考研阅读逐句译2000年第4篇

唐静考研阅读逐句译2000年第4篇第1句Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.

词汇：

aimless //adj. 无目的的，无目标的。

harmony //n. 相符，一致；协调，匀称。

envy //n. 嫉妒，羡慕；令人嫉妒或者羡慕的东西。

结构：

Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan（主句）//whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe（定语从句）.

译文：

战后的日本具有一个典型的特征——目标明确；其生产效率与社会和谐为欧美各国所羡慕。

翻译思路：否定结构的翻译

在2000年第三篇的最后两句话的翻译思路中，我谈到了否定结构的翻译。这里正好又出现了一个这样的结构。两个词具有否定意义，其一是aimlessness，它是由aim-less-ness构成的名词，具有经典的否定含义的后缀-less，中文直译是“漫无目的，目标不明确，没有目标”；其二是hardly，不用说这个词的含义是“几乎不”。那如果Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan直译为“漫无目的一直以来几乎都不应该是战后日本社会的特征”应该是可以接受的。但问题在于这个主句后面又跟了一个whose定语从句whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe，这个从句又具有明显的褒义，是在说“日本生产率和社会和谐受到美国欧洲的羡慕”。这样一来，如果把主句从句连起来翻译逻辑很凌乱：漫无目的一直以来几乎都不应该是战后日本社会的特征，其生产效率和社会和谐受到美国欧洲的羡慕。所以，我们把“漫无目的一直以来几乎都不应该是战后日本社会的特征”正过来说，即：目的明确一直以来是战后日本的典型特征。这样连接后面的从句“其生产效率和社会和谐受到美国欧洲的羡慕”就比较顺畅。

唐静考研阅读逐句译2000年第4篇第2句和第3句But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulf illed its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.

词汇：

decline //n.（力量，数量，权力等）的消减，减少。

primary //adj. 初始的，最早的，开端的，起步阶段的；首要的，基础性的，根本的；初等教育的。

being //n. 存在；生物。

结构：

Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being（第一个并列句）, //but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs（but连接的第二个并列句）, //and young people don’t know where

they should go next（and连接的第三个并列句）.

译文：

但是，日本人传统的职业道德观正在日益衰退。十年前，日本年轻人工作勤奋，将工作视为他们存在的主要理由，但现在日本已经基本上满足了本国的经济需求，年轻人却不知道他们下一步目标在哪里。

翻译思路：翻译中的照应

这是文章第一段的第二和第三句话，加上第一句话，构成了整个段落。该段第一句话Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan说“目标明确几乎一致是战后日本的典型特征”；最后一句话说and young people don’t know where they should go next，如果直接翻译的话，肯定是“年轻人不知道他们下一步应该去哪里”，或者“何去何从”，这样的翻译都可以。但是，考虑到文章第一句话讨论的是“目标”，所以，还是把最后一句话翻译成“年轻人不知道他们下一步目标在哪里”，这样可以段落间首尾照应。

唐静考研阅读逐句译2000年第4篇第4句The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

词汇：

baby boom 生育高峰

dominate //v. 支配，统治，控制，影响；在某事物中处于优势或者占上风，占重要位置。

sacrifice //n. 供奉，献祭；贡品，祭品，牺牲；放弃某事物；牺牲的食物。

rigid //adj. 坚硬的，不弯曲的，刚性的；严格的，坚强的，不变的。

ladder //n. 梯子，阶梯；途径，门径。

结构：

The coming of age of the postwar baby boom （第一个主语）//and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market （and并列的第二个主语）//have limited the opportunities of teen-agers （谓语和宾语部分）//who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices （who定语从句）//involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs（involved分词短语作定语）.

译文：

战后生育高峰期出生的一代人逐渐长大，女性进入男性主宰的就业市场，都限制了青少年的发展机遇。这些青少年已经开始质疑，为进所好学校找份好工作，而攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯所付出沉重的个人代价是否值得。

翻译思路：词性转换

设想这个句子的两个并列主语The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market如果直接翻译“战后生育高峰的年龄的道来和女性到男性主宰的就业市场的进入”，这会是一个很糟糕的译文。问题在于coming和entry是名词，但是这两个名词具有显著的动词特征，所以，翻译的时候可以把这两个名词翻译为动词，这就是所谓的词性转换，请看：战后生育高峰期出生的一代人逐渐长大，女性进入男性主宰的就业市场。

词性转换最常见的方式就是这样，名词翻译为动词，并且这些名词一般都是

具有动词词根，或者本身就是动词变化过来的，coming来自于come，entry来自于enter。还需要注意，英语语言多用名词，汉语语言多用动词，这种英语语言名词化现象多的结果就是，我们中国人读英语总觉得有点抽象。大家以后多关注。

唐静考研阅读逐句译2000年第4篇第5句In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States.

词汇：

survey //n. 全面仔细地观察或论述，审视，概观，概论；测量，勘测，勘测图，测量记录；检查，勘定，鉴定；调查。

结构：

In a recent survey, it was found （形式主语）//that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life（主语从句）, //compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States（compared with分词短语做状语）.

译文：最近的一次调查发现，日本只有24.5%的学生对学校生活完全满意，而美国学生的满意度达到了67.2%。

翻译思路：阅读与作文

阅读是一种典型的知识输入，而作文是一种的典型的输出。那我们在学习阅读句子，或者在这个“阅读逐句译”的过程中，我们要善于学习，并及时复习，以记住新的知识，这样才能有较好的输出结果。

就这个句子而言，我们需要记住的有很多，比如In a recent survey，还有it was found that…，还有be fully satisfied with…，还有compared with…，还有percentage of…。记住了这些，我们就可以灵活运用到我们的口头表达和书面表达中去了。

“阅读逐句译”的过程中，要注意短语搭配，句型句式结构，加以牢记。运用要灵活，随时要想到我换一种说法，哪怕换一个词换一个修饰语可以怎么说，想想要写一个作文句子，或者翻译个汉语句子，该怎么做呢？比如，借这句话，请翻译下面句子：最近的一次调查发现，中国人对住房价格的完全满意的只有5%，而美国到了15%。

唐静考研阅读逐句译2000年第4篇第6句In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.

词汇：

counterpart //n. 相对应的具有相同功能的人或物。

结构：

In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs （主句）//than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed（than引导的比较状语从句）.

译文：

此外，与接受调查的其他10个国家的工人相比，日本工人对自身工作表示不满的要多得多。

翻译思路：比较中的倒装

在这个句子中，有一个倒装，出现在than后面，助动词did到撞到主语their

counterparts前面了。英语中的语法规则是，在复合句中，由than或as引导的分句，如果谓语动词省略或表语省略，且是两个句子的主语相比较时，要用倒装，助动词放在主语前。再看例句：John will give you more than will Jack . 约翰给你的将比杰克多。He is as responsible a man as are you . 他像你一样地负责任。He travelled a great deal as did most o f his friends. 他到过很多地方旅行, 他的多数朋友也是这样。

唐静考研阅读逐句译2000年第4篇第7句While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression.

词汇：

praise //v. 称赞，赞赏；赞美，颂扬。

emphasis //n. 加强语气，强调；给予某事物特殊的意义、价值、或重要性。

basics //n. 实质性的东西。

mechanical //adj. 机械的，用机械的，机械制造的；似机械的，呆板的，没有思想的。

结构：

While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics（while后面接过去分词充当状语）, //Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression（主干结构）.

译文：

日本因重视基础教育而经常受到外国人的赞扬，但是它往往强调应试和机械的学习，而忽视创造力和自我表现力的培养。

翻译思路：

注意这个句子中的两个emphasis和stress。这两个词都可以当名词用，他们都可以搭配on sth.，表示的意义也差不多，是“对某物的重视”。stress也可以当动词用，它的意义就是put stress on，所以，stress作为动词可以直接跟宾语；那如果我们说“重视一个，而忽视另一个”，则可以用stress… over…。比如该句子中to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression。那根据这个句子，请大家做一个汉译英，并且思考这个句子如果用到作文中，可以写那些作文话题呢：“中国因重视基础教育而经常受到外国人的赞扬，但是它往往强调应试和机械的学习，而忽视创造力和自我表现力的培养。”

（5月22日于北京西开往石家庄高铁G89上）

唐静考研阅读逐句译2000年第4篇第8句和第9句“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.”

词汇：

humanity //n. 人类；人道，仁慈；人性；人文学科。

ignore //v. 忽视，忽略。

liberal //adj.

1）宽容忍耐的，心胸宽广的，无偏见的；例a liberal attitude to divorce and remarriage 对离婚和再婚看得开。

2）慷慨的，大方的；例She's very liberal with promises but much less so with money. 她轻易承诺却在钱上不那么大方。

3）（指教育）扩展心智的，德育的（不单纯作职业或技术的训练）；

4）严格的，自由的，不讲究准确性的；例liberal translation 意译。

5）Liberal 常常指the Liberal Party，即自由党的；例Liberal housing policy 自由党的住房政策.

frustration //n. 灰心，沮丧，不满，失意，挫折。

drop out 退学，退出。

wild //adj.

1）（通常作定语）（指动物）野生的，野的，未驯化的；（指植物）野生的，非栽培的；例a wild cat, giraffe, duck 野猫、野生的长颈鹿、野鸭。wild flowers 野花。

2）（指人）未开化的，野蛮的；

3）（指风景、地区等）无居民的，荒凉的；例a wild mountain region 荒无

人烟的山区。

4）暴风雨的，暴风雪的；例a wild night 有狂风暴雨的夜晚。

5）失去控制的，不守规矩的；例He led a wild life in his youth. 他年轻时放荡不羁。

6）感情奔放的，非常气愤、兴奋、热情等的；例wild laughter 哈哈大笑。The crowd went wild with delight. 群众欣喜若狂。

7）（作表语）wild about sth./sb. （对某事物某人）极热心或热爱；例The children are wild about the new computer. 孩子们都特别喜欢这个新计算机.

8）目标或计画不精确的，愚蠢的，不合理的；a wild aim, guess, shot 胡乱

的瞄准、猜测、射击。

结构：

“Those things that do not show up in the test scores（those thinks是主句的主语，其后有一个that引导的定语从句）//—personality, ability, courage or humanity—

（破折号中的部分是解释those things，应该是它的同位语）//are completely ignored,（主句的谓语部分）” //says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee（整个句子引号部分是直接引语，后面chairman of…是说话人Toshiki Kaifu的同位语）.

译文：“考分反映不出的那些东西——个性、能力、勇气或人性——完全被忽视，”执政的自民党教育委员会主席海部俊树说，“由此产生的挫败感，致使孩子们辍学、放荡不羁。”

翻译思路：翻译资格证书考试简介（考研同学可以忽略不看，可以当常识知道）

有一种证书考试，叫翻译资格证书考试。目前最流行的有两种，一种是上海市组织的且在上海市效力最大的“中口和高口”；还有一种是全国通用的，人事部组织的职业资格证书一样的叫“笔译和口译（分级别，最简单是三级笔译）”证书。

那在这里为什么会提及这两个考试呢，因为本句话中出现的Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee（海部俊树，

他是执政的自民党教育委员会主席）这样“时政方面的词汇”。就考研阅读而论，我们是可以完全忽略的。

但是，如果要去参加翻译资格证书考试，平时阅读中需要堆积这样的术语，尤其是“中、美、英、日、俄”等几个国家的“大人物、大机构”要记得。当然，如果是复习考研英语的同学，忽略它，等考上研究生，不妨考一个人事部组织的翻译资格证书，它也简写为CATTI。

唐静考研阅读逐句译2000年第4篇第10句和第11句Last year Japan experienced 2，125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education.

词汇：

incident //n. 事情，发生的事情；骚乱，事故，暴力事件；（国际间的）敌对行动，军事冲突。

violence //n. 暴力行为；狂热，激情，强烈的感情；激烈，猛烈，厉害。

assault //v. 突袭，突击。

amid //prep. 在…中。

outcry //n. 公开的强烈的抗议。

conservative //adj. 保守的，守旧的；（大写Conservative）通常指英国保守党的；谨慎的，稳健的，避免过激的。

moral //adj. 道德的，伦理的；道义上的；能分辨是非的。

译文：

去年日本发生了2125起校园暴力事件，其中包括929起攻击老师事件。在抗议声中，有许多保守的领导人正试图回归到战前时期，加强对学生的道德教育。

翻译思路：译文的长短和节奏

在Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. 这个句子中，有以下几个译文都是正确的，可以接受的，没有是非对错之分，也没有孰优孰劣之别，但是大家读读，注意汉语译文长短和节奏的不同：

张剑老师译文：在一片抗议声中，许多保守的领导人正在力图恢复战前强调道德教育的状况。

李剑老师译文：在一片抗议声中，许多保守党领导人正在力图回复到战前，强调道德教育。

新东方绿皮书：在一片抗议声中，许多保守的领导人正在力图回到战前强调道德教育的状况。

我参考他们译文之后的的初稿：在一片抗议声中，许多保守的领导人正试图回归战前，强调德育。

我修改后的终稿：在抗议声中，有许多保守的领导人正试图回归到战前时期，加强对学生的道德教育。

唐静（欢迎邀请你的同学和研友加入微信平台victorjingtang）考研阅读逐句译2000年第4篇第12句Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”

词汇：

minister //n. 部长，大臣；公使，外交使节。

eyebrow //n. 眉，眉毛。

occupation //n. 居住，占据；占领，领有；居住期，占据期，占领期；工作，职业；占据某人时间的活动，业余活动，消遣。

weaken //v. 使某人某事变弱；（对某事物的决心或肯定程度）减弱，动摇，犹豫。

morality //n. 美德，道德，道义，伦理；道德原则，道德性，正当性；道德体系。

结构：

Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, （主句的主语）//who was then education minister, （who定语从句修饰主语）//raised eyebrows （主句的谓语）//when he argued （when时间状语从句）//that liberal reforms （动词argued后面that引导的宾语从句的主语）//introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II （introduced分词短语作定语，修饰liberal reforms）//had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”（that宾语从句的谓语部分）

译文：

去年，时任教育大臣濑户光夫就认为，二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”，一时舆论哗然。

翻译思路：看不懂译文？——说说如何从译文中提高英语基础

这是一个很大的话题，也是一个很常见的话题。经常有同学在课堂上问我说，我怎么看不懂别人的翻译啊。先看看这句话的原文和译文：Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”去年，时任教育大臣濑户光夫就认为，二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”，一时舆论哗然。

如果说有点看不懂的话，一定是“一时舆论哗然”到底是从哪里翻译出来的？其实要看懂译文很简单，一一比对，这样我们也可以从汉语译文和英语原文的比对中学到新知识，从而提高自己的英语能力。

1）“去年”不用说从Last year翻译而来。

2）“时任教育大臣濑户光夫”是从Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister翻译而来。这里要学习到“then”的用法，还有在一个人名后面介绍他的身份，可以加who定语从句说明。

3）“就认为”从哪里翻译来？仔细看原文就发现，其实是when he argued that…翻译而来。那这里我们也就学到了一种翻译方法，when不一定就硬要翻译为“当”，并且这种“when时间状语从句”可以在其主句前翻译，并且把when 从句中的he的身份先说清楚。

4）“二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革”则是翻译的liberal reforms

introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II，注意“自由改革”，注意introduce reform这样的搭配。但“占领当局”这样的表达方式一般用不到，可以忽略不作为记忆的知识。

5）“削弱了日本人尊敬父母的道德观”则翻译自weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents”。值得我们记忆的搭配有weaken the morality，还有respect for parents。

6）“一时舆论哗然”则肯定对应的就是剩下的英语部分raised eyebrows。那这是一个固定搭配，如果我们不熟悉，需要借助词典来学会这个词组。柯林斯词典上有两个解释：其一raise one's eyebrows，意思是to look quizzical or surprised；其二是to give rise to doubt or disapproval。那本句中，是raised eyebrows而不是raised his eyebrows，所以大概判断应该是第二个意义，从上下文结合起来看看，说的是“教育大臣raised eyebrows，当他认为美国占领当局…”，所以也应该是第二个含义to give rise to doubt or disapproval（引起怀疑或者不同意），这里就引申为“舆论哗然”。

唐静考研阅读逐句译2000年第4篇第13句But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,”says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.”

词汇：

endure //v. 忍耐，忍受；容忍；持续，持久。

结构：

it’s never a question of （主句）//whether you enjoy your job and your life （whether引导的宾语从句，充当介词of的宾语）, //but only how much you can endure（but连接的并列句，与前面的never…but构成“不是…而是…”）.

译文：

但是，这也许与日本人的生活方式关系更大。教育家横室（Yoko Muro）说，“在日本，问题根本不在于你是否能够享受自己的工作和生活，而仅仅在于你是否能够忍受自己的工作和生活。”

翻译思路：代词——省略不译

前面讨论过代词的麻烦。那代词到底是“指代明确”来翻译呢，还是“直接对应成汉语代词”呢，最基本的原则是通顺。如果中文通顺，可以“直接对应成汉语代词”；如果对应成汉语代词不通顺或者有歧义，就需要指代明确了。在本句话中，开头的that我就采用“直接对应”的方式翻译了。因为这个that处在本段话的开头，它指代的具体内容应该是上一段讨论到的日本出现的问题，个人觉得没有必要非得去找出来到底指代什么。

那代词的翻译，除了1）“直接对应”和2）“指代明确”之外，还有更简单的翻译策略——3）“省略不译”。因为英语中太喜欢用代词了，到处都是，中文不是，中文是属于“意会”的语言。请看例句：I put my hand into my pocket.翻译成汉语，一定是“我把手放进口袋”，绝对不是“我把我的手放进我的口袋”。在it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life这个句子中，最需要省略不译的就是your job and your life中的第二个your；再考虑到前面有you，第一个your可以用“自己的”来翻译，避免总说“你”；其实it’s never a question of…中的主语it也可以不译，请看译文：问题根本不在于你是否能够享受自己的工作和生活。

还有那个日本人的人名，我查了半个小时，手头没有日本的人名词典，问了问在日本的朋友，说也不那么确定，大概可能是横室，所以，将就一下，翻译成“横室”吧，为了怕误会，跟了英语原文后面，日语应该是よこむろ。

唐静考研阅读逐句译2000年第4篇第14句With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.

词汇：

fully //adv. 完全地，全部地，十分地；至少，整整。

extended family 大家庭，几代同堂的家庭。

in favor of 由…所取代；支持。

isolated //adj. 隔离的，分离的，孤立的，单独的，独一无二的；孤独的。

结构：

With economic growth has come centralization;（分号隔开的第一个并列句，其中有一个倒装结构，主语是centralization，谓语是has come）//fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities （分号隔开的第二个并列句主句）//where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households（第二个并列句中where引导的定语从句）.

译文：

随着经济的发展，出现了居住集中化现象；在一亿一千九百万日本人当中，至少有76％住在城市，城市中那种社区和几代同堂的大家庭已经成为过去，取而代之的是独门独户的两代之家。

翻译思路：倒装——谓语前移（摘录自《张道真实用英语语法》263页）有些句子没有宾语而主语又比较长，有时候可把状语提前，而把主语放到谓语后面去。例：

Before him lay miles of undulating moorland. 他面前是一片高低起伏的荒原。

After the banquet came a firework display in the garden. 宴会后花园燃放了烟火。

To the list may be added the following names. 名单上还可以加上以下这些名字。

在With economic growth has come centralization这个句子中，就属于以上谓语前移现象，大家以后在学习中还可以进一步关注。这样写，是为了达到强调的目的，我们可以运用到作文中。请思考，下面句子该怎么翻译：随着经济发展，生态恶化（ecological deterioration）现象也出现了。

唐静考研阅读逐句译2000年第4篇第15句Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell.

词汇：

urban //adj. 市镇的，住在市镇的，位于市镇的。

lengthy //adj. 很长的；冗长的，长而乏味的。

commute //n. 往返两地之间的通勤，上下班路程。

discomfort //n.

1）不舒服，不适，轻微的病痛；例He still suffers considerable discomfort from his injury. 他因那次受伤至今仍颇感不适。

2）使人不舒服或不适的事情；例the discomforts of travel 旅行的诸多不便。

3）不安，不痛快。

结构：

Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, （but连接的第一个并列句）//but as the old group and family values weaken（but连接的第二个并列句中的as状语从句）, //the discomfort is beginning to tell（but连接的第二个并列句的主句）.

译文：

城市里的日本人长期忍受着漫长的上下班来回路程和拥挤不堪的居住条件，但是，随着传统的群体观念和家庭观念的削弱，生活的不如意开始产生影响。

翻译思路：小词意义多

英汉语两种语言，有时候差不多，就是越简单的词，意义越多。本句话中的tell就是如此，我们一般知道tell是“告诉，说明”等含义，而在本句the discomfort is beginning to tell中，tell则是“产生影响的意思”。那我们学习过程中，要注意细节，要注意上下文，勤查词典是最简单便捷的解决方案。请看牛津双解词典，tell这个词条的解释。我做了适当的改编，把大概需要我们掌握的意思整理了一下，并没有完全照录。

tell //v.

1）告知，告诉，讲述某事；

2）向（某人）提供情况或信息；例a book which will tell you all you need to know about personal taxation 说明个人纳税须知的书。

3）（某事），讲，述；

4）泄露秘密；例Promise you won't tell. 你要保证不泄密。

5）决定，决心，肯定，确定；例It may rain or it may not. It's hard to tell. 天也许下雨, 也许不下。说不准。

6）tell A from B （尤与can/could/be able to连用）辨认A和B，辨别，识别；

7）产生能觉察出的效果，起明显作用；例The government's policies are beginning to tell. 政府的政策开始发挥作用了。例All this hard work is telling on him. 这些繁重的工作他已吃不消了（影响着他的健康等）。

（5月29日下午于唐山师范学院附近白玉兰酒店）

唐静考研阅读逐句译2000年第4篇第16句In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.

词汇：

divorce //n. 离婚，离异；断离关系，分离。

well //adv. to a considerable extent or degree 到相当的程度。例I don't know how old he is, but he looks well over/past forty. 我不知道他多少岁, 但是他看上去有四十多岁了。She was driving at well over the speed limit. 她开车的速度远远超

过了速度限制。It was well worth waiting for. 这件事倒是很值得等待。Temperatures are well up in the forties. 温度足有四十多度了。

suicide //n. 自杀；自杀行为；给自己带来严重后果的行为。

结构：

In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, （主语）//while still well below that of the United States,（while连接的让步状语做插入语）//has increased by more than 50 percent, （谓语）//and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter（and连接的第二个并列句）.

译文：

在过去10年中，日本的离婚率，尽管仍远低于美国，却也已经上升了50%多，而自杀率则上升了近四分之一。

翻译思路：省略——状语从句中的省略

状语从句，如果主语和主句主语一致，可以省略主语和系动词Be。不仅while 让步状语从句可以这样省略，类似的还有由when、while、as、before、after 、till、until、once等引导的时间状语从句；由whether、if、unless等引导的条件状语从句；由though、although、even if、whatever等引导的让步状语从句；由as、than等引导的比较状语从句（省略方式略有不同）；由as、as if、as though 等引导的方式状语从句。最终省略后表型形式为：

1）连词+名词

例Even as (she was) a girl, she showed great promise as a pianist. 她从小就显露出有望成为钢琴家的才能。

2）连词+形容词

例Often she would weep when (she was) alone. 她一个人时，常常哭泣。

3）连词+介词短语

例If in doubt, ask your local library. 若有疑问，请向当地图书馆查询。

4）连词+现在分词

例When asking the teacher, he was polite. 他在问老师问题的时候很礼貌。

5）连词+过去分词

例 A friend is never known till needed. 患难见真情。

6）连词+不定式

例He opened his lips as if (he were) to speak.他张开嘴好象要说什么。

重温一下In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter. 这个句子，注意其中的插入语，还有比较的各种用法。如果写一个作文句子，把日本的情况换成中国，完全是可以的。试想“过去十年，中国的离婚率，尽管远低于美国，但是也增加了50%，而自杀率上升了四分之一”这个句子怎么写，换一个词就好。

再思考，如果把“离婚率”和“自杀”这两个词换掉，还可以用来表达些什么呢？比如，“中国就业率，尽管远高于美国，但是也下降了20%”怎么表达？

这是2000年第4篇文章的结束，大家回头复习一下前面所有4篇文章。

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