英国文学
English literature Introduction
A quotation
Now, here is my secret, a very simple secret. It is only with the heart that one can see rightly. What is essential is invisible to the eyes.
Little Prince
the purpose of literature
The function of tragedy is to achieve catharsis through pity and fear.
Poetics
Old English
1. The English/ Anglo- Saxon conquest, AD450
The Romans were followed by three Germanic tribes:
Angles, Saxons and Jutes from what is now Denmark and Northern Germany. They settled down as farmers and named the land they lived England which means the land of Angles.
Beowulf
Beowulf: England’s national epic
Not about England but about their hometown in Denmark.
Major Characters: Beowulf (hero),
Grendel ( a sea animal)
Grendel’s mother ( a sea witch)
a firedrake （dragon )
2.genre of the poem: national epic 民族史诗
epic: a long narrative poem about men of the aristocratic class involved in a series of actions that are important in the development of a nation. Social background
3.Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by
Anglo-Saxons from their continental home. Its main stories are folk legends of primitive Northern tribes.
4.Characterization: a grand hero
Bravery, courage, self sacrifice
He is faithful to his people. He goes alone to rescue his people. He forgets himself in face of death, thinking only that it profits others 5.subject matter theme
Subject matter:It tells the story of Beowulf fighting against monsters like Grendel and the fire dragon, winning the battle and protecting his people.
Theme: the universal truth of good fighting against and triumphing over the evil.
A Sample Piece
Thus make their mourning the men of Denmark,
For the fall of their treasure giver,
His hearth-companions
Quoth that of all the kings of earth,
Of men he was the mildest and most beloved,
To his kin the kindest, keenest to praise.
Beowulf (a modern translation)
6.artistic features 1: alliteration 头韵
The most noticeable artistic feature of Beowulf is alliteration. Alliteration is the hallmark of the Anglo- Saxon poetry.
Alliteration makes poetry very musical in sound.
Definition: the repetition of initial consonant sounds in each verse line or a group words.
Artistic features 2 : metaphors and similes
Artistic features 3 : understatement
“not troublesome” ----- very welcome
“ need not praise” -------- need condemn
Understatement gives an impression of reserve and a tinge of ironical humor. This quality is regarded as a permanent characteristic of the English.
The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事
Geoffrey Chaucer（1340——1400）
Chaucer: father of English poetry; founder of English Realism
Full wise is he that can himselven knowe
---- Geoffrey Chaucer
乔叟去世后安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂（Westminster Abbey）从此威斯敏斯特教堂的一角便成为大诗人安葬的”诗人角”（the poet’s corner）.
1.a well-knit structure: 24 tales (20 completed)
A unity is achieved through the device of the framed story, i.e. Chaucer’s invention of a journey of pilgrimage.
the general prologue
separate prologues to each tale with links, comments
Chaucer’s status in literature:
1.The founder of English realism
2.Forerunner of Humanism
3.1st great poet who wrote in English
4.Father or founder of English Poetry.
2.a realistic masterpiece
Nearly all classes of the English feudal society are represented by those pilgrims. The whole piece is a collection of true-to-life pictures of the English society of Chaucer’ s time.
His tales expose and satirize the evils of the time and attack the corruption of the church
progressive idea: humanistic tendency Influenced by the early Italian Renaissance, Chaucer affirmed man's right to pursue earthly happiness and opposed asceticism, praised man's energy, intellect, and love of life 3.His contribution to the English language
1. The first great poet who wrote in the English language.
2. His creation was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language.
3. He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for modern English speech.
4.Contribution to English poetry– father of English poetry Chaucer introduced the rhymed stanzas（诗节）of many kinds from French poetry, esp. the heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）
heroic couplet: a pair of rhyming lines of
iambic pentameter.
5.several literary terms to analyze poems
Rhyme: （押韵）is the echo or coincidence of sounds at the end of the line.
Rhyme scheme : is the pattern of rhyming lines in a poem or in lyrics for music. It is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme
an exercise for rhyme scheme
Bid me to weep, and I will weep,
While I have eyes to see;
And having none, yet I will keep
A heart to weep for thee.
-------- Robert Herrick
rhythm/ meter: 格律
Meter is the rhythm, the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse.
iambic 抑扬格，抑扬格的：a type of rhythm in poetry in which an unstressed syllable is followed by a stressed syllable
foot 音步: the unit of rhythm in a verse line
e.g. For men may come and men may go.
Come live with me and be my love.
iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格：a verse line which consists of five feet, with each foot an iambic.
Example:So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
只要人类在呼吸，眼睛看得见，
我这诗就活着，使你的生命绵延
Shakespeare
introduction of a literary term: setting
The setting of a story refers to its place and time, i.e. the background against which the action of the story takes place.
But pay attention: setting may mean more than mere background. It can make things happen. It can prompt characters to act, bring them to realizations, or cause them to reveal their innermost natures.
_______ conquered England on October 1066. From then on began the medieval
period. (南开 2008）
The English writer Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1340. His most important work is _______, a long poem made up of 24 stories. 南开2008
Knights of the Round Table are characters serving _____ in legends, which depict chivalry in early literature. 北二外 2007
A Sir Lancelot
B Sir Godwin
C King Arthur
D King Henry 8 Explaining terms:
heroic couplet ( 人大2006，厦门大学2007，北航2010）
Short answer questions
1) Why is the knight first in the General Prologue to tell a tale in Canterbury tales? 北航 2009
2）What does the fact that the knight owns fine horses indicate? What does the clothes he wears indicate? What does Chaucer want to show through these details? 南开 2009
3）How did Chaucer’s creative work reflect the English society in the second half of the 14th century? How was he influenced by foreign writers such as Dante or Boccaccio? 人大2007
Renaissance & Shakespeare
1.Renaissance : 1.A thirsting curiosity for the classical (Greek and Roman) literature
2.Humanism
2.The introduction of printing to England by William Caxton brought classical works within reach of the common multitude.
3.Edmund Spenser----- the Poet’s Poet 代表作：The Faerie Queene
4.Francis Bacon:
-------- an essayist and philosopher 1561-1626
Status:Founder of English materialist philosophy
Founder of modern science
Father of English essays
His masterpiece: Essays《论说文集》began the tradition of essays in English.
Essay is a minor literary form.
The term was coined by the French writer Montaigne in the title of his Essays.
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才
Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them. 有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书。
Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。
Shakespere
literary Career: 37 plays, 2 long poems and 154 sonnets
1.Apprenticeship in play writing
e.g. Romeo and Juliet
Great comedies and mature history plays
A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night, As you like it
Great Tragedies and Dark Comedies
Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth
Tragicomedies 悲喜剧 / Romances
《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》Hamlet（哈姆雷特）、Othello （奥瑟罗）、King Lear（李尔王）、Macbeth（马克白）四大悲剧。
四大喜剧是《仲夏夜之梦》》 A Midsummer Night's Dream《皆大欢喜》As you like it《第十二夜》Twelfth Night《威尼斯商人》The merchant of Venice 四大悲剧
《哈姆雷特》哈姆雷特
《李尔王》李尔王,高纳里尔,里根赢其,考狄利娅
《奥赛罗》奥赛罗与苔丝狄蒙娜
《麦克白斯》:麦克白,邓肯,麦克德夫
四大喜剧
《威尼斯商人》安东尼奥,巴萨尼奥,鲍西娅
《仲夏夜之梦》克劳狄奥,希罗,贝特丽丝和培尼狄克
《皆大欢喜》罗瑟琳,奥列佛,奥兰多
《第十二夜》巴斯辛和薇奥拉
Four Tragedies
"Hamlet" Hamlet
"King Lear" King Lear, Goneril, Regan, Cordelia
"Othello" Othello and Desdemona
" Macbeth": Macbeth, Duncan, Macduff
The four major comedy
"The Merchant of Venice" Antonio, Bassanio, Portia
"A Midsummer Night's Dream" Kelaodiao, Herodotus, and Beitelisi Peinidike
"As You Like It ,"Rosalind, Oliver, Orlando
"Twelfth Night" Sebastian, Viola
Sonnet (14行诗）:
a 14-line verse form usually
written in iambic pentameter.
( 注：It was introduced from Italy by Sir Thomas Wyatt )
_____ is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into 14 lines.
A Free verse
B Sonnet
C Ode
D Epigram (06年 TEM8) soliloquy: a dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a character reveals his or her thoughts when alone or unaware of the presence of other character.
独白：是一种戏剧或文学的说话形式，用于某角色在独自一人或不知道其他角色存在的情况下展示自己的思想。
To Be or Not to Be
subject: revenge; struggle for the throne
within the court
theme: contradiction between humanist
ideals and the reality
Features of Shakespeare’s Drama
He is one of the founders of realism in world literature.
His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation.
He was a master hand for playwriting.
He was skilled in many poetic forms.
He was a great master of the English language.
Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two great treasuries of the English language.
John Donne and John Milton
17th- Century British Poets
John Donne 1572 - 1631
metaphysical poets 玄学派诗人:
a name given to poets like John Donne, Andrew Marvell, and George Herbert. They are most famous for the application of conceits, comparisons between things that are not really related.
1 One short sleep past, we wake eternally is taken from the poem written by ____ （首师大 2009)
2 One of the most noticeable features of John Donne’s poetry is his use of _____ (四川大学 2009）
3 Which of the following is not a religious poem by tJohn Donne? (大连外国语 2008）
A A Hymnn to God the Father
B Hymn to God my God
C A Good-Morrow
D Death Be Not Proud
4 ______ founded a new school of poetry by the name of metaphysical school.
A John Smith
B John Bunyan
C John Milton
D John Donne 北二外2010 Explain the following terms
1 Metaphysical poetry 南开大学 2009
2 conceit 首师大 2009
John Milton (1608- 1674)
Representative works
Paradise Lost 失乐园
Paradise Regained 复乐园
Samson Agonistes 力士参孙
Masterpiece : Paradise Lost 12 books
Genre: epic poem
Status: the greatest epic in English literature
Subjects: Old Testament stories:
eg. the creation, the rebellion of
Satan, the departure of Adam
and Eve from Eden
Verse Form: blank verse
Style: grand
Blank verse:
Unrhymed verse lines of iambic pentameter
Theme:
revolt against God’s authority
Characterization:
God: selfish despot, cruel, unjust
Satan: revolutionary hero
the spirit questioning the authority
superior nobility,
most firm, courageous, resourceful
1 Samson Agonistes was written by ______ 大连外国语2007
2 The epic of Paradise Lost is based on the stories from
_______ 北二外 2009
A The New Testament
B The Old Testament
C The ancient Greek Myths
D The ancient Roman Myths
Explain the following terms
1 blank verse 首师大 2009
“What though the field be lost?
All is not lost, the unconquerable will,
And study of revenge, immortal hate,
And courage never to submit or yield,
And what is else not to be overcome,
That glory never shall his wrath or might
Extort from me ”
1 The quotation is from Milton’s masterpiece, what is it? What are the artistic features of the author?
2 Briefly comment on the poem.
3 Describe the image of Satan according to the passage quoted.
4 What is the characterization of God in the poem.北航 2007 Questions:
How many books does Paradise Lost consist of? Who are the four main characters in the epic, and what are the respective relations between them? 人大 2006
《英美文学资料》word版
《英美文学》（03119）复习大纲 第一部分英国文学 一、课程简介 本课程简要介绍英国各个历史断代的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派,主要作家; 本课程要求学生掌握英国文学史上各个时期的文学特点，出现的文学流派以及该时期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及代表作品；并要求学生做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转换这能力，即能用有关知识和理论来分析英国文学中的相关问题。 二、课程重点章节简介： 第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学 1. <<贝尔武夫>> 2. 乔叟及其代表作 第二章: 文艺复兴时期 1. 文艺复兴的定义 2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗 3. 培根的代表作 第三章: 十七世纪英国文学 1.弥尔顿的代表作<<失乐园>>、诗剧<<力士参孙>>的主要内容及<<
失乐园>>选短
第四章: 启蒙运动时期 1.新古典主义 2.伤感主义 3.笛福及代表作 4.蒲伯及代表作 第五章: 浪漫主义时期 1.浪漫主义时期文学的特点 2.彭斯的创作特点及代表作 3.华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作 4.拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作 第六章: 维多利亚时期 1.维多利亚时期的文学特点 2.布朗蒂姐妹的代表作 第七章: 现代时期 1.现代主义文学 2.汤姆斯.哈代创作特点及代表作 3. D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作 三、本课程重点和难点内容简介 第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学： 1．<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。
2．乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学做出的贡献。3．名词解释“骑士抒情诗” 第二章: 文艺复兴时期： 1.文艺复兴时期的时间界定 2.“文艺复兴”的名词解释 3.“人文主义” 的名词解释 4.莎士比亚的“Sonnet 18”的主题 5.哈姆雷特的性格分析 6.英语解释《论学习》中的句子 第三章: 十七世纪英国文学： 1.英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中的句子 2.《失乐园》的主要内容和意义 3.《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析 第四章: 启蒙运动时期： 1.启蒙运动时期的界定 2.新古典主义的基本主张和特色 3.伤感主义的名词解释 4.《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的人物分析 5.蒲伯的《论批评》的主题
英国文学 整理
Term Definition： Alliteration（押头韵）: Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. Arthurian legend（亚瑟王传奇）: It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur L, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity. Sonnet（十四行诗）: A lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. There are two major patterns of rhyme in sonnets written in the English language: ( 1) The Italian or Petrarchan sonnet (named after the fourteenth century Italian poet Petrarch) falls into two main parts: an octave(eight lines) rhyming abbaabba followed by a sestet (six lines) rhyming cdecde or some variant, such as cdccdc . (2) the English sonnet, or else the Shakespearean sonnet. This sonnet falls into three quatrains and a concluding couplet: abab cdcd efef gg. There was one notable variant, the Spenserian sonnet, in which Edmund Spenser linked each quatrain to the next by a continuing rhyme: abab bcbc cdcd ee. Conceit（夸张）: From the Italian concetto (meaning idea or concept), it refers to an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feelings. Poetic conceits are prominent in Elizabethan love sonnets and metaphysical poetry. Conceits often employ the devices of hyperbole, paradox and oxymoron. Neoclassicism（新古典主义）: A style of Western literature that flourished from the mid-seventeenth century until the end of the eighteenth century and the rise of Romanticism. The neoclassicists looked to the great classical writers for inspiration and guidance. They believed that literature should both instruct and delight, and the proper subject of art was humanity. Neoclassicism stressed rules, reason, harmony, balance, restraint, decorum, order, serenity, realism, and form—above all, an appeal to the intellect rather than emotion. The Restoration in 1660 marked the beginning of the Neoclassical Period in England, whose writers included John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, etc. Romance（传奇小说）: It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King Arthur of Britain and the Knights of the Round Table, and the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne. Renaissance（文艺复兴）: Renaissance ("rebirth") is the name commonly applied to the period of European history following the Middle Ages. The development came late to England in the
英国文学名词解释
Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples are Dickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is a boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a later example. Conceit: a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne.. Comedy of manners is a kind of comedy representing the complex and sophisticated code of behavior current in fashionable circles of society, where appearances count for more than true moral character. Its humor relies chiefly on elegant verbal wit and repartee. In England, the comedy of manners flourished as the dominant form of Restoration comedy in the works of Etheredge, Wycherley and Congreve. It was revived in a more subdued form in the 1770s by Goldsmith and Sheridan, and later by Oscar Wilde. An epic is a long narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating and celebrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the past history of a nation. Epiphany(顿悟）: a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident Heroic couplet is the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. Intrusive narrator: an omniscient narrator who, in addition to reporting the events of a novel’s story, offers further comments on characters and events, and who sometimes reflects more generally upon the significance of the story. Iambic pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry. Metaphysical poetry: the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrote in a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas . Metaphysical Poetry Metaphysical Poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets try to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. They are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. John Donne is the lead ing figure of the “metaphysical school.” Naturalism: a post--Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the laws of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalists went beyond the realists’ insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature
英国文学下半部分总结
一：The Eighteenth Century(1688---1798)-----The Age of Reason/Enlightenment 1)Pope 18世纪被称为是Pope的时代，18世纪最伟大的诗人，其诗多用 “heroic couplet” 1)16岁Pastorals《田园诗》 2)1711 Essay on Criticism《批评论》—heroic couplets and didactic poem 3)1714 The Rape of the Lock《卷发遇劫记》—a mock-heroic poem 4)The Dunciad《群愚史诗》 5)Essay on man《人论》—philosophical poem in heroic couplets 6)Imitation of Horace《仿贺拉斯》 7)Epistle to Dr.Arbuthnot《致阿勃诺斯特医生书》 2)Swift 讽刺作家 1)1704 A Tale of a Tub《木桶的故事》—parable寓言 2)1704 The Battle of the Books《书站》 3)1708 Bickerstaff Almanac《比克斯塔福历书》 4)1708 Elegy of Mr.Partridge《帕特里奇挽歌》 5)1708 Vindication of Isaac Bickerstaff《艾萨克·比克斯塔福的辩护》 6)1726，10 Gulliver’s Travels《格里佛游记》 7)Pamphlets on Ireland(小论文) 关于爱尔兰的小册子 （1）The Drapier’s Letters《布商的书信》 （2） A Modest Proposal《一个小小的建议》 8)Tragic love affairs: Candenus and V anessa《坎迪纳斯和文莎》、Journal to Stella《给斯拉特的信》—love-letters 9)1745 On the Death of Dr. Swift 3)Defoe “the pioneer novelist of England”英国现实主义小说开创人， 1)1701 Trueborn Englishman—A Satire《纯血统英国人》---- pamphlet 2)1702 The Shortest Way with the Dissenters《铲除新教徒的途径》 3)1703,5 Hymn to the Pillory《木枷颂》 4)The Review《评论报》—a political and literary magazine 5)代表作Robinson crusoe《鲁比逊漂流记》 Captain Singleton 《辛格顿船长》 Moll Flanders 《莫尔·弗兰德斯》 Colonel Jacque《雅克上校》 4. Richardson 1)1740 Pamela《帕米拉》或者Virtue Rewarded:In a Series of Familiar Letters from a Beaytiful Y oung Damsel to Her Parents—书信体形式 Epistolary novels，a long tale 2)1747-1748 Clarissa《克拉丽莎》—the best one 3)1753-1754 Sir Charles Grandison《查尔斯·格兰迪森爵士的历史》5. Fielding “ father of English Novel”英国小说之父
英国文学名著整理
☆英国文学名家名著 《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁·撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦，帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲；第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位，平安统治50年。后来，他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏，老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战，杀死火龙，自己也受了致命伤。 杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ，1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层，而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格，读者广泛，对后世影响很大。 威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ，1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。他创作了大量的作品，其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演，并为人们所普遍阅读。莎上比亚的作品文才横溢，创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻，历久难忘。主要作品有四大悲剧：《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear)；四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。此外，历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲，爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）也都很受欢迎。《哈姆雷特》叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父报仇，杀死篡夺王位的叔父的故事。《哈姆雷特》里“to be or not to be, that is the question”的成为经典台词。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一对青年男女因家族间的世仇而不能联姻结果自杀的故事，揭露了封建制度的残酷无情，同时，歌颂了青年男女纯洁坚贞的爱情。 济慈（Keats, 1795一1821）是英国浪漫主义诗人。他出身贫苦，作过医生的学徒，后来才以写诗为业。他对当时英国社会的现实不满，希望在一个“永恒的美的世界”中寻找安身立命之处。他的诗歌以文辞声调之美著称，在艺术上对后代的英国诗人影响很大。主要作品有《伊沙贝拉》(Isabella)、《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)和《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。雪莱（Shelley ，1792一1822）是英国浪漫主义的重要诗人。他生于贵族家庭。他既创作了富于政治思想性的诗，也写了很多优美的抒情诗，特别是爱情诗，显示了不羁的想象，瑰丽的色彩和动人的音韵，这些使他成为英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一。他的主要作品有《麦布女王》(Queen Mab)、《致英国人民之歌》(Song to the Men of England)、《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus Unbound)和《西风颂》(Ode to the West Wind)等。《西风颂》里的名句“冬天来了，春天还会远吗？”（If Winters comes,can spring be far behind）成为妇幼皆知的诗文。 华兹华斯（Wordsworth，1770-1850），18-19世纪之交英国浪漫主义运动最伟大和最有影响的诗人。他和克勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）、骚塞(Robert Southey)三人组成“湖畔派诗人(the Lake Poets)”其作品的主题是人与大自然的关系。1813年他接受政府长期津贴，1843年又被封为桂冠诗人。他的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads)、《水仙》(Daffodill)和《序曲》(The Prelude)等。 笛福（Daniel Defoe,1661-1731）是英国小说之父。59岁时发表的成名小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）出版后立即成为家喻户晓的畅销书。随后，他又写了《辛格顿船长》(Captain Singleton)、《摩尔·弗兰德》(Moll Flanders)、（大疫年日记）(a Journsl of the Plagure Year)等小说。《鲁滨逊飘流记》是根据苏格兰水手亚历山大·塞尔扣克的航海遇险、流落
英国文学概述-王守仁
英国文学概述－王守仁 英国文学概述 英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁—撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁—撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利?乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯?莫尔（Thomas More, 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、
自考英美文学选读要点总结整理出考点26位作家完整教学内容
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家) [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。 3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。 4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。 5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。 6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。 7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。 8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。 9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚 17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。 19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。 20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。 23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are
英国文学
英国文学 1, Periods of English Literature from 449-1965 Old english literature (449-1066) Works: The epic poem Beowulf贝尔武甫(700-750) Midieval english literature(1066-1485) Background: Norman Conquest. English Literature in Age of Chaucer (14th century) Five main writers: Langland朗格兰, Wycliffe威克里夫, Gower高尼, Mandeville曼德维尔, Chaucer乔叟 Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗瑞·乔叟(1340-1400): He is acclaimed not only as “the father of English poetry”but also as “the father of English fiction”. His main works: The Romance of the Rose, Troilus and Criseyde and The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集 Folk literature:Robin Hood Ballads English Renaissance(1485-1660) Writers: William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616) Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯·培根(1561-1626) John Milton约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674) John Bunyan约翰·班扬(1628-1688) Joseph Addison约瑟夫·爱迪森(1672-1719) and Richard Steele理查德·史蒂尔(1672-1729) Neo-classicism （1660-1798） Major writers: William Blake威廉·布莱克(1757-1827) Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯(1759-1796) Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福(1660-1731) Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁(1707-1754) Alexander Pope 亚历山大·蒲伯Samuel Johnson塞缪·约翰逊Joseph Addison约瑟夫·爱迪森(1672-1719) Romanticism (1798-1832) Major writers: William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯(1770-1850) Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪·泰勒·柯勒律治(1772-1834) George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦(1788-1824) Percy Bysshe Shelley珀西·比西·雪莱(1792-1822) John Keats约翰·济慈(1759-1821) Charles Lamb 查尔斯·兰姆(1775-1834) William Hazlitt威廉·哈兹里特Walter Scott瓦尔特·司各特(1771-1832) Victoria age (1832-1901) Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯(1812-1870) The Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传(1836-1837) Oliver Twist奥利弗·退斯特(1837-1838) Nicholas Nickleby尼古拉斯·尼克贝尔(1838-1839) David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔(1949-1950) William Makepeace Thackeray威廉·马克皮斯·萨克雷(1811-1893) Anne Bronte安妮·布朗特(1820-1849) Agnes Grey艾格尼斯·格雷(1848) Mrs. Gaskell盖斯凯尔夫人(1810-1865) George Eliot乔治·艾略特(1819-1880) Modern period(1901-1965) George Gissing乔治·吉辛John Galsworthy约翰·高尔斯华绥(1867-1933) Bernard Shaw伯纳·肖(1856-1950) William Butler Y eats威廉·巴特拉·叶芝(1865-1939) T. S. Eliot托·斯·艾略特(1888-1965) James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882-1941) Robert Tressell罗伯特·特雷斯尔(1870-1911) Ralph Fox拉尔夫·福克斯(1900-1937)Wystan Huge Auden威·休·奥登(1907-1973) 2, English Renaissance literature(1485-1660)
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英国文学名家名著 《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁·撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦，帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲；第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位，平安统治50年。后来，他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏，老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战，杀死火龙，自己也受了致命伤。 杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ，1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层，而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格，读者广泛，对后世影响很大。 威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ，1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。他创作了大量的作品，其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演，并为人们所普遍阅读。莎上比亚的作品文才横溢，创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻，历久难忘。主要作品有四大悲剧：《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear)；四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。此外，历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲，爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）也都很受欢迎。《哈姆雷特》叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父报仇，杀死篡夺王位的叔父的故事。《哈姆雷特》里“to be or not to be, that is the question”的成为经典台词。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一对青年男女因家族间的世仇而不能联姻结果自杀的故事，揭露了封建制度的残酷无情，同时，歌颂了青年男女纯洁坚贞的爱情。 济慈（Keats, 1795一1821）是英国浪漫主义诗人。他出身贫苦，作过医生的学徒，后来才以写诗为业。他对当时英国社会的现实不满，希望在一个“永恒的美的世界”中寻找安身立命之处。他的诗歌以文辞声调之美著称，在艺术上对后代的英国诗人影响很大。主要作品有《伊沙贝拉》(Isabella)、《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)和《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。 雪莱（Shelley ，1792一1822）是英国浪漫主义的重要诗人。他生于贵族家庭。他既创作了富于政治思想性的诗，也写了很多优美的抒情诗，特别是爱情诗，显示了不羁的想象，瑰丽的色彩和动人的音韵，这些使他成为英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一。他的主要作品有《麦布女王》(Queen Mab)、《致英国人民之歌》(Song to the Men of England)、《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus Unbound)和《西风颂》(Ode to the West Wind)等。《西风颂》里的名句“冬天来了，春天还会远吗？”（If Winters comes,can spring be far behind）成为妇幼皆知的诗文。 华兹华斯（Wordsworth，1770-1850），18-19世纪之交英国浪漫主义运动最伟大和最有影响的诗人。他和克勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）、骚塞(Robert Southey)三人组成“湖畔派诗人(the Lake Poets)”其作品的主题是人与大自然的关系。1813年他接受政府长期津贴，1843年又被封为桂冠诗人。他的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads)、《水仙》(Daffodill)和《序曲》(The Prelude)等。 笛福（Daniel Defoe,1661-1731）是英国小说之父。59岁时发表的成名小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）出版后立即成为家喻户晓的畅销书。随后，他又写了《辛格顿船长》(Captain Singleton)、《摩尔·弗兰德》(Moll Flanders)、（大疫年日记）(a Journsl of the Plagure Year)等小说。《鲁滨逊飘流记》是根据苏格兰水手亚历山大·塞尔扣克的航海遇险、流落在荒岛上并独居4年才获救的真实故事，经过艺术加工而成的作品。主人公鲁滨逊是笛福理想中的英国资产阶级的代表人物。他富于冒险精神，依靠个人的劳动和智慧力量克服自然界的种