大一必备三级英语翻译资料

三级英语翻译资料
一、比较级
1．这个电影比那个电影更让我喜欢。
2．我们将尽快地把技术资料寄给你们。
3．在这三本字典中，我认为第一本对我们最适用。
4．他的翻译水平并不是像我们想象的那样好。
5．对任何事情来说，有准备都比没有准备好。
二、不定式
1．学习科学的最好方法之一是做实验。
2．下月在我校召开的国际会议一定会成功。
3．人们认识到如何使自己适应周围环境变得越来越重要了。
4．中国是世界上第一个造纸的国家。
5．将这些货物包装在结实的箱子内是必要的。
三、定语从句
1．他说的一切似乎都有道理。
2．附近有什么地方我们可以买到邮票吗？
3．任何了解我国经济情况的人都知道发展农业的重要性。
4．这本小说是我曾经读过的最引人入胜的一本，而且是同类书中最长的一本。
5．我们对他解决问题的方法很感兴趣。
四、名词性从句
1．谁第一个被面试还没有确定。
2．我们何时开工并无关系。最重要的是我们必须做好准备。
3．计算机是如何工作的将在下一次课上做详细说明。
4．这家工厂只能供应我们所需要的30%。
5．她说的使我想起了自己的童年。
五、状语从句
1．在老师再解释一遍后，同学们才听懂这个句子的意思。
2．因为我们住在海滨，所以能够享受到有益健康的气候。
3．尽管我们两家公司在商业上是竞争对手，但在许多方面存在共同利益。
4．他们对问题进行详细讨论后，达成了一致的意见。
5．他的讲演这样的精彩，因此人人都称赞他。
六、分词
1．采用这个办法，我们提高了学习英语的效率。
2．由于英语考试只得了60分，她显得很失望。
3．在实践中取得的经验将对我们的工作很有好处。
4．从今年上半年看，经济增长较快，形势令人鼓舞。
5．我们必须使我们的思想适应变化了的情况。
七、被动语态
1．过去的10年中，经过共同努力，在我国的研究生教育方面取得了很大的进步。
2．大量的统计资料进行了编辑，以便随时可提取和解答。
3．随着车辆的增加，恐怕交通事故亦将增加。
4．你们应该在货物运到后立即付款。
5．在我国英语被看做是学习西方先进科学技术的一种工具。

答案：
一、比较级
1. I like this film much better than that one.
2. We will send the technical data to you as soon as possible.
3. Of the three dictionaries, I think the first one is the most suitable for us.
4. His ability in translation is not so strong as we thought.
5. It is better to be prepared than unprepared for everything.
二、不定式
1. One of the best ways to study science is to do experiments.
2. The international conference to be held in our university

next month is bound to be a success.
3. It is becoming increasingly important for people to know how to adjust themselves to their surroundings.
4. China is the first country in the world to make paper.
5. It is necessary to pack the goods in strong boxes.
三、定语从句
1. Everything he said seems reasonable.
2. Is there any place around where we can buy some stamps?
3. Anyone who understands the economic conditions in our country knows the importance of the development of agriculture.
4. This novel is the most fascinating one I have ever read and the longest of its kind.
5. We are interested in the way by which he solved the problems.
四、名词性从句
1. Who will be the first to be interviewed has not been decided yet.
2. When we start doesn’t matter. The most important thing is that we should make good preparations for it.
3. How a computer works will be explained in detail at the next lecture.
4. This factory can only supply thirty percent of what we need.
5. What she said makes me think of my own childhood.
五、状语从句
1. Only after the teacher explained it a second time did the students understand the meaning of the sentence.
2. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.
3. Although both our companies are business competitors, we share common interests in many areas.
4. After they discussed the matter in detail, they came to an understanding.
5. He made such a wonderful speech that everyone spoke highly of him.
六、分词
1. Adopting this method, we have improved our efficiency in English learning.
2. She looked rather disappointed because she got only 60 points in the English test.
3. The experience gained in practice will be of great value to our work.
4. In the first half year, economy has increased rapidly, and the situation is encouraging.
5. We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.
七、被动语态
1. Over the past ten years, with joint efforts a big progress has been made in graduate education in China.
2. A large amount of statistical data have been compiled so that they can be drawn and answered at any time.
3. As the number of vehicles increases, it is feared that the number of traffic accidents will be increased, too.
4. You should make the payment right after the goods are delivered.
5. In our country English is regarded as a tool by which we can learn advanced science and technology from Western countries.

英语动词时态

英语动词时态
（TENSES）
英语时态是英语语法中的第一道难关，攻下此关是阅读之关键。汉语用不同词表达相应时态，而英语用同一词的确不同变化形式表达时态。
一、英语各种时态构成表；以play为例；
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态
现在 play is has has
plays am playing have played have been playing
过去 played was had played had b

eed playing
were playing
将来 shall shall shall shall
will play will be piaying will have playd will have been playing
过去 should should should should
将来 would play would be playing would have played would have been playing
二、一般现在时；
１、构成；使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。
（１）直接加“s”，works　takes
（２）以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”
carry　――carries
（3）以“o，s，ch，ｓh”结尾的动词加“es”
goes dresses watches brushes
2．功能；
（１表现在的事实，状态或动作；
eg； Birds fly。
She loves music
Mary‘s parents get up very early
（２）表示习惯动作或职业，常与often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，
seldom，occasionally，frequently等时间副词连用。
eg；I always take a walk after supper。
She writes to me very often
Tom and his girlfriend go out to take apicnic occasionally。
（３表客观真理，格言警句或事实；
The earth moves round the sun。
The sun rises in the east and sets in west。
Two and twomakes foｍａMMur。
No man but errs。人非圣贤，孰能无过。
（４表将来；
A． 在由when，after，befors，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till ，until，unless，so long as，where，whatever，wherever等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。（黄金重点，所有考试都不放过它！！！）
例如I`ll tell her when she comes tomorrow
Even if it rains this afternoon，I`ll meet you。
Whatever happens，you should keep cool-headed（不错的句型，背下！！！）
I`ll be right here waiting for you wherever you go。（很感人的句型！）
B．按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。
The play begins at 6；30 this evening。
When does the plane take off？
He leaves for that city next week。
According to the timetable，the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning（按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。）
二．现在进行时；is、am、are+现在分词
１、表示现在正在进行的动作。如
The kettle is boiling。Shall Imake ted？
Don`t you think you eat too much？You`re putting on weight（体重增加）。
The workers are building a new bridge across the river。
2表现阶段正进行的动作。
He istaking physics this semester（本学期）。
We are preparing for our final examination this week。
3、go，come，leave，arrive，land，meet，die，start，return，join，etc。用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。
Look！The bus is coming。看！车来了！
The old man is seriously ill，and he is dying。
Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother。
4、与always，foreve

r，continually，constantly等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩；赞赏或厌恶。
He is always thinking of others（他总是想着别人。）
The boy is continually making noises（这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。）
The teacher is constantly （always）critizing her for being late（老师一直在批评她迟到。）
5、下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。此条戒律背10遍！！！）
believe（相信） doubt（怀疑） see（看见） hear（听见） know（知道） understand（理解） belong（属于） think（认为） consider（认为） feel（觉得） look（看起来） seem（看上去） show（显示） mind（介意） have（有） sound（听起来） taste（尝起来） require（要求） possess（拥有） care（关心） like（喜欢） hate（讨厌） love（喜爱） detest（憎恨） desire（意欲）
简单记忆
永远不要说I`m believing。。。或He is seeing a house。再简单一点说，这些动词后面不要随意加—ing。
可怕的是；我们在写作及口语中常犯此类大错！
注意；have a party|think about可以用进行时，因为这里have意为“举行”；think意为“考虑”
三．一般过去时。定义动词的过去试：
１表示过去某个特定时间或一段时间发生的动作或情况。
We visited the school last spring。
I went to school by bike when I was in middle school。
China was rounded in 1949。
２、在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时（参考）
She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the next day。
They would not leave until she came back。
My fyiend promised to marry me once she made her final decision。
３、一般过去时，现在时和过去时的几组差异；（别以为很简单，下面的差异你不一定明白。）
Her brother was a chemist。（已去世）
Her brother is a chemist（尚健在）

That`s all I had to say（话已说完）
That`s all I have to say（言之未尽）

It was so nice to see you（离别时用）
It is so nice to see you（见面时用）

Jane did a lot of work this morning（已是当天下午或晚上）
Jane has done a lot of work this morning（仍是上午）
四、过去进行时；were|was+现在分词
１、表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。
I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening。
When I arrived ，they were watching TV。
They were dong housework this time last week。
２、用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。
She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping。
I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast
３、过去某时将发生的事。
They told me that they were leaving for New York。
He was going out when I arrived。
五、现在完成时；have|has+过去分词
１表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产

生的结果。常与yet，just，before，recently（最近）ever，never等表示时间的副词搭配使用。
He hasn`t seen her her lately。
I haven`t finished the book yet。
２、表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如；so far（迄今为止），up till now（直到现在），since，for a long time（很长时间），up to present（直到现在），in the past|in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these days（目前）
He has worked here for 15 years。
I have studied English since I came here。
The foreigner has been away from China a long time。
So far，I haven`t received a single letter from my brother。
３、某些非延续性动词（即；动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。
黄金要点；
A、常见的非延续动词；die，arrive（到达），join（加入），leave（离开），go，refuse（拒绝），fail（失败），finish，buy，marry，divorce（离婚），awake（醒），buy，borrow，lend（全部会背）。
B、这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能按常由for引导的时间状语。
C、若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。
She has qone away for a month。（误）
She has been away for a month。（正）

The man has died for two years。（误）
The man has been dead for two years（正）

How long have you bought the book？（误）
How long have you qot the book，（正）
４、注意since的用法；
They haven`t had any trouble since they came here。
It has been ten years since we met last time。
He has been here since 1980。
He has been here since ten years age。
５、几组对比；
He has gone to Shanghai（他到上海去了）
He has been to Shanghai（他去过上海）。

She has gone。（她已经走了）。
She is gone（or她死了）

The door has been closed（门关上了。表动作）。
The door is closed（门是关着的。表状态）。

六、现在完成进行时；have|has+been+现在分词
１、表示从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在且可能延续下去的动作（一定要理解这个定义）
I`ve been waiting for an hour but she hasn`t come。
He has been running after her for 8 years。（run after；追求）
２、表示某种感情色彩。
I`ve been wanting to see you for so many years。
Who`s been telling you such nonsecse。
解惑要点；现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比；
现在完成时强调结果，而完成进行时强调动作的延续。
I have thought of it。（我已经想到了一点）
I have been thinking of it。（我一直在想这一点）
Jim has painted the door。（杰姆已将门油漆过了）
Jim has been painting the door。（杰姆一直在油漆门）
七、过去

完成时；had+过去分词
１、表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生，完成的动作。“过去的过去。”
They had got evenything ready before I came。
The play had begun before I got to the …1theater with my boyfriend。
２、过去完成时常用于hardly|scarcelhen，no sooner。。。than等固定句型结构中*（意思为；“一。。。就”为重点句型）。
She had hardly|scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.
No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.(no sooner在句首时句型倒装。)
3、intend（打算），mean（意味），hope（希望） want（想要） plan（计划）等动词的过去完成时用来表示本打算做而没有做的事。
I had intended to call on you yesterday ，but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave（…原想昨天去看你…）
They had planed to hold a football match last week ，but they had to cancel it because the bad weathe（…原计划上周举行一场足球赛…）
八、一般将来时；shall|will+动词原型
１表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
He will graduate form the college next year。
We shall finish our work as quickly as possible。
２将来时的其它结构（一定要背下！！！）
. A。be going to do something 。打算做某事（美国口语中常作be gonna）
I`m going to do buy a new coat this fall。
（be going to 与will的对比；下列情况须用will）
I`ll be sixteen years old next year。
It will be the 20th of August tomorrow。
When he comes ，Iwill give him your message。
B、be+to do sth。表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。
Am I to take over his work ？
We are to meet at the gate。
C、be about to do sth即将做某事。
The talk is about to begin。
３、重点补充；
be on the point of doint sth。正要做某事
set out to do sth 着手做某事
set about doing sth开始做谋事
九、过去将来时；should|would+动词原形
１表示从过去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或状态。
He said that they would meet me at the station
２此用法常用于间接引语中。
十过去完成进行时；had been+现在分词
表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。
She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in。
比较；
The girl had cleaned up room，so it was tidy。
The girl had been clearing up the room ，so we had to wait outside。
十一、将来进行时；shall|will be+分词 。
１表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作；
What will you be doing this time tomorrow？
比较；
Tom won`t cut the grass because he is afraid of being tired（说明意图）
Tom won`t be cutting the grass（无意图、仅陈述事实）
２用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用一般将来时更显得有礼貌。
Will you be having supper with us this evening？
３将来进行时表示

对即将发生的动作的推测。
She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning。
The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour。
十二、过去将来进行时；should|would be+现在
表示从过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作。
He asked me what I should be doing when he came the next day。
十三、将来完成时；shall|will have+现在分词
表示将来某时之前已经完成的动作。
They will have been here for 5 years next Friday。
By the end of next term ，the students will have finished the book。
十四、过去将来完成时；would|should have+过去分词
表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作。
He said that they would have arrived by seven o`clock。
十五、将来完成进行时；shall|will have been+现在分词
表示某一动作将继续到将来某时，且该动作此时尚未发生。
We shall have been staying here four weeks when Tom arrives。
It will have been raining ror a week if it does not stop tomorrow。
（此句型太复杂，人们很少用它，了解就行）

名词（Nouns）
（一）名词变复数；
1、规则名词复数形式；
在单数名词后面加“s” day——days week——weeks
４在以o，s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词后加“es”。
hero——heroes box——boxes class——classes bush——bushes watch——watches
５、黄金重点；
A、有些以o结尾的外来词或缩略词的复数形式只加“S”
B、以元音字母加O结尾的单词只加“s”（不认识的单词，快查字典，懒惰是学英语的天敌。）
piano，photo，zero，radio，bamboo，tobacco，solo，cuckoo，dynamo，cameo，soprano。
教你一招
如果以o结尾的名词有生命力，则该词汇一般加-es。
Hero，tomato，potato，Negro（黑人）[简记；黑人英雄吃西红柿马铃薯。]
６以辅音加y结尾的名词变y为I再加“es”
family——families city——cities
７、y前面是元音字母只加“S”
key——keys boy——boys play——plays toy——toys
８、以f，fe结尾的名词，变f|fe为v 加es
calf——calves knife——knives
重点之重点；
A、下列名词直接加“S”（一定要全部会背，读音要准！！！）
roof（房顶） reef（暗礁） chief（首领） cliff（悬崖） grief（悲痛） turf（草皮） belief（信仰） gulf（港湾） dwarf（侏儒） safe（保险箱） sheriff（长官） tariff（关税）
B、scarf（头巾） whart（码头） staff（全体职员） handkerchief（手帕） hoof（蹄）既可直接加“s”，又可变f为v加es。
二．不规则名词复数形式；
1、 foot——feet mouse——mice goose——geese child——children louse——lice
woman——women man——men
２、单复数同形；
sheep，deer，fish，means，Chinese，Japanese，Swiss，works，barracks（兵营）bellows（

风箱），kennels（狗窝）
３、一些英语外来词的复杂数形式；
crisis——crises危机 analysis——analyses分析 oasis——oases绿洲
parenthesis——parentheses括号 ellipsis——ellipses假定 synopsis——synopses内容提要
erratum——errata勘误误表 addendun——addenda补遗、附录 medium——media媒体
(以上单词熟悉即可)
三、复合名词复数形式；
１、中间没有连字符的合成名词在词尾变复数；
bookshelf——bookshelves handful——handfuls
２、man和 woman构成的复合名词，二者均变为复数。
Man servant——men servants woman teacher——women teachers
３、中间有连字符的合成词，在主体词（中心意义的词）末尾变为复数。
Sister-in-law——sister-in-law looker-on——lookers-on editor-in-chief——editors-in-chief
４、下列合成名词在后一个词上变化；
sit-in——sit-ins grown-up——grown-ups stand-by——stant-bys
touch-me-not——touch-me-nots go-between——go-betweens
四、名词所有格
１、在大多数名词末加“s”
the boy`s toy，men`s work
２、以S结尾的复数名词直接加“`”
the student`s reading room
３、以s结尾的单数名词加“`”。
Dickens`novels the actress`performance
４合成名词在最后一个词上加“s”。
her brother-in-law`s piano。
Somebody else`s books（重要！！！）
金牌重点；除用于有生命的人外，“s”格还可用于度量衡‘地域、天体及一些习语中；
an hour`s drive， a mile`s journey， ten pounds` weight， Beijing`s weather
the earth`s surface a stone`s throw投石之距离 at one`s wits end智穷计尽
to one`s heart`s content尽情地 by a hair`s breadth千钧一发 at a snail`s pace缓慢地
５双重所有格；
如果被修饰的名词前有不定冠词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词修饰。则要采用双重所有格。
A friend of mine（名词性物主代词）
A child of hers
The love poems of your sister`s
注意区别；
ａ　portrait of her mother她母亲的画像（画中人）
a portait of her mother`s她母亲拥有的画像中的一幅（不一定是她母亲的画像）


形容词、副词比较级和最高级
Comparative degree Superlative degree；
一、形容词和副词
形容词主要是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语和宾语补足语，有时还可作状语。
Our country is a great county。（定语）
She is honest and hard working。（表语）
I found the book interesting and instructive。（宾语补足语）。
He spent seven days in the wind and snow， cold and hungry（状语）
宾语补足语和宾语一起构成复合宾语。
Have you got everything ready for the journey宾补
We keep our room clean and ti宾补
（一）难点；形容词作定语表语等几

个问题
１、形容词作定语时的后置
形容词作定语时通常放在所修饰名词的前面，但符合以下情况需后置。
（１如果形容词本身又带有自己的状语时为保持句子平衡习惯上要放在所修饰名词的后面。
All these are matters worthy of attention。
This is a problem hard to solve。
English is a language easy to learm but difficult to master。
（２被修饰的名词是由some，any，every，no构成的合成词。
I have something（that is）important to tell you。
Is there anything（that is）better？
He has nowhere appropriate to go。
Can you find somebody。
２常见的只能用作表语的形容词有；
asleep睡着的 alive活着的
ashamed羞愧的 content满足的
awake醒的 afraid害怕的
well健康的 unable不能的
alone单独的 alike相似的
aware意识到的
（２常见的只能用作定语的形容词有；
wooden木制的 latter后面的
daliy每天的 elder年长的
spare空闲的 golden黄金般的
inner内部的 weekly每周的
little小的 former以前的
outer外部的 right右边的
live活的
（3）-ly是常见的副词词尾，但有少部分形容词也是以-ly结尾。
Lively活泼的 fatherly慈父般的
Lonely孤独的 monthly每月一次的
Lowly卑贱的 friendly友好的
Lovely可爱的 deadly致命的
Earthly世俗的 likely很可能的
Manly男人气的 ugly丑陋的
Deathly死一般的 costly昂贵的
Kindly和蔼的
３、有些形容词与副词加-ly之后，有些地方意义大不相同。
Bare稀少的 barely仅仅，勉强
Dorect直接的 directly马上，立即
Hard硬的，坚固的 hardly几乎不，简直不
Hight高的 highly高度地，非常
Large巨大的 largely主要地，大体地
Late迟的，已故的
Most很，十分 lately近来，不久前
Near邻近的 mostly大部分，通常
Present现在的，目前的 nearly差不多
Scarce缺乏的，不足的 presently一会儿，不久，
Short短的，短暂的 scarcely几乎不，简直没有
Fair公平的，美丽的 shortly立刻，不久
Just公正的，恰当的 fairly相当地，非常地
Justly公正地，应得地
４连系动词及由部分行为动词转化的连系动词，后面应接形容词作表语，切勿误用副词。如；
She felt bad at the news（不要用badly）
She looks very serious（不要用seriously）
The dish smells good（不要用well）
５如果有几个形容词同时说明同一个名词，一般排列顺序是；限定词+大小，长短，高低，贵贱的形容词+用途类形容词+名词中心词。如；
This is an expensive steel and nylon te

nnis racket。
She wears a very valuable new gold ring。
比较级构成方式；
A、adj|adv+er|est
poor——poorer——poorest fast——faster——fastest
B、词尾e+r|st
large——larger——largest fine——finer——finest
C、重读闭音节中短元音+辅音词尾——双写辅音词尾+er|est。
big——bigger——biggest hot——hotter——hottest
D、辅音+y——I+er|est
dry——drier——driest angry——angrier——angriest
E、多音节性形容词及副词；
more+adj|adv most+adj|adv
F、不规则变化；
good|well——better——best bad|ill——worse——worst
many|much——more——most little——less——least
lat——later——latest late——latter——last
far——farther——farthest far——further——furthest
用法示例；
比较级用于二者相比较，由than构成比较状语从句；
（１）He looks stronger than I（do）。
The climate of Shanghai is hotter than that of Beijing。
My Schoolbag is large than hers。
The book is much more interesting than that one。
笔记要点；两个相比较的主语必须相对应。
（２）It is getting colder and coider、
She is becoming more and more beautiful、
笔记要点；两个形容词比较级由and连在一起，表示“越来越、、、”
（３）The older we grow ，the poorer our memory will be。
The earlier we start ，the sooner we`ll get there。
笔记要点；这种句型结构表示“越、、、、、、越、、、、、”
（4）I prefer the cheaper one of the two books。
Of the two brothers，he is the cleverer。
笔记要点；二者之比较。而Of the three girls，She is the cleverest。
最高级构成方式；
三者或三者以上进行比较，“the+形容词|副词est”。
（１John is the tallest of the three。
He runs fastest in our class（副词的最高级the可省略）
This is the most difficult book I`ve read。
（２He is cleverer than any other boy in the class（有than时只用比较级）
She is younger than all the other students。




虚拟语气和情态动词
一、虚拟语气
英语中有三种语气；陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。人们根据说话不同需要采用不同的语气。虚拟语气主要用来表示人的主观和假设的意图，
（一）重点
１虚拟语气三大公式
条件从句 主句
与现在事实相反 if+主语+were（v-ed） 主语+would（should，could，might）+do
〈动词过去式〉
与过去事实相反 If+主语+had done 主语+would（should，could，might）+have done
与将来事实相反 If+主语+should（were to） 主语+would（should，could，might）+do
+do
２动词wish后面的宾语从句

中谓语动词的虚拟结构；
与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反
wish v-ed（动词过去式，be用were） had done
I wish I were handsome。
I wish you didn`t fall ill。
She wished she hadn`t said it。
３用于表示意愿、建议、命令等动词后的that宾语从句中；
suggest建议 demand要求
insist坚持 order命令
ask要求 command命令
desire渴望 propose提议
recomment推荐 advice劝告，忠告
decide决定 maintain坚持
object反对 prefer宁可
move建议，动议 urge强调
The doctor suggested that she not smoke。
She insists that she hear somebody in the room。
The law requires that everyone have his car cheched。
I desire she come tomorrow。
They moved that all civilians（should）be evacuated（撤出）。
４、在It is|was+某些形容词或过去分词+that引导的主语从句中常用虚拟语气。
Important重要的 natural自然的
Necessary需要的 orderde命令
Possible可能的 preferable更可靠的
Requested要求的 recommended推荐的
Better较好的 crucial关键的
Desired盼望的 imperative迫切的
Suggested建议性的 urgent紧迫的
Required要求的 vital至关重要的
It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion。
It was ordered that the medicines be sent here by plane。
It is imperative that you arrive in time。
It will be better that we meet some other time。
It has been decided that the meeting（should）be postponed。
It is insisted that he be punished。
上述形式同样也用于下面两类句型中，一般表示遗憾、惊讶之情；
（１It is pity（shame遗憾，incredible难以置信，strange，no wonder）that+should如；
It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcoming。
It is incredible that should love her。
（2）I am sorry（surprised，convinced）+should+do（have done）
I am sorry that she should have made him angry。
５、下面一些名词后的同位语或表语从句中，要求用should（可省略）+动词原形表示虚拟。
Advice劝告，忠告 order命令
Demand要求 preference偏爱
Decision决定 proposal建议
Request要求 desire愿望，要求
Requirement要求 idea主意，想法
Suggestion建议 recommendation推荐，介绍
His suggestion is that you（should）attend the lecture。
His sole（唯一）requirement is that the system work（起作用）
Your decision that he should be fined （罚款）is reasonable。
６、虚拟语气的其他几个句型。
（１）It is（about，high）time+从句，表示早该做而未做的事，含建议的意味。其动词形式用过去式。
It is high time（that）we began to work。
咱们该开

始工作了。
It is（ahout）time that children went to school。
孩子们该上学去了。
（２）as if （though）引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句中的形式相同。如；
She loves the children in the kindergarden as if they were her children。
Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there。
She looked as if （though）she would cry。
注；as if（though）引起的从句有时也用陈述语气，这时它表示较大的真实性或可能性。
It looks as if it is going to rain。
（３）虚拟语气用在“in case”，“lest”，“for fear that”引起的状语从句中表示“以防，以免”。其形式为should+动词原形。如；
He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain。
注；在以上in case类状语从句中的should一般不可省去。但可以用动词陈述语气形式。如；The teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him。
（４）if only连词后谓语动词用虚拟语气，意思为；“要是，倘若是，只要”着重强凋渴望或惋惜。
If only I had money，I would buy a new car。
If only I had not lost money。要是我没丢钱就好了。
If only he could come！我真希望他能来。
二虚拟语气的难点
1、如果条件句中包含有 were，had，should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。如；
Were I you，I would not go。
Were I to meet him tomorrow，I should ask him about it。
Had he worked harder （=If he had worked harder ），he would have succeed。
Had he been more careful （=If he had been more careful），such mistakes could have been avoided。
Should you change your mind （=If you should change your mind），no one would blame you。
２某些介词短语可以代替if从句，如；but ror，without，under，in case of，but that…
But for the storm ，we should have arrived earlier。
Without water ，nothing could live。
We could have done better under more favourable conditions。
３、当条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。如。若条件从句表示动作与过去是相反，而主句与现在相反时，从句谓语要用had+过去分词，而主句中要用would（should，could，might）+动词原形，如；
If I had asked for directions，I wouldn`t get lost now。假如我当初问一下路，现在就不会迷路了。（if说的过去，主句说的是现在）
三情态动词
（一）重点
情态动词的重点主要是can，could，may，might，must，have to，need，dare，should（ought to）。Shall，should，will，would….
１、can和could
（１）表示能力或客观可能性。
Can you speak English？
（２）在否定、疑问句中表示怀疑或推测。
Can the news be true？
What he said could not be true。
（３）表示允许或许可。
These

days children can do what they like。
You can recite the article now。
（４）can+have+过去分词；在疑问句中表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定。
Can he have passed the exam？（怀疑）
（５）cannot（couldn`t）+have+过去分词；表示对过去事情的推测。
They couldn`t have done such things。（推测）。
（６） could+have+过去分词；表示与事实相反。
He could have done the jod，but he refused to。（未实现的行为）
注；could尽管是can的过去时，但有时并不表示过去时，只表示语气上的委婉、客气。如；Could I use your dictionary？
如作肯定回答，要用can或nay，而不用could或might。
２、may和might
（１）表示请求和允许；May（Might）I…？
Might I make a suggestion？
You may use my bike。
（2）表示推测（可表示现在或将来的可能性）“可能“
The story may be interesting。
Do you thing they might come？
（２）may（might）+have+过去分词；表示对过去的推测，认为某一事情在过去“可能”发生。May和might都指过去，might较为含蓄委婉或更加不肯定。
He may（might）have missed the plane。
He may（might）not have met them。
（３might+have+过去分词；表示未实现的行为。
You might have done the work better。
You might have left her earlier。
注；may的否定式为may not or mustn`t，后者语气比较强些。一般用mustn`t代替may not，意思为“不可以”，“不准”等。如；
May I read the book？
Yes，you may 。No，you mustn`t。
３、shall和will
（１shall
A、shall用在主语是第一人称或第三人称的疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的允诺。如；
Shall I fetch a doctor for you？我为你请医生好吗？
Shall he attend the meeting？要他来参加会吗？
B、shall用在主语是第二人称或第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人的允诺和警告。如：
You shall be sorry for what you have done。
He shall get what he wants。
（２）will
A、表示“意志”“意愿，如；
We will do our best to get the job done in time。
She can stay home if she will。
B、表示“请求”如”；
will you please be quiet？
Don`t be late for the meeting，will you ？
４dare
（１当情态动词用，只能用于疑问句和否定句中。
He dare not it 。Dare he go？
（２当实意动词用，可用于各种句型中。Dare作实义动词用在否定句和疑问句中时，其后接不定式有时可省去“to”如；
Does he dare to come？
She dares to speak before big audience。
I have never dared（to）speak to him。
Did he dare（to）criticize me？
５、had better最好，would rather宁愿
否定式；had better not+动词原形；would rather not+动词原形
疑问式；Had you better….？
Would you rather…？
I would rather go at once。
I would rather not do it。
You had bette

r do it every day。
注；I`d=I would（should）或I had
You`d=you had或You would cannot help+动名词和cannot but +动词原形（都当“不得不”或“不禁”解）。
I cannot help telling him the truth。
She cannot but sing。
（二）难点
１、need有三种用法。
A、need相当普通动词=do，意为require“需要”，“要求”如；
You don`t need to leave so early。
He needs to try one more experiment。
Dose the recorder need repairing？
B、need相当情态动词，只能用于否定句和疑问句中当“需要”“必要”解。可用于现在时和将来时。在宾语从句中可当过去时用，肯定回答用must（或have to，ought to，should）来表达。否定式为need not。Needn`T如；
Need you go yet？Yes ，I must。NO I needn`t。
C、needn`t+have+过去分词，表示本来不必做而实际已经做的行为。
You needn`t have told them that。
You needn`t have bought that dictionary。I have a spare one。
２、must也有三种用法。
A、must表示命令、强制。否定式mustn`t，将来式have to，过去式had to。如；Cars mustn`t be parked in front of this house。 I had to leave at 6 yeserday。
B、 must表示主观意志和个人决心，意为“应当”、“应该”否定式needn`t，将来式will have to，过去式had to，dian`t need to， did not have to。如；
Must I clean all the rooms？No，you needn`t（或No，you don`t have to）。
C、must表示推测，判断“必定”“一定”；must be 现在；must have done过去。
You have worked hard all day；you must be tired。
I didn`t hear the phone，I must have been asleep。
注；have to与must的区别；同义，但msut表示说话人的主观意志，have to却表示客观需要。
３、should+have done 表示过去应该做而没有做。
Should`t have done表示“本不应该做某事，而实际却做了”的意思。如；
The plant is dead。I should have watered it。
She shouldn`t Have let the baby play with the scissors。
４不同的情态动词家动词不定式的完成式可以表示不同的意思；
（１may（might）+have+过去分词；用于肯定句和否定句，表示多已经发生的事情的不肯定的推测，相当于“可能，大概”，其中might较may语气更弱，把握更小。
She might have gone to see her dorctor last week，but I am not sure。
Don`t worry ，your husband may not have been burt seriously。
别急，你丈夫也许伤得不厉害。
（２）can（could）+have+过去分词；用于过去的时间，说明谋事可能或不可能已发生。如；
I simply can`t undersant how he could have made such a mistake。
This letter can`t have been written by her 。She is only five。
“could+have+过去分词”有时可表示过去可以做谋事，但却未做。如；
He walked there， but he could have taken a taxi。
“couldn`t+have+过去分词”有时表示无论如何也不可能

做到。
I couldn`t have called you。 I wasn`t hear a telephone。
（３needn`t+have+过去分词；表示不必做的事情却做了，可译为“其实不必”
You needn`t have woken him up。It`s only five。

非谓语动词
介词和连词
一、介词
（一）重点；必须掌握的介词有；about，above，along，among，at，after，around，as，before，behind，below，beside，besids，beyond，down，during，except，for，from，inside，into，like，over，near，of，off，onto，on，outside，round，since，to，till，toward，under，until，upon，with，within，without….
（二）难点
１、besides，except，but的区别
besides是“除…之外（还有…）”而except是“除….之外。”如；We have our lessons every day except day Sunday又如；Besides English we learn Chinese ，maths and other subjects。
当except前面有不定代词或有who等疑问词时，可用but代替如；
Who but can do such a thing？
２、above和over，below和under，on和beneath的区别
（１）above；只表示在上方或位置高于…之上，不一定有垂直在…之上的含义。
over；表示在…正上方。
（２）beloe；只表示在下方或位置低于….，不一定是垂直在…之下。
（３）on；与面接触，在…之上，beneath；与面接触，在…之下。
a． The moon has risen above the horizon。
Put the teapot teapot over the fire。
b． We was the valley below us。
The boat is passing under the bridge。
c． Put some more staw beneath the mattress。
Please write on the paper。
3．be made up of，be made of…，be made from，consist of。
（１）be made up of；表示某物由两种以上成份所组成。
（２）be made of；表示某物用什么材料制成后，该材料仍看的出。
（３）be made from；表示某物用什么材料制成，制成原材料完全改变原形。
（４）consist of；只用于主动态。由….所组成，强调结果是一个统一体。
4．表示时间的介词；at，in，at Christmas
（１）at 表示时间的一点。如；
at 3；30，at noon，at miding，at Christmas
（２）on表示日期及某天的上午，下午，晚上等。如；on Sunday
（３）in
a．表示一段时间，如；in+季节（the）spring，
in+the moring，
in+the morning，
in+a minute
in a week，in a year。In 1992。
b． 表示一段时间后的未来时间。尤其常用in`-s time表达。注意；它是以说话时间为基准的（若干时间）以后，常用作谓语是将来时态的时间状语。
It`s two O`clock。I`ll come in an hour。现在两点，我一小时后来，
The doctor will be free in 10 minutes。那位大夫十分钟后才有空。
注；a。如果表示若干时间内，常用within。如；
The meeting will end in 30 minutes（三十分钟后）
Can you finish it within 30 minutes？（三十分钟内）
c．但在过去时态中，i

n 可用于表示“在若干时间以内”，这是件不要误用during如；
误；T he job was done during a yeas。
正；The job was done in a year。这工作一年内就完成了。
（4）in和after；in表示从现在起，经过若干时间后，与将来时连用，after表示以过去时间为起点，经过若干时间以后，与过去时连用。
I`ll come and after review the lessons together with you in three days。
He was back after three days。注；after可以表示在将来某个时刻以后，与将来时连用。
John will have a nap after lunch。
（４）in和during
in表示时间时。在很多情况下可以和during换用，表示“在…期间”
He was deeply imperessed by what he had seen during his visit。
He didn`t say a word during the discussion。
5．表示地点位置的介词；at，in， on，
（１）at用在小地方，在某点上‘点’是at的基本特点如；at the gate。
（２）in用在大的地方。里面中，“中”是in的基本他点 。如；洲，国家。省。市都用。
注意；在同一地点，in和at作用不一，in表示在其中，在里面；at表示功能。
He is at the meeting。他在开会
He is in the meeting。 他在会场上（可能开会也可能做其他事）
（３）on表示“在…（平面）上”beneath表示“在…（平面）下”如；
on the desk，beneath the sea。
６表示方向，方位的介词；to，in，on。
（１）to在…面（不属于该地区）
（２）in在…部（属于该地区）
Shanghai lies in the east of China。上海在中国的东部。
Japan lies to the east of China。日本位于中国的东面。
（３）若表示与某地接壤的方位常用on…如；
Vietnam lies on the south of China。越南位于中国的南面。
７表示工具。方式。方法和手段的介词；with， by，in，on…
（*1）with表示工具，方式，也可表示材料。
（３） by表示途径或手段。如；We can get enery by buring fuel。（手段）
（４）in表示方式如；He writes in ink。
（５） on有时也表示工具，通常是在习惯用语中，如；He cut finger on a knife。
８地址前的介词。
（１）门牌号用at。如；My father lives at 105 Beijing Street。
（２） 街道名称前用in，on。如；She lives in（on）Hazel Avenue。
（３） 如果门牌号。街名都有时，只在门牌号前用at，街道名前不必用介词in或on。
（４） 住在第几层楼，用on。如；I live on the third floor。
二、连词
连词主要用于单词、短语或句子之间，它们起连接作用。连词分为并列连词和从属连词。
（一）重点
一、 不定式
１、定义；具有名词、形容词及副词性质并具有时态、语态变化。
２、形式（以do为例）
主动语态 被动语态
一般时 to do to be done
进行时 to be doing
完成时

to have done to have been done
完成进行时 to have been doning
３、用法；
（１） 用作主语；
To speak good English is not easy。
Or：It is not easy to speak good English（采用形式主语it以免头重脚轻）
It took me an hour to do the work。
（２）用作宾语；
She decided to take the examination。
I hope to meet him soon。
（３宾语补足语；
They expected us to help them。
He wants this son to study hard。
金牌重点；
不定式作宾补，如谓语动词是感官动词，使役性动词（see，hear，notice，watch，maks，have，let…），则不定式符号“ｔo”须省略，但在被动语态中不能省。
I heard then sing in the ciassroom
I made her clean the room
The girl is heard to sing an English song。
（４）用作表语；To teach is to learn
His job is to sell cars。
（５）用作状语，表示目的，结果。
We come to school to study English（目的）=in order to
I hurried to the store ,only to find it closed(结果)
（６） 定语；不定式短语作定语须位于名词之后。
He asked for a piece of paper to write it on=to write it on the piece of paper。
The poor man has no house to live in=to live in the house。
Have you anything to do？=to do anything。
４不定式的时态意义；
She seems to dance very well（现在情况）
She seems to be dancing in the dancing hall（正在进行）
She seems to have danced well（过去情况）
He was happy to have been staying with his uncle（动作持续一段时间）
５、不定式语态；
The doctor recommended him to air the room。
The doctor recommended the room to be aired。
She expects the police to find her bicycle。
She expects her bicycle to be found by the police。
She felt a bit puzzled as he had asked her such a question。
She felt a bit puzzled to have been asked such a question。
６、不定式否定形式；not to do…
He got up early in order not to miss the train。
二、 动名词；
１动名词定义；具有名词性质，可在句中担任主语、宾语表语、定语，且有所有格作修饰语。
２ 形式；以do为例
doing——being done
having done——having been done
３用法；
（１主语；
Saying is easier than doing。
His coming here will be a great help。
It is no use waiting here， he has left。
It is no good smoking。
There is no getting along with him（简直无法和他相处）。
（２表语；
His job is keeping the hall clean as possible。
Seeing is believing。
（３宾语；
A动词宾语；He admitted taking the book。
I do mind your smoking here。
要点重点 要牢牢记住，下面动词须跟动名词作宾语；
admit，appreciate，avoid，complete，delay，deny，enjoy，fancy，finish，mind，practice，resent，risk，suggest，allow，permit…
特注；以allow为例；allow+doing sth（动名词作宾语）但可以；allow sb

to do sth（不定式作宾补）。
这类动词常见如advise，allow，permit，recommend，etc。
B、作介词宾语；
He left without saying goodbye to us。
I`m looking forward to meeting you。（to在这里是介词）
（４）定语；
reading room swimming pool walking stick
４、动名词复合结构；由名词所有格或物主代词与动名词构成。
His leaving is a great loss。
Mother dislikes my（me）working late。
John`s having seen her did not make her worried。
注释；动名词复合结构多作主语或宾语，作主语时必须是所有格。如上二例，但作宾语时可以用所有格，也可用普通格（一定要理解这句话，将例句看透）
５、动名词时态；
I am thinking of setting a new dictionary（以后）
He never talked to me about his having been in Paris（以前）
６、动名词语态；
He doesn`t like being flattered。
I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team。
７、动名词与不定式在用法上的几点比较；
（１在begin，start，continue等词后动名词或不定式区别不大。
He began writing|to write in 1980。
（２下列动词跟不定式或动名词所表示意义差别很大，注意使用（理解！！！）
He stopped talking。停止讲话。
He stopped to talk。停下来开始讲话。
Please remember to post the letter。记住寄走这封信。
I remember posing the letter。我记得寄出了这封信。
I forgot to lock the door yesterday昨天我忘记锁门了（未锁）
I forgot telling him the news。我忘记了我曾告诉过他这个消息（做过的事情忘记了）
三、分词
１、分词的性质；
具有形容词性质，可以在句中担任表语、定语、宾补、状语，现在分词表示主动，且动作在进行；过去分词表示被动，或动作已完成。
２、 分词的形式；
例； write（vt） rise（vi）
主动语态 被动语态 主动 过去分词
时态
现在时 writing being written rising risen
完成时 having written having been written having risen
３、 分词的用法；
（１） 定语 分词置于被修饰名词前
分词短语于被修饰名词后
a sleeping baby=a baby who is sieeping。
A running dog=a dog which is running。
A broken glass=a glass which is broken。
A beaten team=a team which is beaten（beaten是被打败的意思）
This is the problem discussed at the last meeting。
The problem being discussed is very important。
（２） 表语；The book is interesting。
He is interested in the book。
The news is exciting。
He feels excited。
（３）宾语补足语；
When I woke up，I found my sitting beside me。
I`d like to have this package weighed。
掌握精髓；动词不定式作宾语表示动作的全过程，而现在分词作宾补表示动作正在

进行；过去分词表示被动概念。
（４） 状语；（以下例句一定会背！！！）
A、If you turn to the left， you`ll find the station。
Turning to the left， you`ll find the station。
B、As I didn`t receive her letter，I called her up by telephone。
Not receiving her letter，I called her up by telephone。
C、While I was walking to school yesterday morning，I met a friend。
Walking to school yesterday morning，I met a friend。
D、When she was asked if she had any bad habit，she answered that she was a heavy smoker。
Asked if she had any bad habit，she answered that she was a heavy smoker。
注意；在运用此类句型时主语前后要保持一致。
４分词的时态；
现在分词一般时表示此动作与主语谓语动词同时发生。
现在分词完成时表示此动作作主语谓语动词之前发生。
Entering the room ，he saw me。（几乎同时）
Not having tried his best， he failed in the exam。（分词动作在前）
５、语态；现在分词一般时被动表 动作正在被进行，完成时被动强调分词所表示的动作先被完成。
The ships being loaded and unloaded belong to us。
Having been warned of typhoon，the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor（渔民先被告知而后驾驶向港口）

被动语态

被动语态
１、何时运用被动语态；
（１强调动作的接受者；America was discovered by Coiumbus。
（２不知谁是动作的执行者；You are wanted on the phone。
（３作客观说明；It is said that the meeting has been put off（经典句型）
２、主动变被动的基本方法；
（１主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
（２谓语动词变为由“be+过去分词”的形式，配合时态作相应的变化。
（３主动语态主语置于介词by之后，如无必要，则省略。
（４不及物动词没有被动语态。
现在；do（dose）——am|is|are+done
We keep the piano in the living-room。
The piano is kert in the living-room。
过去；did——was|were+done
They built the bridge in 1980。
They bridge was built in 1980。
将来；shall shall
will do——will+be+done
He will read the book tomorrow。
The book will be read tomorrow
现在完成have have
has done——has+been+done。
We have delivered the newspape
The newspapers have been delivered（by us）。
过去完成had done——had been done
She had seen the film before she came here。
The film had been seen before she came here。
将来完成shall shall
will have done——will have+been+done
By the end of this term we shall have finished 80 texts。
By the end of this term 80 texts will have been finished。
现在进行am am
is doing——is+being+done
are are
They are drawing the picture。
The picture is

being drawn by them，
过去进行was doing——was+being+done
were were
He was reviwing their lessons at this moment yesterday。
Their lessons were being reviewed at this moment yesterday。
情态动词may may
can can
must must
should do——should+be+done
ought to ought to
You must write an the subject。
An article must be written on the subject。