Unit3 Goods Move. People Move. Ideas Move

Unit 3

Goods Move. People Move. Ideas Move. And Cultures Change.

Erla Zwingle

Structure of the Text

Part I (Paras. 1-3)

Globalization is a reality but it is not something completely new. What is new is the speed and scope of change.

Part II (Paras. 4-6)

This part deals with different views on globalization.

Part III (Paras. 7-9)

Three points are made in this part:

(1)Westernization is not a straight road to hell, or to paradise either.

(2)Cultures are as resourceful, resilient, and unpredictable as the people who compose them.

(3)Teenagers are one of the powerful engines of merging global cultures.

Part IV (Paras. 10-13)

This part describes the a uthor‘s experience with Amanda Freeman, a “cool hunter.”

Part V (Paras. 14-19)

In order to prove that the trend is toward fusion, the author uses Tom Sloper and mah-jong as an example.

Part VI (Para. 20)

This is a transition, using China‘s change in the past 20 years as an example.

Part VII (Paras. 21-24)

This part deals with cultural trends in Shanghai.

Part VIII (Paras. 25-28)

The author uses her experience at the Shanghai Theatre Academy to illustrate her point that the change is at the level of ideas.

Part IX (Paras. 29-34)

In this part, the author introduces A lvin Toffler‘s view on conflict, change and the world order. Part X (Para. 35)

A summing-up of linking---goods move, people move and ideas move.

Part XI (Para. 36)

Conclusion: The result of linking is change which means transformation of each other.

Part XII (Paras. 37-39)

The author again uses an example from Shanghai to illustrate the transformation of cultures.

Part VIII (Para. 40)

Linking in the end means the linking of heart.

II. Detailed Analysis of the Text

1.Questions on Paragraph 1:

●How does the author begin this article? Why does she quote Marx and Engels?

The author begins the article with the statement ―Today we are in the throes of a worldwide reformation of cultures‖which is called globalization. Here the author points out that globalization is a worldwide movement and a movement of reformation of cultures. She does not say, “merging of cultures” but “reformation of cultures,” indicating that the cultures in the world will continue to exist but they will not exist unchanged.

●The author then says that globalization is not an exact word to describe the changes. Why?

The author quotes Marx and Engels to prove her point. According to polls, Marx and Engels are rated among the most influential figures of the past one thousand years. The author‘s intention is two-fold: on the one hand she wants to show that globalization has resulted from the rise of modern industry and world markets; on the other she wants to stress that it is a process and a historical process at that.

Editor’s note: The favorable reception in the West of Chinese Kun Qu (昆曲) ―Peony Pavilion‖ (牡丹亭), the popularity of Korean films in China, the uproar over tainted milk powder involving a Chinese-New Zealand joint venture company, the alarm caused internationally by bird flu are all examples of the development of globalization.

2. Today we are in the throes of a worldwide reformation of cultures, a tectonic shift of habits and dreams called, in the curious vocabulary of social scientists, “globalization.”(Para. 1)

in the throes of: in the act of struggling with (a problem, decision, task, etc.)

Translation:今天我们正经历着一种世界范围文化剧变的阵痛,一种习俗与追求的结构性变化,用社会科学家奇特的词汇来称呼这种变化，就叫―全球化‖。

3.In place of the old wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes, ... (Para. 1)

Paraphrase:Instead of people‘s traditional needs, we find new ―felt‖ ne eds, demanding goods from distant and far-off places to meet them.

Note:

The object of ―requiring‖ is ―the products; ―for their satisfaction‖ is an adverbial phrase, showing purpose.

4. Their statement now describes an ordinary fact of life. (Para. 1)

Paraphrase:Marx and Engels made the prediction 150 years ago. But today it is not a prediction but something that happens every day.

5. How people feel about this depends a great deal on where they live and how much money they have. (Para. 2)

Paraphrase:

Pe ople‘s attitude toward globalization is to a great extent determined by whether they are in

developed or less developed countries and whether they are among the haves or the have-nots.

Note:

The author is to a large extent correct in making this statement. According to polls in the U.S., the attitude towards globalization has a lot to do with a person‘s level of income and education.

An analysis of the economic situation in the world in recent years shows that most of the benefits of globalization have gone to the developed world, hence the dissatisfaction and resentment of many in the Third World.

6. Yet globalization, as one report stated, “is a reality, not a choice.” (Para. 2)

Paraphrase: Globalization is not something that you can accept or reject; it is already a fact of life, which you will encounter and have to respond to every day.

7. Humans have been weaving commercial and cultural connections since before the first camel caravan ventured afield. (Para. 2)

caravan: a company of travelers, esp. of merchants or pilgrims traveling together for safety, as through a desert

venture: to undertake the risk of, to brave

afield: away (from home)

Paraphrase:People in the world made commercial and cultural contacts long before merchants on camels risked traveling to places far away from home.

8. wrought (Para. 2): (past participle of work) to produce results or exert an influence

9. Telegraph... between individuals and the wider world. (Para. 2)

Paraphrase:

The invention of the telegraph brought individuals and the outside world closer but at the same time the connection was more complex, less direct, not so easy to see or detect.

Translation:

电报、电话、收音机和电视把个人和外部世界更紧密地连在一起,这种联系更为复杂、不那么直接也不易察觉。

Note:

The author uses ―intricate‖ and ―complicated‖ to describe the connection because with the emergence of advanced technology, the connection is not only faster but also more difficult to see, to explain. For example, connection with the outside world through watching cable TV or listening to radio is less tangible and much less direct than camel caravans. But a connection is established. Telegraph and Internet connections are examples. You can connect through the Internet to a person you may never have actually met in person.

10. Still, the basic dynamic remains the same: Goods move. People move. Ideas move. (Para.

3)

dynamic: a force producing motion or change

Note:

―Still‖ here introduces a contrast. Paragraph 2 tells the readers that modern technology makes

the connections and changes faster and more complicated. Paragraph 3 stresses that the basic pattern is the same. The difference lies in the speed and scope of change.

11. Questions on Paragraph 4：

(1) How do Western social scientists, anthropologists and politicians view the trend toward

globalization? Does the author agree? What is your view?

Many members of these groups believe that globalization will result in the spread of American goods as well as American values and culture, and that the consequence will inevitably be the Americanization of the world.

The author is not so pessimistic. She does not think that globalization means Americanization;

she believes a variety of cultures will continue to exist, but that they will all be changed. This can be seen in her opening statement, in Para.3-4, and in her concluding paragraph.

The factors mentioned by the critics of globalization do exist. The United States, as the world‘s only superpower, has taken advantage of globalization to greatly expand its exports of goods as well as ideas and values. If you go on the Internet, the overwhelming amount of information is in English. In international business, the prevalent means of communication is English. That is why critics include the English language as part of the ―cultural assault‖. This concern is shared by some Chinese citizens/intellectuals. But globalization is a double-edged sword, which means it can cut either way. Advantages and disadvantages coexist. The determining factor is government policy. Closed-door policies have proved to be disastrous.

So the only feasible approach is to make full use of the advantages and to minimize the negative effects.

(2) Is the author‘s description of the book China Can Say No accurate?

No. ?The burning of Hollywood‘ is the subtitle for a section in the book in which the authors discuss the burning of Hollywood films by the French – it is not advice to the Chinese. The author said he would not fly on a Boeing 777, not because of anti-Americanism, but because of technical flaws in the design. Since it is based on inaccurate information, her analysis cannot be correct.

Note:

The author makes three more crucial points: that the book is an example of ―exploiting nation alist anxieties‖, that China struggles between xenophobia and ambition, that the book‘s central theme is that Chinese people should not believe blindly in foreign things.

12. Whatever their backgrounds or agendas, these critics are convinced that Western—often

equated with American—influences will flatten every cultural crease, producing, as one observ er terms it, one big “McWorld.” (Para. 4)

agenda: program of things to be done

crease: a fold or wrinkle

McWorld:a world modeled on McDonald‘s, meaning a w orld filled with American goods and culture

Paraphrase: Western... influences will overwhelm all non-western cultures, making them lose their own unique characteristics, so that in the end there will exist only one westernized or Americanized world or culture.

Translation:不管他们的背景和纲领如何,这些对全球化持反对态度的人深信西方的影响——往往等同于美国的影响——会把所有文化上的差异一一压平,就像一位观察家所说的,最终产生一个麦当劳世界,一个充满美国货和体现美国价值观的世界。

13. Popular factions sprout to exploit nationalist anxieties. … suggesting that Hollywood be

burned. (Para. 5)

popular factions:反映公众情绪(或得到公众支持) 的派别

Paraphrase:Political groups with broad popular support have come into being to take advantage of people‘s worries and uneasiness over foreign ―cultural assault.‖

Why does the author view ―xenophobia‖ and ―economic ambition‖ as opposing te ndencies?

…Xenophobia?means hatred or fear of foreigners or foreign things. If xenophobia became predominant, it could lead to movements to drive out foreigners and foreign goods as, for example, occurred during the Boxers‘ Movement. ?Economic ambition‘ r efers to the desire to build China into a strong, industrialized country to improve the livelihood of the Chinese people.

This would mean being open and welcoming to the outside world, and introducing foreign capital, technology, and goods.

Note:

In China, trends toward closed-door and open-door policies have struggled for dominance for

a long time.

suggesting that Hollywood be burned: Hollywood stands for American films. This is a rhetorical device called synecdoche. 建议把进口的好莱坞大片烧掉。

14. Those people out there should continue to live in a museum while we will have showers

that work. (Para. 6)

museum:―Museum‖ here stands for ancient life or backwardness, the kind of life you can only find in museums now.

showers that work: It stands for modern life with high-tech gadgets.

Paraphrase:

The Chinese people should continue to live a backward life while we live comfortably with all modern conveniences.

15. Questions on Paragraph 7:

How does the author bring out the inconsistencies in the concept of Westernization?

First, she compares the critics and the boosters. Then she compares the inconsistencies within each group. The critics blast Coke and Hollywood but not organ transplants and computers, indicating that their critique is selective. The boosters emphasize environmental protection but make no mention of cigarettes and automobiles, indicating that they deliberately overlook

those things that bring damage to health and the environment. Her conclusion is: Westernization is neither a direct, uninterrupted road to hell nor to paradise. In other words, it is neither terribly bad nor extremely good.

16. Westernization, I discovered over months of study and travel, is a phenomenon shot

through with inconsistencies and populated by very strange bedfellows.(Para. 7)

(be) shot through with: to have a lot of, as if full of holes after a shotgun blast

inconsistencies: not uniform, including inharmonious or self-contradictory factors

bedfellow: an associate, ally, confederate, etc.

Paraphrase: After months of research and travel, I found that westernization is a concept full of self- contradiction and held by people of very different background or views.

17. Y et they make no mention... disastrous effects. (Para. 7)

Translation:然而他们不提西方文化中不那么健康的一面,譬如香烟和汽车,就在发展中世界急切地接纳这些东西时,它们已带来很坏的后果。

18. Apparently westernization is not a straight road to hell, or to paradise either.

Translation: 很显然,西方化既不会直达地狱,也不是直通天堂。

19. But I also discovered that cultures are as resourceful, resilient, and unpredictable as the

people who compose them.（Para.8）

resourceful: able to deal promptly and effectively with problems, difficulties, etc.

resilient: recovering strength, spirits, good humor, quickly; buoyant

Translation:不过我也发现文化就如构成文化的民族一样,善于随机应变,富有弹性而且不可预测。

Question: In what way are cultures resourceful, resilient, and unpredictable? How does the author prove this?

The author attempts to prove this by giving three examples.

The first is Hollywood High School in Los Angeles, a city that many people consider a source of cultural degeneration. Even in this city where Hollywood is located, you can still find a school in which thirty-two languages are spoken. This is a sign of cultural diversity. The second is how Sesame Street has been adapted in Shanghai. Sesame Street is a popular American television show, yet the Chinese have been able to borrow the form and use it to teach Chinese values and traditions. This again shows how resourceful and resilient cultures can be. The third is McDonald‘s in India. This example shows on the one hand that McDonald‘s is clever in catering to Indian demand, on the other, the resourcefulness and resilience of American and Indian cultures. When such unexpected developments take place, the author is justified in calling cultures unpredictable.

20. In Los Angeles, the ostensible fountainhead of world cultural degradation...（Para. 8）

Translation: 在洛杉矶,世界文化堕落的明显的源头……

21. McDonald?s serves mutton instead of beef and offers a vegetarian menu acceptable to

even the most orthodox Hindu.（Para. 8）

Translation:

麦当劳供应的是羊肉而不是牛肉,而且提供一份素食的菜单,连最正统的印度教徒也能接受。

Question:

Why does McDonald‘s serve mutton instead of beef in India?

Because the Hindu religion regards the cow as sacred, so beef can‘t be eaten.

22. Questions on paragraph 9:

(1) Why are teenagers so important?

Their number is huge and they have time and money to spend. So entertainment and goods are designed to cater to their taste.

(2) Why does the author consider teenagers one of the powerful engines of merging global

cultures?

Young people are the source of fashion and fashion knows no national boundaries. A fashion in one culture can easily be picked up by teenagers in other cultures. The spread of rap music is a case in point.

23. The critical mass of teenagers…（Para. 9）

mass: a large number

teenager: a person between the age s of 13 and 19

The fact that there is a large number of young people between the ages of 13 and 19 is decisive.

24. hang out:(slang) to spend much of one‘s time; frequent

25. ... who was the first teenager to put his baseball cap on backward.（Para. 9）

Translation:是那个青少年带头把棒球帽帽檐朝后戴。

26. ... rap music, which sprang from the inner-city ghettos, began making big money only

when rebellious white teenagers started buying it. （Para. 9）

rap music: a style of black popular music with a pronounced beat to which words are recited rather than sung说唱乐

White teenagers taking over black popular music is a phenomenon which began in the 1960s in the U.S. A number of white teenagers of well-to-do family backgrounds became alienated from middle-class values and conventions. They attempted to break away from such shackles in a counter-culture movement. Rock music became a major vehicle for the counter-culture attack on the status quo.

27. They are called “cool hunter”, ... how it works.（Para. 9）

cool hunter:猎酷者

take (sb.) in hand: to control someone, as to show him how to behave or act

28. Questions on Paragraph 10:

What sort of person is Amanda Freeman? Why does she go to Los Angeles?

Amanda is 22 and she works for a consultant company, Youth Intelligence, which is located in

New York. She goes to Los Angeles to conduct surveys in order to predict trends.

Because of Hollywood,Los Angeles is supposed to be a center of youth fashion .

29. She has shoulder-length brown hair and is wearing a knee-length brocade skirt.

(Para.10)

Translation: 她留着披肩的棕发,穿着一条长及膝盖的织锦短裙。

30. You don?t have to be cool to do it; you just have to have the eye.(Para.10)

cool:(slang) fashionable in the eyes of the young

Paraphrase:In trying to predict future trend s, you do not need to be fashionable yourself.

Note:

―To have the eye‖ is an idiom meaning to have a special intuitive knack or ability, actually quite rare.

31. We go to a smallish ?50s-style diner in a slightly seedy pocket east of Hollywood that has

just become trendy. (Para. 11)

diner: a small restaurant built to look like an old-fashioned train dining car.

seedy: shabby, rundown

trendy: of or in the latest fashion or trend; ultrafashionable

pocket: an isolated area of a specified type

Paraphrase:We go to a small restaurant built in the style of the 1950s in a somewhat run-down area east of Hollywood which has just become fashionable.

Translation:我们去了一家小一点的，50年代式样的餐馆。这家餐馆位于好莱坞东面一个比较破落的区域，这个区域刚刚时髦起来。

32. Then we wander through a few of the thrift shops. (Para. 11)

thrift shops: esp. in the U.S., a shop selling second-hand items, usually for charity.

33. If it?s not going. . . it?s never going to catch on. (Para. 11)

catch on: to become popular

Paraphrase: if the trend is too expensive for people to follow, it will not become popular. 34. Questions on paragraph 13:

How does Amanda go about her work?

She goes to small，cheap shops in trendy areas to conduct surveys because a fashion which is not affordable will not become popular. She also has her eye on fusion, because nowadays blending has become a trend.

35. It?s really hard to be original these days, so the easiest way to come up with new stuff is

to mix things that already exist. (Para. 13)

mix: combining ingredients so that the resulting substance is uniform in composition, whether or not the separate elements can be distinguished.

Translation: 现今, 原创极为困难。因此，最容易的办法就是把现存的东西组合在一起, 拿出一个新玩意儿来。

36. There?s going to be more blending, like Spanish music and punk-things that are so

unrelated. (Para. 13)

blend: a mixing of different varieties to produce a desired quality.

punk:朋克摇滚乐a type of loud violent music popular in the late 1970s and the 1980s. 38. Questions on paragraph 14:

(1) Why does the author introduce Tom Sloper and mah-jongg?

The author uses Tom Sloper and mah-jongg as an example to illustrate fusion. This is a good example because it combines computers, a product of Western high technology, and mah-jongg, a traditional Chinese game—a fusion of East and West, of technology and entertainment. In short, a fusion of things previously unrelated.

(2) Why does the author mention small rooms in Asia and country clubs in Beverly Hills?

The author here uses two rhetorical devices: contrast and antonomasia. The small rooms in Asia stand for lower-middle-class people in Asia while the country clubs in Beverly Hills stand for rich people in the United States. A country club admits only members of the club. It is expensive and exclusive. The author here contrasts a number of things: Asia vs. the U.S., lower-middle-class people vs. rich-upper-class people, men vs. society women.

(3) How does Tom Sloper play mah-jongg?

He plays it in his Los Angeles office in the evening on the Internet.

39. This being America, he has found a way to marry these two passions and sell the result.

(Para. 14)

passion: a strong emotion that has an overpowering or compelling effect.

Questions:

(1) What is the grammatical function of ―this being America‖?

It is an independent element playing the role of an adverbial causal clause. It can be changed into ―Since this is America.‖

(2)What is the implication of this statement?

The implication is that America is an open, technologically advanced and creative country, which allows people to work on the most unimaginable kinds of things. At the same time, America is a huge market, which can accommodate and consume the products of this imagination.

Paraphrase:As an open and technologically advanced country with a large market for unusual things, America provided Tom Sloper with the necessary conditions to design a software program combining a new Western technology with the ancient Eastern rules of mah-jongg. And he was able to sell his product.

40. … in small rooms that are full of smoke. (Para. 14)

Question: What does ―full of smoke‖ indicate?

It indicates two things: (a) most probably, the players are men; (b) they smoke while playing, so the room is stuffy and the air is bad. Such scenes are to be found in films produced in Hong Kong, Taiwan or the mainland of China. It may also imply that the players are not well

educated.

41. …that are full of smoke and the ceaseless click of the chunky plastic tiles and fierce

concentration of the players. (Para. 14)

click: a slight, sharp sound, like that of a door latch snapping into place. In rhetoric, this is called onomatopoeia: the formation of a word by imitating the sound associated with an object or action such as ―tinkle,‖ ―buzz.‖

42. It is also played by rich society women at country clubs in Beverly Hills and in

apartments on Manhattan?s Upper West Side. (Para. 14)

Questions:

(1) What do the place names stand for?

They stand for social and economic status. These are upper-class residential areas in Los Angeles and New York respectively.

(2)Why does the author mention ―country club‖ and ―apartments‖?

The author wants to show that mah-jongg is played by rich ladies at social gathering s as well as at home.

43. But Tom, 50, was playing it at his desk in Los Angeles one evening in the silence of a

nearly empty office building. (Para. 14)

silence: absence of any sound or noise

Questions:

(1) Why does the author speak of a nearly empty office building?

Because it is evening, and almost all of the office workers have gone home.

(2) Why does the author begin the sentence with ―But‖?

To emphasize the contrast between Tom playing alone and people playing in groups, in Asia and in the U.S.

44. Actually, he only appeared to be alone. (Para. 15)

Question:

Why does the author say he only "appeared" to be alone?

Tom was alone in the office building but he was playing a game with three other people in three different places. In that sense, he was not alone.

45. His glowing computer screen showed a game already in progress with several habitual

partners. . . (Para. 15)

Translation:他那亮着的计算机屏幕表明麻将已经搓起来了，其他几个参加者都是老牌友……

46. ... with that detached... machines. (Para. 16)

detached: not involved through emotion, interest, etc.

Paraphrase: ...in a friendly way, but this friendliness lacks emotion because his attention is fixed on his computer screen and the people who are connected with him through the Internet.

47. Questions on paragraph 19:

How does Tom play mah-jongg on the screen?

He uses a computer and the tiles bounce around the screen. His partners are people in Germany and Wales as well as in Ohio and Minnesota.

He also carries on conversations with the players by typing short comments to them. He knows his partners well although he has never met them personally.

48. Tom played on into the night. At least it was night where I was. (Para. 19)

At least it was night where I was. 至少我所在的地方是晚上。

Paraphrase: At least it was night where I was watching him play. The time in Germany was nine hours later, in Wales, eight hours later. In Minnesota it was two hours later and in Ohio three hours later.

49. ... was up in the cyber sphere far above the level of time zones. (Para. 19)

Translation:他在网络世界活动，这种活动超越时区。

Paraphrase: He was moving around, playing a game via the Internet, with people living in different time zones, hence their computer activity broke down the limits of time zones.

50. If it seems that life in the West has become a fast-forward blur, consider China.

(Para. 20)

fast-forward blur: moving so fast into the future that outlines are blurred, as if images on a video tape were being played on fast forward.

Translation:如果说西方的生活太超前了,已经看不清轮廓了,那么就看看中国。

Questions:

What role does this sentence play?

It serves as a transition.

51. In just 20 years, since market forces were unleashed by economic reforms begun in 1978,

life for many urban Chinese has changed drastically. (Para. 20)

unleash: to free from restraint

52.Cosmopolitan, plunging necklines and all, is read by 260,000 Chinese women every

month.

Cosmopolitan:《时尚》杂志

plunge: to extend far down in a revealing way

neckline: the line formed by the edge of a garment around or nearest the neck

plunging neckline:开领袒胸

Translation: 26万中国妇女每个月都在阅读《时尚》杂志，那些开领袒胸的画页及其他内容。

53.Questions on paragraph 21:

Why does the author go to Shanghai to investigate cultural trends?

Because on the one hand Shanghai is the largest city in China, on the other, it has long been open to the West.

54. General Motors, for example, set up its first Buick sales outlet in Shanghai in 1929;

(Para.21)

Buick sales outlet:别克轿车的销售网点

55. Once a city of elegant…multilane overpasses. (Para. 22)

Questions:

(1)What kind of contrast is made here?

A contrast is made between old Shanghai and Shanghai in the 1990s.

(2)Which version of Shanghai does the author prefer? How do you know?

The author liked old Shanghai better. This can be seen in her choice of words. In describing old Shanghai, she uses ―elegant‖villas and ―imposing‖office buildings, words carrying a positive connotation. In describing current Shanghai she uses infinitives such as to ―crowd and jostle‖the skyline, ―cramp‖ the…streets, ―choke‖ the parks and op en spaces. These phrases all carry a negative connotation.

(3)What is the new Shanghai like according to the author?

(a)Shanghai has ―ripped itself to ribbons‖. This is the author‘s general description of

Shanghai i n the 1990s. While Shanghai‘s buildings i n the past were elegant and imposing, Shanghai has become a scene of great upheaval the result of which cannot be satisfactory or good.

(b) Everywhere there are soaring skyscrapers. ―Skyscraper‖ is a word used to refer to a

building that is very high, made of steel and glass, sometimes lacking style or taste. As a result, when you look out, you can only see tall buildings one after another, obscuring the view—―to crowd and jostle the skyline‖.

(c) Shanghai‘s streets are narrow. With tall buildings on both sides of narrow, winding

streets, you can imagine how crowded you will feel.

to cramp: to confine; restrain

(d) The few parks and open spaces are surrounded by tall buildings, so the word ―choke‖ is

used to accentuate the feeling of a cramped space.

(e) T he traffic is also crowded so the word ―crawl" is used together with ―multilane

overpasses‖ to show that even on the most modern roads, traffic is still very slow.

(f) So the conclusion is: Modernization has not brought beauty and convenience to the

people of Shanghai. High-rises have spoiled Shanghai‘s original beauty. This paragraph suggests a kind of nostalgic feeling on the part of the author and notes her reservations about the way Shanghai is being modernized.

Translation: In a decade... presence. Traffic crawls... overpasses.

十年中, 几十座闪闪发亮的新的高层建筑拔地而起, 挤压空间, 使人张目不能远眺, 使原本狭窄弯曲的街道更显压抑, 而这些高耸大楼的存在也使公园和空地感到憋气。即使是在多车道的高架桥上, 车辆也在爬行。

56. But on the streets...a surprising $100,000. (Para.22)

boutique:时装用品小商店;百货公司的时装部a small shop, or a small department in a store,

where fashionable, usually expensive, clothing and other articles are sold.

mall: a completely enclosed, air-conditioned shopping center

Gucci store:古奇专卖店

Question: What is implied in the statement, ―Many carry several shopping bags‖?

It implies that the purchasing power of people in Shanghai is high.

Women dressed in bright colors, carrying several shopping bags on the Nanjing Road, a shopping center in downtown Shanghai, is a sign of economic prosperity.

Note:

(1) The connective ―but‖ introduces another contrast, a contrast between the skyscrapers and

the people of Shanghai.

(2) The word ―surprising‖ shows that the shop did not expect business to be so good in the

first two weeks after its opening. It also shows that despite the fact that Gucci is a Western brand, the name is not unfamiliar to many Shanghai people.

57. Questions on paragraph 23:

What is the main idea of Paragraph 23?

This paragraph tells of changes in the lives of ordinary people — changes in the amount of money spent on food, on clothing and on new items, such as travel.

A recent poll (2001) in Beijing showed that the amount of money spent on food made up only

39.18% of total family expenditure, as compared with 49.92% five years earlier. Clothing

made up 10.01% as compared with 13.55% five years before. A rising percentage went to education and health care, a total of 13.64% as compared with 7.79% five years previously. 58. Questions on paragraph 24:

(1)Why do you think the author raises the issue of cultural dislocation here?

This has something to do with the title: goods move, ideas move and cultures change. As a result of economic development, more foreign goods and enterprises have come into China - or Shanghai, to be more exact. With economic development, people‘s lives have b een improved and their attitude towards life has also changed. This might cause cultural dislocation.

(2)What is people‘s attitude towards possible cultural dislocation?

People do not consider the new prevalence of foreign goods and the changes in life that goes with it to be a problem. They accept such change and do not feel alarmed.

59. The Chinese are very good at dealing with ambiguity. (Para.24)

ambiguity: the quality of permitting more than one interpretation

Translation:中国人是很善于应对多种可能性的。

60. Potential: this is largely a Western concept. (Para.25)

potential: the capacity to develop or become useful in the future

Question: Why is it a Western concept?

Potential is a concept used in physics or electricity, subjects first studied in the West.

61. ...it?s clear that the truly great leap forward here is at the level of ideas. (Para.25)

It is clear that real progress, progress that matters most, takes place at the level of changing ideas.

62. To really grasp this, I had only to… Shakespeare?s Macbeth… (Para. 25)

Macbeth:《麦克白》, 莎士比亚四大悲剧之一。整个剧情笼罩在阴森恐怖的气氛中。苏格兰将军麦克白平定叛乱, 立功凯旋归来。由于听信女巫的预言,在自己野心的驱使和妻子的怂勇下,利用国王邓肯到自己家中作客的机会,弑君自立。此后,麦克白肆无忌惮地杀害异己,践踏无辜,终使所有重要贵族与他离心离德。最后被邓肯的儿子马尔康和贵族麦克德夫战败而死。麦克白夫人也因感到众人的仇恨和受到自己良心的折磨,最后发疯自尽。

全剧主题写人性中善与恶的斗争和不良野心的危害,体现了野心残暴必败,光明正义必胜的信念。

63. There we were at the Shanghai Theatre Academy… (Para. 26)

Shanghai Theatre Academy:上海戏剧学院

64. The lightin g was heavy on shadows, with frequent flashes. (Para. 27)

lighting: the art, practice, or manner of using and arranging lights on a stage

Translation:灯光集中在鬼影上,常常夹有闪电。

66. The light went out … auto-rewind. (Para. 27)

Translation: 灯光熄灭,有一阵子,黑暗中惟一的声音就是一部价格昂贵的照相机自动倒卷时发出的声音。

67. It strained imagination … sewing machine. (Para.28)

Translation: 难以想象就是在这个国家,二十年前人们最想要的三样贵重物品是手表、自行车和缝纫机。

68. Early on I realized that I was going to need some type of compass to guide me through

the wilds of global culture. (Para.29)

compass:指南针

wilds: a wilderness or wasteland

Paraphrase:From the very beginning, I knew I would need a theory to help me study globalization, to guide me through such a great variety of cultural phenomena.

69. Questions on paragraphs from 30 to 34:

(1) What did Toffler mean when he said ―order grows out of chaos‖?

He meant that significant change happens as a result of conflict. By conflict, he means ―wave‖ conflicts, that is, conflicts between modes of production.

(2) How does Toffler define ―wave‖?

Toffler defines waves as major changes in civilization. The first wave came with the development of agriculture (according to historical materialism, the use of iron tools); the second with industry. The third is based on information.

(3) How does Toffler define the ―current conflict‖, where by ―current‖ he means 1999, the

time of the author‘s interview with him?

He holds that the current conflicts are not conflicts between East and West, nor between North and South but between dominantly industrial countries and dominantly agrarian countries plus internal conflicts within countries that are partly one and partly the other.

(4) What is Toffler‘s analysis of the current int ernational order?

He holds that the present order is an order that trisects world power. According to him, agrarian nations are at the bottom, knowledge-based economies on the top, with industrialized countries in between.

(5) What do you think of Toffler‘s analysis of conflict and the world order?

Toffler holds that conflict takes place between agrarian countries and industrialized countries.

But the industrialized countries are also the developed countries, so his analysis is very similar to the conception of a North-South conflict between the developing countries and the industrialized countries. However, to eliminate the political element from the conflict is not in accordance with the real situation and therefore is incorrect. And it is an over-simplification to say that world civilizations today can be divided into three types: agrarian, industrial and knowledge-based. But it may be valid to say that the problems of various civilizations are rooted in their modes of production.

The trisection-of-power concept fails to take into consideration the distribution of political, economic, and military power in the world, hence, it is not a true reflection of the world situation.

(6) Is it possible that, in the future, small groups might be able to use television to preserve

their separate, distinctive cultures and languages?

Perhaps. With many more channels available, costs will be greatly reduced. In the U.S., government licensing insistence on some television access being reserved for broadcasts in the public interest could help a small group, say the Navaho Indians with about 40,000 speakers of their tribal language, to transmit programs in that language. But there are also political and cultural constraints. Some linguists predict that many of the languages used today will become extinct in the not too distant future.

70. “Y es,” Toffler says. “...not of the past.” (Para. 24)

Questions:

(1)What is Toffler‘s view on likely cultural changes as a result of the third wave?

Toffler holds that, in the future, there will not be a single homogenized culture but that the cultures that remain will not be the same as they were before. They will have been transformed.

(2)What does Toffler mean when he says that we will be the Chinese of the future, not of the

past?

When h e says ―Chinese‖, he is talking not about the Chinese people but about Chinese culture.

Of course Chinese culture in the Information Age cannot be the same as the culture of Confucian times.

71. It is cheaper for businesses... at home. (Para.35)

Question:

Is this statement true? Comment on this statement.

It is true. This is called ―the brain drain‖. Many third world countries are experiencing such a brain drain. When we say that in the U.S., many ―Silicon Valley‖ scientists and engineers are of Chinese or Indian origin, we are talking about the brain drain. Every year, about one-third of the university graduates from China‘s top-notch universities apply for visas to the United States. This is proof that China‘s universities are, in fact, training some of China‘s most talented people to work in U.S. high-tech industries.

72. For the Japanese, this is an entirely new way of thinking. (Para. 35)

Question: What can we deduce from this statement? What is the old Japanese way of thinking?

Older Japanese are very traditional in their thinking. That is why you still find Japanese employees who are proud of life-long service in a single Japanese firm. Loyalty to the firm is constantly stressed. The idea that one‘s fate is in one‘s own hands has been alien to Japanese corporate culture, but is appropriate to American culture with its emphasis on individualism.

73. Questions on paragraph 36:

What is the main idea of this paragraph?

The main idea is that there will not be a uniform world culture in the future; cultures will coexist and transform each other.

74. It?s a reality, not a choice. (Para.36)

Question:

What is the function of the statement?

It serves as a recapitulation of the idea stated in Paragraph 2 and a re-emphasis of the point that globalization is already a matter of fact, not speculation. It also serves as a bridge to a discussion of globalization‘s drivi ng force.

75. The late philosopher Isaiah Berlin... something else... (Para36)

aspire (to): to strongly hope or desire to get or do something, esp. something lofty or grand; to yearn

utopian:belonging to or typical of an ideally perfect state or place; admirable but impracticable in real life乌托邦式的

Paraphrase:The late philosopher Isaiah Berlin thought that a society should not pursue unrealistic goals but should aim at achieving something more practical, more down-to-earth.

Questions:

(1)What does “utopian ideal” refer to?

It is not clear, but it may refer to a uniform world culture.

(2)What was this ―something else‖ Berlin had in mind?

Perhaps he was pointing out that we should not pursue uniformity but should, instead,

cultivate tolerance towards diversity.

76. Questions on paragraphs from37 to 39:

Why does the author describe her experience at a Jewish gathering in Shanghai? What does she want to show?

She wants to use the incident to demonstrate that different cultures can co-exist and learn from each other while maintaining their own identity.

A Jewish gathering on the eve of Yon Kippur, a Jewish Holy Day, in Shanghai, a Chinese city,

is evidence of cultural co-existence.

That the author, neither Chinese nor Jewish, felt at home at the Jewish gathering is another example. The author‘s con clusion is: there are things in one culture which are shared by other cultures. In other words, there are things in common in all cultures. This is the basis for mutual understanding and co-existence.

77. In Shanghai one October evening I joined a group gathered in a small, sterile hotel

meeting room. (Para. 37)

sterile: not stimulating

78. … a young Jew from Israel… as rabbi of the infant congregation. (Para. 37)

infant: in a very early stage

congregation: an assembly of people for religious worship or teaching

79. They received a lot from local cultures, but they also kept their own identify. (Para. 38)

identity: the condition or fact of being a specific person or thing; individuality

Translation:他们从当地文化吸收了不少东西,但仍然保持了自己的本色。

80. “Create in me a clean heart, O God, and renew a right spirit within me,”he intoned.

(Para. 39)

intone: to utter or recite in a singing tone or in a prolonged monotone

79. The penitence may have been Jewish, but the aspiration was universal.

penitence: sorrow over having sinned or done wrong

Paraphrase: The means of showing repentance might have been particular to the Jews, but the strong desire to receive forgiveness from God is common, shared by all.

80.Questions on paragraph 40:

How does the author conclude the article? What do you think of her conclusion?

In her concluding remarks, the author makes clear her views on globalization. She points out why globalization is inevitable—―linking‖ is humanity‘s natural impulse. H ere two words are worthy of our attention/Here, we should pay attention to the author‘s use of words. The author/She is not talking about ―merging‖ or ―fusion‖ but ―linking‖, emphasizing that linking is a natural human desire. In other words, it is not something imposed on humanity. From this careful choice of words we understand that there will not be a McWorld, but rather the coexistence of transformed cultures, and that these cultures are brought together not just by technology or business but more importantly by common aspirations and shared values. The

concluding paragraph is short, consisting of four sentences. But these sentences bring out important ideas, which, in turn, relate to the author‘s Shanghai experience.Therefore, the conclusion emerges na turally and logically from the author‘s development of her ideas.

81. Linking is humanity?s natural impulse, its common destiny. (Para. 40)

Translation:相互联系是人类自有的欲望,是其共同的命运。

82. They are the powerful cords of the heart. (Para. 40)

Translation: 这种连接靠的是强有力的心灵纽带。

Key to Exercises

I．

1.in the act of struggling with ( a problem, decision, task, etc.)

2. a force producing motion or change

3.program of things to be done

4.to have a lot of, as if full of holes after a shotgun blast

5.decisively large number of people

6.(slang) to spend much of one's time; to frequent

7.to control someone, as to show him or her how to behave or act

8.an isolated area of a specified type

9.to become popular

10.extending far down in a revealing way

V．

1. Yet Globalization is not something you can accept or reject; it is already a fact of life, which you will encounter and have to respond to every day.

2. Political groups with broad popular support have emerged to take advantage of people‘s existing worries and uneasiness regarding foreign ―cultural assault.‖

3. ... in China, closed-door and open-door policy trends have long struggled for dominance.

4. The Chinese people should continue to live a backward life while we live comfortably with all modern conveniences.

5. Westernization... is a concept full of self-contradictions and held by people of very different backgrounds and views.

6. In trying to find out what future trends will be, you do not need to be fashionable yourself.

7. As an open and technologically advanced country with a large market for unusual things, America provided Tom Sloper with the necessary conditions to design a software program combining a new Western technology with the ancient Eastern rules of mah-jongg. And he was able to sell his product.

8. He was moving around, playing a game via the Internet, with people living in different time zones, hence their computer activity broke down the limits of time zones.

9. The Gucci store had not expected that in the first two weeks of its opening in Shanghai, business would be so good.

10. The means of showing repentance might be particular to the Jews, but the strong desire to

receive forgiveness from God is common.

VI.

1.今天我们正经历着一种世界范围文化剧变的阵痛，一种习俗与追求的结构性变化。用社

会学家奇特的词汇来称呼这种变化，就叫“全球化”。

2.不管他们的背景和纲领如何，这些对全球化持反对态度的人深信西方的影响——往往等

同于美国的影响——会把所有文化上的差异一一压平，就像一位观察家所说的，最终产生一个麦当劳世界，一个充斥美国货和体现美国价值观的世界。

3.不过我也发现文化就如同构成文化的民族一样，善于随机应变，富有弹性而且不可预测。

4.现今原创极为困难。因此，最容易的办法就是把现存的东西组合在一起，拿出一个新玩

意儿来。

5.二十六万中国妇女每月都在阅读《时尚》杂志，那些开领袒胸的画页及其他内容。

6.灯光熄灭，有一阵子，黑暗中惟一的声音就是一部价格昂贵的照相机自动倒卷时发出的

声音。

7.他们从当地文化中吸收了不少东西，但仍然保持了自己的本色。

8.相互联系是人类天生的欲望，是其共同的命运。

9.这种连接靠的是强有力的心灵纽带。

基英课文概述summary(第三册)

Unit 1 Fresh Start I first began to wonder what I was doing on a college compus anyway when my parents drove off . My plan was to keep my ears open and my mouth shut .The next morning , I found my first class and marched in . But I was in the wrong building . After class , I went to the cafeteria , I stepped in a large puddle of ketchup and my rear end met the floor . It ended with my first day of college class . I was very frustrated . But later , a composed and very confident football player let me realized I had been taking myself far too seriously .So I gave up trying to act my way through college and began not acting at all . Three years after graduation , I’m still making mistakes , and I’m even being forgiven for a few . Unit 2 Tranny of the Urgent Have you ever wished for a thirty-hour gay ? We seemed have a lot of things undone . But would a thirty-hour day really solve the problem ? Prolongation of time doesn’t really solve the problem . We find ourselves working more and enjoying it less . Our dilemma goes deeper , it’s basically the problem of priorities . Sometimes we have left undone and we have done those things which we shouldn’t have done . It’s the problem of priorities . Some urgent things devour our energy . Then we recall the important tasks pushed aside . We realize we’ve become slaves to the “ tyranny of the urgent ” . Unit 3 Chinese Food Chinese and Western have the different attitudes toward food . Most of chinese pay more attention to the food , but the western is different . For them , food is quite simply a fuel . Chinese think the eating is one of the most important things in life : to eat with the capital E . In fact , chinese food is the only truly international food . How did this come about ? The reasons included that the chinese went to work in North America , and the population pressure in HongKong . But root is that the western are interested in chinese food . There is no doubt that the traditional high-quality chinese meal is a serous matter , the preparation is detailed , and the enjoyment must therefore match it . Chinese food is an expression of basic assumptions about life itself . Unit 4 Why I Want a Wife I’m a wife , but I want a wife . With a wife , I can go back to college , leaving my wife to take care of the house and my children . I want a wife who will take care of my physical needs . She is supposed to the house clean , cook the meals every day , and do the grocery shopping . I want a wife who will take care of the details of my social life . When my friends are invited to our home , she should prepare a special meal and make them feel comfortable . I want a wife who will satisfy my sexual needs , of course , she will not demand sexual attention when I don’t feel like it . And I want the liberty to replace my present wife with another one . A wife can do so many things , who wouldn’t want a wife ? Unit 5 The Company Man Phil was a company man , a workaholic , a prefect tape A . He worked himself to death at 3:00 am Sunda y morning . He worked six days a week , over ten hours a day . He didn’t like to exercise , so he was overweight . He was too busy to share any time with his wife and children . As a result , he was very distant from them . One of his sons said : “ my fath er and I only board

建筑设计院作业流程

设计中心作业流程（试行） 一、目的 对设计中心的工程设计质量全过程进行控制，最大限度地减少设计差错，识别问题并及时改正，确保设计项目满足规定的要求。 二、适用范围 适用于分公司设计中心承接的每个工程设计项目的质量管理。 三、工程设计策划 1、项目组组建 a)根据项目的内容、技术含量以及业主的要求，由分公司领导任命具备相当资质、能力的人员担任项目负责人。 b) 项目组专业设计人员由项目负责人与分公司领导商定后指派。 2、编制《开工报告（单）》 项目负责人根据已生效的合同，提出设计指导思想和设计原则，结合设计资料，编制《开工报告（单）》和《工程项目流程卡》。《开工报告（单）》由项目负责人填写分公司领导批准，《工程项目流程卡》由设计中心办公室登记后，各专业确认后即可开展工作。 3、发布《开工报告（单）》 由项目负责人主持，分公司领导和项目组全体人员参加，发布过程中项目负责人应详细介绍项目情况及要求。 4、组织各专业之间技术接口 a)小型项目采取口头传递接口信息； b)大、中型项目（设计费5万元以上）在主导专业在完成设计方案后，需要时向有关专业提出正式的设计条件时，填写《接口信息传递、接受单》； c)接受条件专业应检查所接受条件的内容、深度是否满足本专业设计要求，检查通过后在《接口信息传递、接受单》上签署意见，并开展本专业的设计工作。需要时继续向有关专业提出设计条件。 5、随着工程设计的进展，在适当时，可调整《开工报告（单）》的内容。

开工报告序号： 工程项目名称： 项目统一编号： 1、设计依据 设计任务书或前一设计阶段审批文件和上级有关指示精神(应将有关原文列出)。 2、建设项目的意义和概况 工程建设项目的重要性：建设进度，项目概况及对设计的要求，设计合同的主要内容。 共4页第1页

高级英语6 lesson1 课文的summary

Summary of Sexism in School According to Myra and David Sadker, many people believe classroom sexism was gone already, but actually it still exists in school: boys still get more attention than girls do in classroom. Based on some reliable investigation and bountiful evidence, readers can easily know that teachers' sexist attitudes towards students do exist and it can directly affect students' progress in learning. It can be found that boys get more than their fair share of teacher attention, while girls just sit and keep quiet. Besides, the sexism with far-reaching harmful effects also exists in work place. Then the authors make a recommendation that teachers getting trained can establish equity in classroom, which turns out to be effective according to the study. Finally, the authors make a call for immediate action to remove sexism in school so that females can achieve equity in work world as well as in school.

上海高考Summary如何写

Summary如何写（I） 说明文的summary 我们以上海英语高二课本中的一篇文章为例 The Problem of Packaging 第一段 A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. To understand why this is true, think of the packaging commonly used for a simple product, such as toothpaste. The packaging includes not only the tube for the toothpaste, but also the box for the tube. This box is put into a plastic wrapper. Then, the boxes are transported in a cardboard container. 第二段 Most packaging material ends up in a landfill after it is thrown away. Though necessary, landfills take up valuable space, often stink, and can leak harmful substances into the soil. Landfills not included, the production of packaging material itself is a major source of air and water pollution. 第三段 People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. In 1991, Germany took the lead by requiring companies to recycle the packaging used for their goods. To do this, the companies set up recycling bins in every neighborhood. Consumers now separate their rubbish into three categories—metal, plastic and paper cartons. They then put it into the appropriate bin. The rubbish sorted, it is transported to are cycling company for processing. 第四段 The programme worked well at first. However, the amount of rubbish has begun to increase again. One reason for this is that many consumers no longer reduce waste because they think the problem is solved. It seems that to properly deal with the problem of rubbish, everyone must remain vigilant and do their part. 我们先来把每段的大意理一下： 第一段的中心应该就是讲 A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. 后面的牙膏的情况只是举例说明咯。 第二段呢？讲了两层意思，一层：垃圾进入填埋场后造成污染；二层：这些包装材料生产过程中，会产生对空气和水的污染。 第三段：中心句很清晰啊People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. 后面的德国的事情也是举例子，政府啊，制造商啊，个人啊，采取什么措施来试图解决包装材料带来的污染问题。 最后一段了：尽管德国的方法起到了一定的作用，但，又有些人开始神兜兜起来了。包装材料的污染仍是个大问题啊，我们不能放弃警惕。

【流程管理】建筑设计院设计流程

【流程管理】建筑设计院 设计流程

第一章建筑专业设计流程 开始 前期资料收集 市场定位与产品策划 总体规划与户型设计方案 住宅裙楼平面方案 住宅外立面方案 公建单体方案 外立面材料方案 泛光照明方案 电梯选型与装修标准方案 结束

一、前期资料收集阶段 1、取得设计条件 取得以下基础文件、设计依据：建设用地规划许可证、规划用地红线图、规划设计要点批文、地形图、（原有地质勘探资料）、市政工程设施规划资料、现有市政基础条件及道路坐标标高等。 2、市场调研 对当地房地产市场、主要竞争楼盘进行调研，综合从规划特点、气候特色、户型特点、当地房地产发展程度、销售情况等方面进行调研。 3、现场踏勘 分析了解场地条件、周边环境、交通情况等。 4、综合分析总结，完成考察方案，作为市场定位和产品策划决策依据。 二、市场定位和产品策划阶段 1、市场定位 明确楼盘档次定位，初步确定户型指标、户型结构、户型比例、设计特色具体要求。 2、宏观规划评估方案 作出不同容积率、密度，不同层数，不同类别产品（别墅、类别墅情景洋房、小高层住宅、高层住宅、一梯几户等）的宏观性规划评估方案。

3、规划经济评估 对不同类别产品、不同环境的产品假设其销售价格，再对宏观规划评估方案计算其总销售额。根据总销售额、工程管理成本、年供应量、工期、项目总周期等对不同的宏观规划评估方案做出综合评估分析总结。 4、产品策划决策且通过集团审批 经规划经济评估，确定产品策划，明确规划要求、环境要求、产品类型、户型比例、户型指标、户型结构等。 三、总体规划和户型设计方案阶段

开始 户型方案设计 规划总平面方案设计 组织方案讨论并通过集团审批 公共配套设施规划（含地下室、 各类功能配套设施等） 总平面规划报建图 二图一书（或四图一书）详规 报建 综合管线与设备用房规划并通过 集团审批 人防规划设计并通过集团审批 二图一书批复后提供综合管网与 人防规划报建图 归档，由设计中心取得批复意见 后实施 结束 四、住宅裙楼平面方案阶段

安徽大学 研究生英语 课文summary and comment

上册 Summary of Unit2(Recession-proofing your career) in the text,the author firstly tries to tell us that guaranteed jobs have already become history.These days,no matter what our official employment status,we are all temporary workers. But there is much that you can do to protect yourself from change and economic upheaval,by equipping yourself with the skills to manage your career more effectively.She then suggests some skills.She recommends discovering both your overt and covert talents,making sure that a wide range of positions are available to you,and never committing to any“hot job”which exceeds either your interest or talent.Moreover,you should cultivate and maintain an active network both inside and outside of your profession,to“market”yourself,to convince the employer that you are the most suitable candidate for the job.Finally,always follow work trends. I am bound to face the work dilemma in the future sooner or later.I quite agree with the author’s opinion.There is no reason for us to stop learning when we are working.The author’s suggestions will help me much in the foreseeable future. 翻译： 在文中，作者首先试图告诉我们，保证工作已经成为历史，如今，不管我们在职场从事的是什么工作，我们都只是临时工。但是你可以学习一些技能来更有效地规划自己的事业，使自己免受变化和经济震荡的影响。她提出一些技能。她建议，发现你的显性和隐性的人才，确保广泛的职位提供给你，决不承诺任何“热门工作”而超过你的兴趣或才能。你应该在自己的行业内外建立和维持一个活跃的人际网络，来“推销”自己，说服雇主，你是最合适的求职者。最后，总是遵循工作趋势。 我迟早要面对这个工作的窘境。我完全同意作者的观点。当我们工作的时候，我们没有理由停止学习。作者的建议将在可预见的将来，我有很多的帮助。 Summary of Unit3(Lies) People usually have very negative views regarding lies.Liars are frequently criticized,even cursed.Yet this passage exemplifies a different perspective,one which cruelly reveals the fact that everyone tells lies.We can not live without lying and the lies direct out thoughts and the truth.We need our lies to mask our fear and anxiety about life and death----about the many things we do not understand and control.Lies make us feel superior to other species.Religions abound with myths and tales,which are basically lies that provide human beings with a sense of safety.People need big lies,because lying disguises our mortality,our inadequacies,our fears and anxieties,our loneliness in the midst of the crowd. I just agree the author’s views in a certain degree.People say some white lies,but it is moral problems if a person always tells lies.No one would like a man who never speaks the truth.Lies can not make our life,also can not let the world better.Which can make the world better only the more beautiful heart. 翻译： 人们通常对谎言有很消极的看法。骗子经常被批评，甚至被诅咒。然而，这篇文章是一

大英4 课文summary

1.2 The passage tells a story about a woman overcame many difficulties and became successful in her field at last.First, the girl had her eyes on the course at the London School of Econmics. The girl’s family can’t support her for university study,as a result, she has todrop out from school and start to work to make a living. Unfortunately, she was faced with many problems and she felt lonely.She told her problems to Tony.Tony give her a loan to start a business.With Tony’s help.she got her master degree and set up her own company.But many years later,Tony was disabled after an accident and need the repayments of the loan to adapt his house for his disability.She pays back Tony’s help and Tony thought investing in people gives the best return you can ever hope. 2.1 Books may change your life, when we pick up a book we are about to enter a new world. What’s more ,books helps us liberate from the real world we come from.Reading books allows us to enjoy and celebrate variety and difference in safety, and provides us with an opportunity to grow. When we read books, we learn to look beyond our immediate surroundings to the horizon and a landscape far away from home.IN addition, reading books can give us power and stimulate our emotions. As soon as we are able to listen, books are supremely influential in the way we live.Books have helped me to discover the real meaning of my life, and have made it possible for me to get out of the confusion and meaninglessness. 2.2 This article is about the author’s views of reading books. The author is a writer and he likes reading books very much. He think that a book lives though the passionate recommendation of one reader to another. Nothing can throttle this basic impulse in the human being. And he also raises that we should read books as often as possible bacause a book lying idle on a shelf is wasted ammunition. He told us that when you are eager to read a book, leave it alone for a few days and ask yourself earnestly if it be absolutely necessary to read it. In the end, the author described a writer who readed a lot and meanwhile writtrn a lot. 3.1 The article is about the fashion tendency in the last 50 years. The author mainly introduced the development of jeans and the relationship of economy and hemiline. It was Levi Strauss who invited the jeans. At first, only miners wore jeans. In the mid-1960s and early 1970s, the hippie movement influenced the design of jeans. And jeans remained fashionable during the period of punk. Besides, the ahthor found that as the stock market rises, so do hemlines, and when it falls, so do they. 3.2 Sea glass is popular for several reasons. First, the creation of sea glass is a form of recycling. Second, sea glass becomes rarer than diamonds now. Third, its eco-credentials lend sea glass further appeal. So the designers would like to put sea glass to use. Gina Cowen became a sea glass jeweler. Her designs were sold at Liberty or to private customers.Though seaglass become rarer, Gina Cowen refuses to condone it and she even rejects to polish new glass to make it look old. So we'd better follow Cowen’s example and search for

设计院工作基本流程

设计院工作基本流程-标准化文件发布号：（9556-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII

设计院工作基本流程 一、设计准备阶段： 1、建筑专业调整平面方案先交本专业总工审定方案，再由其他专业制图人确定各自专业设计方案，最后填写方案审定单并由各专业总工审定方案。（注：方案审定单中应详细标明设计阶段参考的资料）。 2、各专业反提条件，由建筑专业完善方案交付项目负责人。 3、项目经理根据项目具体情况编制设计任务委托书。 4、项目经理将设计任务委托书提交各专业总工审定，补充相关内容（结构专业需注明钢筋级别） 5、项目经理将整理完整的设计任务委托书及确认的方案图交由甲方签字确认。 二、施工图设计阶段： 1、施工图设计过程中某一专业如遇到牵扯其他专业的变动需填写方案审定单并报本专业总工审定，同时通知项目经理。如改动较大需告知甲方，寻求最佳的解决方案。 2、施工图设计过程中各专业总工应在专业角度全程监督制图人员，保证出图质量。 3、各专业应做到最大化的为甲方考虑节约造价，必要时提供多种方案供甲方选择。 三、审图出图阶段 1、各专业应做好施工图审定、审核以及校对工作，按要求填写校审记录单，制图人员除按要求改图外要逐条答复校审记录单中的各项问题。 2、审图工作结束后，由制图人制作出图文件（PDF格式），整理本专业的计算书。 在一个建筑工程当中参与的单位分为： 建设单位（甲方、业主） 设计单位（设计图纸单位） 监理单位（甲方聘用的） 施工单位（承包方、施工队、乙方） 注：设计单位中分：方案组、效果图组、建筑施工图组、结构组、暖通组、给排水组、电气组，有些设计院会另外有动力专业组。 2

summary的模板

竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除 summary的模板 篇一：summary写法 一、概述 文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“summary”。 通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。 国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字 -500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地

了解书籍的要义。写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。 摘要分陈述性的（descriptive）和资料性的（informational）两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。 它可以包括三个组成部分 ①点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图； ②介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌； ③提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。 二、常见句型 常见的摘要句型有： 1）thispaperdealswith... 2） thisarticlefocusesonthetopicsof(that,having,etc)... 3）thiseassypresentsknowledgethat... 4）thisthesisdiscusses... 5）thisthesisanalyzes... 6）thispaperprovidesanoverviewof... 7)thispaperelaborateson... 8）thisarticlegivesanoverviewof... 9）

(完整版)建筑设计有限公司建筑设计流程管理细则

建筑设计流程管理细则 一、设计前期工作 1、项目接洽 1.1由市场部代表公司与业主就设计项目进行洽商 1.2项目接洽人与业主达成初步意向后，需要向业主了解项目的如下基本情况： （1）业主全称 （2）项目地点 （3）项目性质 （4）项目规模 （5）资金来源 （6）服务内容 （7）价格意向。 1.3项目接洽人将了解到的上述项目基本情况向公司领导汇报，由公司领导对该项目进行评估是否承接。 1.4如评估可承接该项目，则进入合同洽谈阶段。 1.5项目规模较大涉及的技术类型较复杂的，或业主在洽谈中需要咨询技术问题的,由技术部门安排人员进行配合。 2、合同洽商及签订 2.1合同洽商阶段，项目接洽人配合公司领导制定合同大纲后，与业主就合同的设计内容、设计费、付款方式、工作周期及业主特殊要求进行协商约定。（重大项目的洽商需公司相关部门领导主持，项目接洽人配合） 2.2合同洽商的同时，应向业主收集以下资料： （1）项目可研批文、备案批文或核准批文等。 （2）项目规划要点（规划设计条件）和现状地形图，道路蓝线图及用地红线图。（3）周边道路标高及市政管线。 （4）各阶段政府主管部门的批文。 （5）甲方的方案意向及要求。 （6）甲方设计委托书。 2.4各项合同条款协商好后签订设计合同，在合同洽商阶段会同时后续工作，设计部负责人和市场部负责人做好相应对接，由设计部负责人下达项目任务书给相关设计人员。

设计任务书见附件一 二、方案设计 1、接到任务后成立方案小组。 2、联系甲方到现场查看，拍摄场地及周边照片。积极收集方案标书、规划要点、地形图、可研等相关资料，并了解相关领导对这个项目总平面布局、平面功能、立面风格、材料等各项要求。 2.1方案设计在前一到二次与业主的沟通中，尽量搞清楚业主的想法与需求，避免反复修改方案造成时间浪费，前期沟通必须达到以下目的： （1）首先要弄清楚与我方对接的业主，是否决策者，或他的意见是否能代表最终决策者的意见，避免与中间非决策者做过多无用沟通。 （2）了解地块周边的交通情况，与业主确定的主要出入口位置。 （3）了解业主对项目的定位、要达到的目的、设计的重点及是否有设计风格的偏好。（4）对项目非计容面积部分进行充分沟通，如是否做人防、在满足规划条件停车位要求的情况下，需要做多少层地下室。 （5）设计开始前应拿到当地的规划技术管理规定。 （6）对业主突破规划条件的要求，要确定业主是否与行政主管部门做过较充分沟通。 3、委托书、招标书需复印交给市场部，总公司给项目编号。 4、项目负责人制定项目的生产计划，明确各自组员的分工。 方案进度表见附件二 5、项目负责人负责每周走项目周报。在方案进行过程中，应由项目负责人组织各个工种召开一到两次项目会议，各个工种的问题应在方案阶段予以考虑，避免遗留问题到施工图阶段方解决。 6、如果需要投标，方案诉标前，项目组需准备好各项汇报材料（PPT、标书、规划要点、地形图、甲方提供的其他材料等）,并进行预演。汇报时，需分工一个人主讲，一个人演示，一个人记录甲方及专家提出的问题。 7、方案中标后及时把中标通知书交市场部。 8、及时联系甲方了解各项修改内容，联系当地规划部门了解当地的具体要求，以便在甲方要求的时间内报批。 9、方案阶段所有联系内容均以书面形式来往，以便以后查阅。方案最终确定前，应进行校审，不应出现明显违反规范的情况。与业主确定方案后，应请业主在方案上签署“同意按此方案进行施工图设计”及负责人签名，方进行下一步施工图设计工作。 10、如业主需要提供效果图，则在安排效果图公司制作效果图前，应收集几种风格的类似项目的效果图请业主对风格基调予以确定，避免多次效果图增加成本。建筑方案画效果图

怎么写英文摘要summary

摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读 A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：

1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”