Lecture1
Lecture1:Preferences and Choice
0.1Preferences
1.Let X denote a set of alternatives/objects/goods.A preference relation
of an economic agent is a binary relation,denoted by<,over X.The relation describes what the agent wants.For any x;x02X,
x means that the economic agent consider x to be at least as good as x0.(I will call 2.The standard approach in economics is to learn what people learn from their choices and avoid making any direct assumptions about preferences over any two alternatives. 3.Instead,we assume that,overall,people preferences are internal consistent or rational.(In economics the two concepts more or less mean the same thing.) 4.Axioms of Rational Preferences: (a)Completeness:For any two bundles x and x0,it is that either x or x0 (b)Transitivity:For any three choices x;x0,and x00, if x If an agent likes x better than x0,and x0better than x00,then he must like x better than x00. 5.If both x x0.We use the notation to represent the indi¤erence relation.If x 6.The transitivity of ,and vice versa.So,we can equivalently state our axioms as (a)Completeness:For any two bundles x and x0,it is that either x x0, x0 x,or x x0. (b)Transitivity:For any three choices x;x0,and x00, if x x0and x0 x00;then x x00; and if x x0and x0 x00;then x x00: 1 7.Showing the equivalence or4and6are not hard.For example:to show that the transitivity of x x0and x0 x00;but x x00: (Note that x is not strictly better x0is equivalent to x0is as good as x.) By the transitivity of weak preference, x00 8.Other relations can be derived from the axioms.For example,we can show that if x x0and x0 9.How restrictive and how realistic are these axioms?Transitivity seems to be a natural property.It makes no sense to like a better b,b better than c,and then c strictly better than a.If that is really the case,will the agent exchange b for a,then c for b,and…nally pays something extra to exchange a for c?Nevertheless,as Rubinstein’s survey shows intransitive stated preferences is not all that uncommon. 10.Examples of Non-Transitive Decision Rule(Rubinstein): (a)The Condorcet Paradox of Majority Rule:Suppose each object x has three characteristics:x1;x2;x3.The rule states that x x0i¤there exists i;j2f1;2;3g,i=j such that x i>x0i and x j>x0j.And x x0if x x0and x0 x: (b)x x0if x x0>1;and x x0if x x0and x0 x: 0.2Choice 1.(Here we are following Rubinstein.)For any set A X,a choice function C(A)of an economic agent is the element that the agent would choose from A. 2.Formally,preferences,represented by ,and choice,represented by C are di¤erent mathematical objects.(The former is a binary relation on X;the second a function de…ned over the power set of A.) 3.Nevertheless,the two concepts are closely related.A choice function C is induced by if for all A X,C (A)is a one of the best elements of A (according to ).We say that a player is rational if his preferences satisfy completeness and transitivity and his choice behavior follows C . 4.Rational choice behavior vs.rationalizable behavior.Some economists ar- gue it does not matter whether consumers are really rational(in the sense 2 of choosing the best alternatives according to a well-de…ned preference re-lation);all that matters is that consumers behave as if they are rational. An example,I think,from Milton Friedman:Expert billiard players do not understand physics,but they play as if they do.And we can predict what an expert player will do from the laws of physics. 5.There is a long debate on the methodology of economics.We won’t pursue it here. 6.But what does behaving“as if”rational mean in our current context? 7.We say that a choice function C satis…es condition*for all A B X C(B)2A=)C(A)=C(B):(1) Condition*says that if an agent chooses x from a set B,then he will also choose x from any subset A of B that contains x.This condition is called The Weak Law of Revealed Preference in the context of classical consumer demand theory(which concerns choice from budget sets).It is commonly stated in a slightly di¤erent way:For all B X,if x2B and x=C(B),then C(B)2A)C(A)=x:(2) If an agent chooses C(B)and not x when x is also in B,then the agent will never choose x whenever C(B)belongs to the choice set.Try to prove that(1)and(2)are equivalent. 8.Proposition:If C satis…es*,then there is a rational preference relation such that C=C . 9.Proof:See Rubinstein pp.28. 10.The proposition means that as long as the behavior is internally consistent in the sense of*,we can come up with preferences such that the choice “appears”to be rational. 11.Let X be a…nite subset of<2.Do the following choice rules satisfy the WA? (a)C (A)=x2A such that x2 10,and x1>x01for all x02 f x2A s.t.x2 10g. In words,this rule picks the x which has the greatest…rst component among all members of A whose second component is greater than10. (b)C (A)=x2A such that there exists x02A such that x2>x02, and x1>x01for all x02f x2A s.t.x2>x002for some x002A g. In words,this rule picks the x which has the greatest component among all members of A whose second component is not the lowest in A. 3 0.3The Psychology of Choice 1.Psychologists and behavioral economists have discovered choice behavior not captured by or systematically our axioms 0.3.1Anchoring 1.Reference:Ariely,Loewenstein,Prelec,2003,“Coherent Arbitrariness” Stable Demand Curves without Stable Preferences,Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2.There are many experiments showing that consumers’willingness to pay for a certain object can be in?uenced by normatively irrelevant anchors. For example,in one experiment,subjects are…rst asked whether they are willing to buy an object at a price equal to the…nal two digits of the subject’s ID number.They are then asked to state their precise willingness to pay for the same object.The result of the experiment is that subjects with greater ID numbers are willing to pay signi…cantly more for the good. 3.The point is that there is an arbitrary component in people preferences. Our willingness to pay for real estate may be in?uenced by the recent real estate price. 4.Ariely et al shows that the impact of anchoring can be systematic and long lasting such that choice remains coherent. 0.3.2Endowment E¤ect 1.Endowment E¤ects is the phenomenon that the minimum selling price consumers demand for an object that they currently own are often higher than the maximum price they are willing to pay for the object when they do not own the object in the…rst place.This is also referred to as loss aversion. 0.3.3Framing(Tversky and Kahneman,cited in Rubinstein pp.32) 1.Subjects are asked to consider the following hypothetical situation:An outbreak of disease is expected to cause600deaths in the US.Some sub-jects are asked to choose between the following two alternatives: a.400people will die. b.With probability1/3,0people will die and with probability2/3,600 will die. Other subjects are asked to choose between: c.200people will be saved d.With probability1/3,all600will be saved,and with probability2/3, none will be saved. 4 2.Note that a is equivalent to c and b is equivalent to d,except that a and b are stated in terms of lives lost,while c an d d in terms lives saved. The di¤erent wording makes a huge di¤erence.A sizable majority of the subjects choose b in the…rst case,and c in the second. 3.We don’t state it as a formal axiom,but it seems reasonable that any de…nition of rational behavior should require that preferences between a pair of alternatives should determine on the substance of the alternatives, and not on how they are presented. 4.The standard explanation of the observed choice pattern is that people treat gains and loss in lives di¤erently.Wordings that focus on the certain deaths of400people in a and a1/3probability of zero deaths in c leads people to choose a. 0.3.4Reason-Based Choice https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3a4672127.html,ersky and Sha…r(1992)(cited by Sha…r et.al.)conduct an experiment in which subjects are asked to make hypothetical choices. High Con?ict:Suppose you are considering buying a CD player and have not yet decided what model to buy.There are two models on sale in an electronic store:a popular SONY model for$99,a top-of-the-line AIWA model for$169.Both substantially below listed price. Results:27%buy SONY,27%buy AIWA,46%not buying any. Low Con?ict:Same scenario except that only the SONY model is avail-able. Results:66%buy SONY,34%not buy. Dominance:Same as the…rst.Except that the AIWA model is an inferior one and is selling at$105. Results:73%buy SONY,3%buy AIWA,24%not buy. 2.Note that each subject is making one choice.Nevertheless,the results seems to violate condition*.Comparing the High Con?ict treatment to the Low Con?ict treatment,we see that adding the top-of-the-line AIWA model actually increases the number of subjects not buying.On the other hand,adding the inferior AIWA model increases the number of subjects buy the SONY model. 3.The result suggests that preferences between two objects are a¤ected by other choices in the choice set.In the High Con?ict treatment,subjects do not have a clear reason to choose SONY or AIWA.SONY is cheaper but AIWA is of higher quality.So they choose not be buy. 4.Marketing research suggests consumers do not like to choose the most expensive or the lowest quality alternatives.Adding a really expensive TV set may improve the sale of the expensive one. 5 5.Recent research also…nds that employees are less likely to enroll in pension plans with too many options. 6.Further Reading:Context-dependent Preferences,Tversky and Simon- son,Management Science1993,Laibson and Choy on401K,references cited by Rubinstein. 6 1.ag,act[L] = to do or drive________ *agent_______________________ *agency______________________ *agenda___________________ agile________________________ agitate___________________ *act___________________ *actor___________________ *actress___________________ acting___________________ re-act___________________ overact___________________ *action___________________ actionable___________________ *active___________________ *activate___________________ activism___________________ activist___________________ *activity___________________ *actual___________________ actuate___________________ *exact___________________ *react___________________ *reaction___________________ *reactive___________________ *interact___________________ *interaction___________________ *interactive___________________ transact___________________ *transaction___________________ 2.am(at)[L] = to love_____________ amiable___________________ *amateur [??m?t?(r)]_____________ amateurism___________________ amateurish___________________ amicable___________________ amicability___________________ amour___________________ amorous___________________ enamor___________________ enamored___________________ amatory___________________ 3.anim[L]=life__________________ *animal___________________ 中国各大银行名称缩写 中国建设银行——CCB(China Constuction Bank) 中国农业银行——ABC(Agricultural Bank of China) 中国工商银行——ICBC(Industrial and Commercial Bank of China) 中国银行——BOC（Bank of China) 中国民生银行——CMBC（China Minsheng Banking Co., Ltd） 招商银行——CMB(China Merchants Bank Ltd) 兴业银行——CIB (Industrial Bank Co., Ltd) 北京市商业银行——已经改名北京银行——BOB(Bank of Beijing) 交通银行——BCM(Bank of Communications) 中国光大银行——CEB(Chian Everbright Bank) 中信银行——(cvbnm` 广东发展银行——GDB(Guangdong Development Bank) 上海浦东发展银行——SPDB/SPDBank(Shanghai Pudong Development Bank) 深圳发展银行——SDB(Shenzhen Development Bank) 中国银行新线借记卡历史交易明细清单 Debit card transaction details history list 交易区间：2012/06/01 至2012/12/01 Trading range: to 打印日期：2012/12/17 打印网点: 11111 打印柜员：33333 Print date: Print branches:Print teller: 账号：1222222222 客户号：9999999 Account number: Customer number: 账户名：王三 Account name: WANG SAN 开户日期：2012/01/04 开户行：88881 Account opening date: Deposit bank: 产品大类：5500 产品子类：1999 Product Line: Subclass: 起息日：2012/01/12 到期日： Value date: Expiry date: 存折号：货币号： Bankbook number: Currency number: 交易日网点交易代码货币号交易金额交易余额摘要Trade date Branches Trade code Currency number Transaction amount Account balance Abstract 交易类别对方账号 Trade type Reciprocal account number 中国文化相关词汇英文翻译 元宵节：Lantern Festival 刺绣：embroidery 重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival 清明节：Tomb sweeping day 剪纸：Paper Cutting 书法：Calligraphy 对联：（Spring Festival）Couplets 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 人才流动：Brain Drain/Brain Flow 四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle 战国：Warring States 风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 函授部：The Correspondence Department 集体舞：Group Dance 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 红白喜事：Weedings and Funerals 中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day 结婚证：Marriage Certificate 儒家文化：Confucian Culture 附属学校：Affiliated school 古装片：Costume Drama 武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie 元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling（Soup） 一国两制：One Country，Two Systems 火锅：Hot Pot 四人帮：Gang of Four 《诗经》：The Book of Songs 素质教育：Essential-qualities-Oriental Education 《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian 大跃进：Great Leap Forward（Movement） 《西游记》：The Journey to the West 除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival 针灸：Acupuncture 唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/The Tang Tri-colored pottery 中国特色的社会主义：Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics 偏旁：radical 孟子：Mencius 亭/阁：Pavilion/Attic 大中型国有企业：Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises 火药：gunpowder https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3a4672127.html,-翻译专业词语 1 .Semantic equivalence案本，语义对等 Faithfulness求信 spiritual resemblance 神似（傅雷提出的） transfiguration化境（钱钟书提出） 2.faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance (信达雅：严复提出) 3.translator is betrayer(译者即叛徒，指译者必须违背母语模式，为了产生满意的译文) 4.foreignization 异化指的是翻译策略，翻译时保持异国情调的方法。Domestication 归化翻译时风格向译入语的风格靠近 5 semantic translation 语义翻译指传达语句意思的翻译 communicative translation交际翻译指只要能达到句子的交际目的而可以不拘泥形式的翻译 6 componential analysis 语义分析比如 man 这个词它有human female adult 的语义特征 7 deconstruction 解构（指的是翻译时把原句式全部解开打乱） 8.equivalence 对等 9.equivalence effect 等效 10.functional grammar 功能语法 Function equivalence功能对等 11.interlinear translation 直译逐字翻译 12.literal translation 直译 free translation 意译 13.skopos theory 目的论（指译者翻译是有一定的目的的，政治目的，文化需要等） 14.transliteration 直译音译比如骆驼祥子直译为 camel xiangzi 15 word—for—word 逐字译 sense —for—sense 意译 英语翻译常用词组汇总 be free from没有……的，不受……影响be identified as…被认为是… be known as被称做……，以……著称be known to为……所熟知 be popular with…受……欢迎 be prepared for对……做好准备 be regarded as被认为是…，被当做是… be satisfied with对……满意，满足于… be second to…次于… be sick of…对…感到厌倦 be used as…被用做… be used to…习惯于… get used to…习惯于… all of a sudden突然 all the time一直,始终 as a rule通常,照例 as far as...be concerned就...而言as to…至于…,关于… at best充其量,至多 before long 不久以后 beyond question毫无疑问 by all means尽一切办法,务必 every now and then时而,偶尔 in itself本质上,就其本身而言 sooner or later迟早,早晚 abide by… 遵守…,信守… agree with与…相一致同意… be beneficial to… 有利于…，有益于… turn a blind eye to… 对…视而不见 by leaps and bounds飞速地，突飞猛进地 when it comes to一谈到…,就…而论 disagree with… 与…意见不一致不同意… give an opinion on… 对…发表意见 a dapt oneself to…=adjust oneself to…使自己适应于… attribute…to…把…归因于…，认为…是…的结果comment on…评论… concentrate on/upon…集中注意力于… on the contrary与之相反 convince somebody of something使某人确信某事deprive somebody of something剥夺某人某物 in detail详细地 be equipped with…装备有… in essence本质上 to…extent在…程度上 inform. somebody of something通知某人某事 lie in在于… major in主修… in the light of… 按照…，根据… on account of… 因为…，由于… in addition to… 除…之外 on (the/an) average平均，一般来说 on the basis of… 根据…，在…的基础上 at (the) best充其量，至多 on business因公，因事 in any case无论如何，总之 如何在强化阶段复习翻译，又如何在考试中夺取高分呢？我们认为：词汇和长难句是攻克翻译这座大山的不二法宝。 关注特殊词汇，学习日常生活词语 段落翻译的重点依然是词汇，特别是较为特殊的翻译类词汇，通过样卷分析，建议考生多关注一下和中国节日、历史事件、经济文化、旅游活动、社会发展等相关的词汇。大家可以关注以反映中国社会为主的一些英文杂志和报纸，例如中国日报及其网站。这份报纸的大部分内容确实超越了考生的实际水平，但考生可以学习一些涉及日常生活的词语。每天看看网站中的头条新闻，配合中文新闻的背景，就可以学到很多表达。中国日报网站下面的一个小栏目：language tips，有大量简单实用的双语文章，考生有时间可关注。同时，考生要购进一些难度不大的翻译书籍，注意中英文的切换规则。 写长难句可增加得分点 段落翻译的另一难点就是长难句的攻克，平时加大对长难句的分析，考试中才能写出精彩得分的句型。分析从句比较多的长难句，要找到句子的切分点，切分点主要有两种，一个是直接看到的，即连接词that、which、who、when等等；另外一个是潜在的，即各种动词形式，包括doing、to do(单独使用的)、done等等。 最后，注意做翻译一定要坚持两点，即打草稿和"写"。在头脑中形成的翻译不是翻译，落到纸上，仍然不一定是通顺的句子，所以，每次在做翻译时，一定要坚持把语言写出来，这样才能提 高语言组织能力。同时，长难句的翻译不是一气呵成的，要练习如何打草稿，保证不会因直接誊写出现涂改问题，通过平时的草稿练习，也锻炼下打草稿的清晰程度，避免在誊写时丢掉一些东西。 一、中国经济 企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation 创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned 1. 元宵节：Lantern Festival 2. 刺绣：embroidery 3. 重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival 4. 清明节：Tomb sweeping day 5. 剪纸：Paper Cutting 6. 书法：Calligraphy 7. 对联：(Spring Festival) Couplets 8. 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 9. 人才流动：Brain Drain/Brain Flow 10. 四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle 11. 战国：Warring States 12. 风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen 13. 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 14. 函授部：The Correspondence Department 15. 集体舞：Group Dance 16. 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 17. 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals 18. 中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day 19. 结婚证：Marriage Certificate 20. 儒家文化：Confucian Culture 21. 附属学校：Affiliated school 22. 古装片：Costume Drama 23. 武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie 24. 元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup) 25. 一国两制：One Country, Two Systems 26. 火锅：Hot Pot 27. 四人帮：Gang of Four 28. 《诗经》：The Book of Songs 29. 素质教育：Essential-qualities-oriented Education 30. 《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian 31. 大跃进：Great Leap Forward (Movement) 32. 《西游记》：The Journey to the West 33. 除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival 34. 针灸：Acupuncture 35. 唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored pottery 36. 中国特色的社会主义：Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics 37. 偏旁：radical 38. 孟子：Mencius 39. 亭/阁：Pavilion/ Attic 40. 大中型国有企业：Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises 41. 火药：gunpowder 42. 农历：Lunar Calendar 43. 印/玺：Seal/Stamp 44. 物质精神文明建设：The Construction of Material Civilization and Spiritual Civilization 1. 有关数*算add，plus 加 subtract 减 difference 差 multiply, times 乘 product 积 divide 除 divisible 可被整除的 divided evenly 被整除 dividend 被除数，红利 divisor 因子，除数 quotient 商 remainder 余数 factorial 阶乘 power 乘方 radical sign, root sign 根号 round to 四舍五入 to the nearest 四舍五入 2. 有关集合 union 并集 proper subset 真子集 solution set 解集 3. 有关代数式、方程和不等式 algebraic term 代数项 like terms, similar terms 同类项 numerical coefficient 数字系数 literal coefficient 字母系数 inequality 不等式 triangle inequality 三角不等式 range 值域 original equation 原方程 equivalent equation 同解方程，等价方程 linear equation 线性方程(e.g. 5 x +6=22) 4. 有关分数和小数proper fraction 真分数 improper fraction 假分数 mixed number 带分数 vulgar fraction，common fraction 普通分数 simple fraction 简分数 complex fraction 繁分数 numerator 分子 denominator 分母 (least) common denominator （最小）公分母 quarter 四分之一 decimal fraction 纯小数 infinite decimal 无穷小数recurring decimal 循环小数 tenths unit 十分位 5. 基本数学概念 arithmetic mean 算术平均值 weighted average 加权平均值 geometric mean 几何平均数 exponent 指数，幂 base 乘幂的底数,底边 cube 立方数，立方体 square root 平方根 cube root 立方根 common logarithm 常用对数 digit 数字 constant 常数 variable 变量 inverse function 反函数 complementary function 余函数 linear 一次的，线性的 factorization 因式分解 absolute value 绝对值，e.g.｜-32｜=32 round off 四舍五入 平衡态统计物理 李定平 2010年3月2日 邮箱：lidp@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3a4672127.html, 办公室：物理南楼446 助教及答疑时间: 待定 考试时间: 学校安排 学分和周学时: 3学分 每周星期2的3,4节; 双周星期4的7,8节。 教室： 理教205 课程设想: 本课程是物理专业本科生的主干基础课, 普通物理热学的后续课程,侧重讲述平衡态统计物理的基本概念、方法和典型的应用. 课程进度: 第一至第四周: 简要复习热力学的基本定律、相变热力学、多元系的热力学. 渐进引入平衡态统计的基本概念,方法. 第五至第八周: 讲授平衡态物理的基本概念和基本方法. 介绍统计的系综理论(微正则系综、正则系综、巨正则系综). 讲授理想量子气体的概念(理想波色气体, 波色-爱因斯坦凝聚,光子气体,声子气体,理想费米气体). 第九至第十五周:系综理论的一些应用, 经典理想气体,非理想气体的统计理论 第十六周: 经典自旋模型的相变理论(临界现象概述,Ising模型的平均场理论, 临界点附近的涨落与关联) 第十七周至第十八周:复习考试 教材: 汪志诚, 热力学统计物理, 第三版 林宗涵, 热力学统计物理学, 2007, 北京大学出版社 参考书: 1. 王竹溪, 统计物理学导论 2. Greiner, Neise, Stocker, Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics 4. Landau, Lifshitz, Statistical Physics, Part 1 5. Reichl, A Modern Course in Statistical Physics, University of Texas Press 成绩评定: 作业10%, 期中， 40%， 期末50% Lecture1:Ideas from measure theory STAT205Lecturer:Jim Pitman Scribe:Sivakumar Rathinam Lecture1 III. 风洞的研究已经使汽车在减少风阻方面取得了很大的改进。当今，很多汽车的引擎盖都是弧线型的，以减少风阻。为了减少风阻，汽车的挡风玻璃设计得更加先进。汽车的前部下面安装了特制的条带以降低汽车底部的空气流动。其他一些改进包括可伸缩的大灯和减少散热格栅。一些设计师不再使用冷却器格栅；另外一些设计师为了减少风阻，打算取消挡泥板、导雨槽，甚至是汽车两侧的导流条。 Lecture2 II.紧邻脉络膜以内，位于眼球后部三分之二处是光的最终焦点，这个感光层被称之为视网膜。视网膜把目光所及的外部事物成像到这个感光层上。这个影像，就像单个薄薄的透镜影像一样，被倒射到视网膜上。眼睛放松时，它的有效焦距大约17mm，也就意味着视网膜成像与单个17mm透镜焦距的成像大小一样。在眼睛聚焦于近距离物体时，视网膜有效缩小为约14mm。 I. 1. The fundamental principles of modern communication are discussed in this paper. 2. Several simple dielectric test objects have been utilized. 3. The results obtained demonstrate that the above equation holds for all cases. 4. This scheme avoids the complexities of matrix inversion. II. 1. 本文提出了一种新的设计方法，重点放在其推导思路（guidelines of thought ）上，它与以往的方法相比有不少优点。最后举例说明了该方法的应用。 2. 雷达通过无线电回波(echoes)来确定物体的存在(presence)、方向及距离(range)一台雷达机主要由六部分组成。当发射的能量碰到(strike)物体时,其一部分就反射回来,从而使接收机能接收到回波，并在荧光屏上把它转变成可见信号(visual signal)。Lecture3 失眠一般被归咎于焦虑和压力，而一项新研究表明身体染病也有可能导致失眠。研究者们对3445例患有慢性病或者处于压力中的成年人研究后发现，与严重失眠密切相关的因素依次为：压力、髋部疾病、充血性心脏病、消化系统溃疡、肺病以及背部疾病。同时，我们的生活受24小时日夜周期支配。如果24小时节律被扰乱，很多人都会感觉疲倦或者不舒服，从而引起失眠。也有些人会在连续几周失眠后生病。 用名词将下列句子的划线部分改写成主语： I. 1. A comparison of radio waves with water waves is made. 2. An analysis of the performance of his device is made in the 3. A brief introduction is given to fundamentals of a digital computer in 4. The cooling of the engine is achieved by a thermo-siphoned system. 5. Discharge of the contents of the tank is performed by a pump. 6. An increase in the thickness of the lagging will reduce the heat 7. The testing of machines by this method will entail/result in some 8. A temperature rise of 50oC [OR: A rise in/of temperature by 50oC] would result in a change in Zener voltage of 3.75%. 9. A study of these listings will greatly help the programmer in finding any errors made in writing the program. 10. A physical analysis of the diode shows that the current and voltage are related by the following equation. II. 改进下列句子使变得更简洁紧凑。 1. Using a telescope, we can see objects far away. 2. With no resistance in the circuit, the current would increase forever. 3. In these graphs the horizontal axis measures time increasing toward the right away from the vertical axis. 4. In this case electrons will possess more energy, thus increasing the brightness of the spot. 5. (Being) accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide use in every field. Lecture4 II. 床头箱中包括了驱动和齿轮变速机构以及主轴。主轴夹住工作并使其以一定速度旋转。此速度的大小主要取决于工件直径 Part one: 科技英语文体特征 Stylistic Features of EST (English for Science and Technology) Aerodynamics in Car Design Automobile designers are working on ways to build automobiles that get good gas mileage. One way to do this is to make cars more streamlined by reducing drag or wind resistance. Scientists define drag as a force that retards, or slows, an object that is moving through the air. All moving objects are subject to drag. Studies estimate that at 88 kilometers an hour, one-half of the car’s fuel and more than 60 percent of the car’s horsepower are used to overcome drag. So if car designers can reduce drag they can improve on the car’s gas mileage, or fuel efficiency. To find out more about drag, car designers use engineers who are specialists in aerodynamics. Aerodynamics is a science that involves the study of moving air and the forces that act on objects moving through the air. The aerodynamics specialists measure air resistance in units indicating coefficient of drag, or CD. The coefficient of drag is the ratio of the amount of wind resistance an object encounters to that of a flat plate of the same weight held vertically. 英语专业用词翻译 *课程代码Course Cod *课程名称Course Name *学分Credits *学时Hours *思想道德修养Morals and Ethics *毛泽东思想概论Introduction of Mao Zedong Thought *马克思主义政治经济学原理Marxist Political Economics *邓小平理论概论Introduction of Deng Xiaoping Theory *马克思主义哲学原理Marxist Philosophy *法律基础Fundamentals of Law *军事理论Military Theory *大学语文Chinese *汉语写作Chinese Writing *高等数学Advanced Mathematics *大学体育Physical Education *计算机文化基础Introduction of Computer Technology *艺术鉴赏(音乐)（选）Art Appreciation (Music） *综合英语Integrated English *高级英语文选Advanced English Reading *英语泛读Extensive English Reading *英语口语English Speaking/Oral English *英语写作English Writing *英美文学选读British and American Literature *英汉翻译English-Chinese Translation *汉英翻译Chinese-English Translation *英语口译Interpretation *英语视听Audiovisual English *高级英语视听Advanced Audiovisual English *高级英语语法Advanced English Grammar *英美报刊选读Selected Readings of English Newspapers *英语综合技能Integrated English Skills *日语（第二外语）Japanese (as a second foreign language) *论文报告Thesis Presentation *计算机应用Computer Application *外贸函电International Business Correspondence *国际金融International Finance *微观经济学Microeconomics *国际营销学International Marketing *西方会计学Accounting *国际贸易International Trade *英美近代文学作品赏析Modern British and American Literature *美国企业经营管理American Business Management *美国经济概况Introduction to American Economy *国际商法International Commercial Law *英语语言学概论Introduction to English Linguistics *军训Military Training (来源：英语论坛https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3a4672127.html,) *翻译实习Translation Practice *毕业设计（论文）Undergraduate Project (Thesis) Money If you can actually count your money, then you are not really a rich man. ——American oil billionaire J. Paul Getty What is money Economists define money as anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods or services or in the repayment of debts. Types of money A. Commodity money B. Convertible paper money C. Fiat money(or fiat currency): Usually paper money, is a type of currency whose only value is that a government made a fiat that the money is a legal method of exchange. Unlike commodity money or representative money it is not based in another commodity such as gold or silver and is not covered by a special reserve. D. Private debt money E. Electronic money Private debt money A loan that the borrower promises to repay in currency on demand. . IOU the checkable deposit at commercial banks and other financial institutions. 总需求aggregate demand 总供给aggregate supply 企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation 创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业light industry 博彩业lottery industry 制造业manufacturing industry 垄断行业monopoly industries 市场多元化market diversification 市场经济market economy 市场监管market supervision 购买力purchasing power 熊市bear market 牛市bull market 城镇化urbanization 房地产real estate 首付down-payment 业主home owner 个人购房贷款individual housing loan 经济全球化economic globalization 经济特区special economic zones (SEZ) 经济增长economic growth 泡沫经济bubble economy 关税tariff 纳税人tax payer 宏观经济macro economy词根lecture 1
银行流水单翻译词汇(汇总)
中国文化相关词汇英文翻译
翻译专业词语
英语翻译常用词组汇总[1]
四级翻译词汇汇总
中国特色文化词汇翻译
数学各种专业的英语词汇翻译。
lecture1
lecture1
汇总《翻译》lecture1-12 阅读理解及练习答案(1)
学生版lecture1
英语专业用词翻译
金融英语lecture1money
文化特色英语词语翻译