实词__和__虚词__两大类。 8.语法研究通常以词为界，词以上的规则叫__句法__ ，词以下的规则叫__词法__ 。 9.我们可以根据语素在词中的不同作用把它分成__词根__ 、__词缀__ 、__词尾__ 三类。 10.一个词，除去它的词尾，就是它的__词干__ 。 11.根据语素在词中的不同作用，我们可以把词根和词缀叫作__构词__ 语素，把词尾叫作__变词__语素。 12.汉语语素中，大部分是__词根__ 语素，词缀不多，没有词尾。这是汉语的特点。有的语法著作中常常把前缀、后缀叫作“词头”、“词尾”。 13.语素组合成词的规则叫 __构词法__，它和词的变化规则合在一起叫作__词法__ 。 14.由词根语素按一定的规则组合起来构成的词，称为__复合词__ 。由词根语

部分语言学课后练习答案

II.Give the description of the following sound segments in English. 1. [?] voiceless dental fricative 2. [?]: voiceless postalveolar fricative 3. [?]: velar nasal 4. [d]: voiced alveolar stop 5. [p]: voiceless bilabial stop 6. [k]: voiceless velar stop 7. [l]: alveolar lateral 8. [i]: high front lax unrounded vowel 9. [u:]: high back tense rounded vowel 10. [?]: low back lax rounded vowel III. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below. 1.voiceless labiodental fricative: [f] 2.voiced postalveolar fricative: [?] 3.palatal approximant: [j] 4.voiceless glottal fricative: [h] 5.voiceless alveolar stop: [t] 6.high-mid front unrounded vowel: [i] 7.high central rounded vowel: [] 符号里没找到，就是在语音[U]上划一横 8.low front rounded vowel: [?] 9.low-mid back rounded vowel: [?] 10. high back rounded tense vowel: [u:] V. Discuss the following questions. 4) To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ? Phonetics is the branch of linguistics studying the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology is the study of sound systems that occur in a language and the patterns where they fall in. Minimal pairs, phonemes, allophones, free variation, complementary distribution, etc., are all to be investigated by a phonologist. Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it focuses on chaos. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. A phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds related with their semantic features, morphological features, and the way they are conceived and printed in the depth of the mind. Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign “accent”, to make up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tenses, to know what is and what is not a sound in one?s language. It focuses on order.

(完整版)语言学练习题及答案

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岑运强《语言学基础理论(修订版)》习题答案

《语言学基础理论(修订版)》部分习题答案 第一章总论. □言语是 ×. 言论与语言×. 音义结合的符号系统 √. 说话和所说的话 □语言是一种 ×. 形式和内容相统一的视觉符号 √. 音义结合的听觉符号系统 ×. 用来交际的触觉符号系统 □抽象思维的一般特性是 ×. 概括性、民族性×. 概念、判断、推理 ×. 固定、再现、改造√. 概括性、社会性 □语言是思维的工具指的是 ×. 一切思维必须由语言完成 √. 主要指抽象思维和直观动作思维、形象思维的高级阶段离不开语言×. 指直观动作思维和表象思维离不开语言 □思维的三种类型是

√. 直观动作思维、表象思维、抽象思维 ×. 概念、判断、推理 ×. 固定、再现、改造 □语言符号的任意性是 ×. 语言符号的创造和使用总是任意的 ×. 我们可以任意理解语言的符号 √. 语言符号音义之间没有本质的联系 □语言符号的线条性 ×. 语言符号的排列没有阶级性,象一根线条排列在一起 ×. 语言符号一个跟一个依次出现,随时间推移不分层次逐渐延伸√. 语言符号在时间的线条上逐个出现,同时不排除层次性 □“他肯定不会来了!”这句话强调了说者的 ×. 说话行为√. 施事行为 ×. 取效行为×. 言语行为 □汉语声调从中古到现代的“平分阴阳,入派三声”的规律是√. 个别语言的发展规律×. 一般语言的发展规律 ×. 汉民族各种方言的发展规律 □一个民族内部共同使用的语言称为

√. 民族共同语×. 民族交际语 ×. 国际交际语 □克里奥尔语是语言的 √. 混合×. 融合 ×. 分化×. 整化 □语言融合的“底层”现象是 ×. 语言装置的最下面一层,即语音部分√. 被融合的语言的某些遗留下来的因素×. 被压迫的阶层 第二章语音 □声调决定于 √. 音高×. 音强 ×. 音长×. 音质 □[p、t?、b、k]在发音方法上的共同特点是×. 清音×. 不送气 √. 塞音×. 擦音 □舌尖后浊擦音是