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至今最强逻辑连接词

至今最强逻辑连接词
至今最强逻辑连接词

史上最全逻辑连接词

1. Although(更书面)= though(更口语) =even if (即使,更偏假设性)=even though(虽然,更偏事实性)+句子

注:不能与but连用。

Devoted though we are to prosperity and freedom, we cannot shake off the judgmental strand of ju stice.用倒装

2. No matter how/what/who等= 疑问句+ever

No matter who/Whoever you are, you must keep the law.

注意:疑问句+ever 可以引导名词性从句

Whoever(≠no matter who)comes will be welcome.

3. …, as long as…

You can do what you want, as long as you like.

4. 名词/表语/动词+ as(though)倒装,。。。,表“纵使”

Object as/though you may, I’ll go。

Small as atoms are, they are made up of still smaller units。

Lover of towns as I am, I realize that I owe a debt to my early country life.

5. Whether…or…正反两方面,。。。表“不论。。。与否”

Whether you believe it or not, its true.

Youll have to attend the ceremony whether youre free or busy.

6. Be原型+主语+表语(n, adj)= whether+主语+be动词+表语(n, adj)。不论。一文学性强的虚拟语气,表让步。

Be it historical tradition, faith and culture, or social system, values and level of development, those co untries or regions are often different from one another.

7.Despite+n/ving =in spite of尽管. (不能加句子)

Despite the fact that + 句子(太累赘)

Despite myself, …情不自禁地…

Her words were so satirical(讽刺的)that I lost my temper in spite of myself。

8. Notwithstanding +sth尽管

But notwithstanding its ancient lineage, it is open to the following challenge.

9. Albeit 虽然即使

You are to be given one method of communication with your rival, albeit indirect communication. ###1.2 原因###

Since

As

Because

For+句子

As a result of sth. =As a consequence of sth由于sth, sth是原因。

Because of

Owing to sth 介词

Thanks to...后面原因一般是积极性的

By virtue of sth

On account of

Be due to

Owe to sth 动词

Account for=result in 表示导致

Systematic economic forces account for the disastrous loses.

Attribute…to…把。。。归因于。。。

He attributed the opposition to a deep-seated attitude in military.

Sth would explain why …

For this reason,...

For one reason or another, 由于某种原因(不具体指明)

His travel articles are always, for one reason or another, fascinating.

For one thing, 在众多原因中指出其中一个

A lot of people don’t take the time to read contracts. For one thing, they’re often in very tiny print. On this/that account,由于这个、那个原因

She was divorced, and on that account alone my mother disliked her.

The reason why+结果/ that+原因

Greed is the reason why they do not deserve the money.

###1.3 结果###

Accordingly=Consequently

原因+Result in+结果

This outcome will result in children starting bullying younger ones.

Thus

Hence

So

Therefore

Excessive greed is therefore a vice that a good society should discourage if it can.

As such

As a result 最终,因此,结果

As a consequence/In consequence,...

###1.4 目的###

So

So that

Should law be neutral towards competing conceptions of virtue, so that people can be free to choose for themselves the best way to live?

In order that

Regular checks are required in order that safety standards are maintained.

To do sth,…

To answer it, we have to explore the meaning of justice.

In order to do sth

In order to determine who deserves what, we have to determine what virtues are worthy of honor an d reward.

For the sake of sth=For sth’s sake 为了sth的目的

I hope you’re not doing this just for the sake of the money.

For clarity’s sake, I’d like to reword my statement.

###1.5 转折###

However,

Yet 轻微转折

And yet we worry when judgments about virtue finds their way into laws.

Whereas

Conversely

Nevertheless

Otherwise, 否则

On the contrary

Instead,表示对上述方式的完全反转

Instead, a just society respects each people’s freedom to choose his or her own conception of the good life.

Contrarily

Inversely

Contrariwise

Oppositely,

Instead of sth

As opposed to表示与前述对象的反转对比

The cost of these planes is £3 million, as opposed to the £2 million charged by their competitors.

While 引导从句,表明前后情况不同,做个对比

Rather than. 并不是、而不、并没有, 前后对等

Be honest rather than clever.诚实胜于机巧。

This policy might lead them to stay in harm’s way rather than flee to safety.

Rather than press for maximum advantages, people look out for one another.

###1.6对比###

While 既可以对比相反的东西,也可以对比稍有不同的

Ancient theories start with virtue while modern theories start with freedom.

On the other hand,

By/In comparison/contrast 对比之下

Their lives were exciting and glamorous; ours seemed dull by comparison.

The virtue argument, by contrast, rests on the judgment that greed is a vice that state should discourage.

Alternatively,提供另一种思路或方法建议

In/By comparison with sth介词

This essay will briefly review the cons and pros of imprisonment in comparison with job training. By comparison with the lively teenagers, the adults were a joyless lot.

Compared with/to

###1.7 类比###

Just as/like

Similarly,

Likewise,

Identically,

Equivalently,

As …as

They have sacrificed as surely, and as honorably, as those who have lost a limb. The same as

Tourists find this park just the same as the one they visited previously.

In the same way/manner

###1.8 递进###

Further

Furthermore

Besides,

Moreover

In addition to sth,

In addition to outlining the causes of this problem, this essay will also propose solutions.

In addition,

What’s more

Apart from B…其有两个意思,既可以:除了B(包括B),也表示:除了B(不包括B)Additionally,

###1.9 举例###

The likes of 就像

Such as

Like

Their purchases of necessities like safe lodging are forced.

Including, 包括

e.g. 直接加sth,中间没有逗号

…is a case in point. 正在点儿上,指例子可以很好地阐述这个观点

Here is a case where…指出例子

Here is a case where the economy as a whole seemed to outweigh considerations of fairness. Take ... as an example以。。。为例

In some instances. 在某些情况中

For instances,

For example,

###1.10 假设###

If

If its price is higher, manufacturers will find it worth their while to produce more goods. Given/provided/providing+名词/that 从句,考虑到、假如

You can go out to play provided that you finish your homework first.

It’s a lot easier to get good marks on a short-answer question, providing you do it well. Only if,唯有,唯一的条件是

The rebels say they are ready to stop fighting, but only if the prisoners are released.

On condition that,以。。。为前提,只有

###1.11 解释,转述###

In other words,

Prosperity matters, in other words, because it contributes to our welfare.

That is, that is to say,

i.e.

Namely

Some groups, namely students and pensioners, will benefit from the new tax.

Mean that

###1.12 并列###

And

A as well as B,强调as前得名词或者形容词A, 不仅B,而且A

We must learn to look at problems all-sidedly,seeing the reverse as well as the obverse side of things.强调要看到reverse即反面

no less A than B,同上强调前面A,不仅B,而且A

not only A, but also B, 不同上,强调后面B,不仅A,而且B

He is a statesman as well as a scholar=He is no less a statesman than a scholar=He is not only a sc holar but also a statesman.

and...A...as well. 则强调A

###1.13 说明观点###

###认为/支持/反对

###认为:

Argue that.有“争论到”之意,用于对陈述相反观点

Some economists argued that the law was misconceived.

Believe that

Some believed that the exchange of goods should be governed by a just price.

Acknowledge that.

承认,一般表示某人承认,之后会转折

I have to acknowledge that it has the advantage of high efficiency.

Maintain that

Defenders of this law maintain that, under certain conditions, the free market is not truly free.

Hold that

Many people hold that government should be neutral on matters of virtue and vice.

Insist that

Those who insist that only bleeding wounds should be count believe that …

Claim that声称

The veteran’s group claimed that doing so would “debase”the honor.

Point out

As he points out, buyers under duress have no freedom.

Consider…(to be).认为。。。如何

Some people favor abortion rights, and others consider abortion to be murder.

Whereas some consider it an form of reverse discrimination against people who deserve admission on their merits.

Be of the opinion that

I am of the opinion that car ownership should be discouraged.

From a personal point of view,..

From a personal point of view, it is essential to reduce non-essential travel.

Sb’s point is that…某人的意思是

Plato’s point is that to grasp the meaning of justice and the nature of the good life, we must rise a bove from the prejudices and routines of everyday life.

###支持:

Support

Favor sth/doing sth

The captain favors including mental injuries.

Defend sth捍卫,支持

Some defend affirmative actions in college admissions as a way of righting past wrongs. Advocates/defenders/proponents反对者、支持者

Conviction,坚信

My firm conviction is that punishment does not has much of a role to play in this.

###反对:

Argue against. 反对

Jeff, a pro-market commentator writing the book Boston Globe, argued against this law.

Reject

反对某种观点/行为

Jim rejected the notion that these “unconscionable”prices reflected a truly free exchange.

A civilized country should reject the torture of terror suspects.

The argument for or against sth. 对某话题的支持/反对观点

We should also consider one further argument for this law.

Oppose sth/sb/doing

A veteran’s group opposed awarding the medal for psychological injuries.

Disagree

Citizens of pluralist societies disagree about such things?

Disagree with

Therefore I have to disagree almost entirely with the given statement.

Opponents 反对者,是名词

Not surprisingly, the opponents of this law invoke these two similar arguments for free markets.

It is true that…but…用于承认一方后,强调另一方

###表示优点缺点

advantages and disadvantages

Its advantages overweight its disadvantages.

pros and cons

strengths and weaknesses

merits and demerits

benefits and problems

Even if high prices call forth a greater supply of goods, this benefit has to be weighed against the b urden such prices impose on those least to afford them.

On the plus/positive/negative side

On the downside

sth do more good than harm

A Outweigh B,A超出B,更重要,用以连接上述的优缺点词汇

The possible benefits outweigh the risks involved.

###做结论

Conclude that.

So we can conclude that ….

In brief/in summary/conclusion

To summarize

###根据

According to/based on

According to the textbook context, this question divides ancient and modern political thought. ###引出话题

It is said that…据说

It seems that

The focus of …is on sth.

The focus of this essay is on the causes of and solutions to this problem.

In terms of/ regarding/concerning/ when it comes to sth/as for/for/with regard to/with respect t o关于、至于,talking about/speaking of比较口语化

*******************************************PART 2 重要句式结构******************************************

原则:主谓宾是骨头,逻辑连接词是骨头间的韧带,其他修饰词则是肌肉。

名词从句=名词

What I am proficient in is ancient Chinese literature.

That’s where he met me.

Those

Those+adj/ving/ved/to v/介词,代表一类人或物

All those eligible will receive a cash handout.

The new law clearly benefits those earning the most money.

Only 18 percent of those surveyed opposed the idea.

Im going to sort these old books into those to be kept and those to be thrown away.

Have some consideration for those without a job.

Those+从句who(人)/which(物)/whose(表归属)/in which(表位置),Those相当于一个名词

Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in.

We must try to find out those which may be attacked most easily.

This disease is more likely to strike those whose immune systems are already below par.

The poems which he wrote in the countryside are generally agreed to be those in which he found hi s true voice.

He who can be a best servant can be a best leader.

在句子中,任何名词随时都可以用ved/ving/介词/形容词来修饰,可以使得单句也有复杂结构,却比定语从句简单

疑问词+to+v

I am considering how to manage this assignment But who is to judge what is virtue and what is vic e?

动词分词做定语(ving, ved),可以替代定语从句

His work as a consultant consisted in advising foreign companies on the siting of new factories.

句子,especially+名词或者从句. 这样可以对句子进行更加精确的描述。

Members of a competitive team can always keep them motivated,especially when confronted with to ugh situation and fierce competition.

…, if any. (表示如果有…的话)

State your hypothesis or theory, if any.

What,if anything, should the law do about it?

Rather, 单独出现表示“更准确的说”

Rather, parents should employ a variety of methods to discipline their children.

用插入语. 补充信息,增强节奏感:两种形式:逗号或者横线隔开

But in a market society, the economists observed,prices are set by demand and supply.

They are no more “special”or “fair”than other prices that market conditions—including

those promoted by a hurricane—may bring about. 补充信息。

Higher prices have the advantages, economists argued, of limiting the use of such things by consum ers. 转述说的话时,“某某说”可以做插入语。

Jeff, a pro-market commentator writing the book Boston Globe, argued against this law on similar grounds. 对身份的补充。

Many people, including those who support this law, find the virtue argument discomfiting. 包含的对象的具体说明。

All they ever see is the play of shadows on the wall,a reflection of objects they can never apprehe nd. 同位语,用以解释或者补充前面的名词

To do sth 作主语

To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish.

By doing sth, …表示做事的方式途径

By providing incentives for suppliers to produce more of the needed goods, it do more good than h arm.

副词开头,句子。节奏感强

Not surprisingly, the opponents of this law invoke these two similar arguments for free markets.

Doing/To do A is not doing/to do B. 做A并不是做B. 表示从反面对A的补充

To acknowledge the moral forces of virtue argument is not to insis t it must always prevail over com peting considerations.

特殊的定语从句,介词+which定语从句与介词的妙用,这需要动词与介词本身就是固定搭配

It is about cultivating the attitudes and the qualities of characters, on which a good society depends.

Cannot …without…没有。。。就不能。。。

Aristotle maintains that we cannot figure out what a just consideration is without first reflecting of th e most desirable way of life.

主语倒装句

At the heart of the disagreement are rival conceptions of moral character.

Underlying the phenomenon was a profound reason.

Sth is not (that)…but (that)…,

成分要一致,是。。。而不是。。。

The public’s objection to the bonuses is not that they reward greed but that they reward failure. The answer is that moral reflection is not a solitary pursuit but a public endeavor.

构词形式:A-被动:被A。。。的

A market-driven society

A knowledge-based economy

副词+形容词

Financially better-off

Do 用于动词前表示强调

He did want them to take responsibility for their failure.

反问,表示强烈语气

Couldn’t it be argued that难道不能认为。。。,

How can it be。。怎么可能。。

What would sth be if…如果…sth 会怎样?

With+ved/ving/to do/sth,

动词分词前置或者后置:ved, 句子,ving…

Awarded the Noble Prize, Yoyouyou become known by public, making her the most influential figure of this year.

Confronted with this situation, we…..

Socrates suggests that, having glimpsed the sun, only the philosopher is fit to rule the cave dwellers, if he can somehow be coaxes into the darkness where they live.

用虚拟语气(动词用过去式),表示未发生或者假想发生的事儿

Let us not forget either that…咱们也不要忘记。。。

Let us forget either that traditional products, whether these be medicines or food, provide employm ent for local people.

*******************************************PART 3 词组与句子搭配***************************************

Include but not limited in sth

We welcome potential candidates including but not limited those who have affluent experience in ed ucation.

Both...and ….(两者都)

Now women work both before and after having their children.

Either…or…(肯定句中标两者选其一,否定句中表两者都不)

Either you or I am wrong.

Neither…nor…(两者都不)

Neither he nor she is at home today.

The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it will never forget what they di d here.

There is no such thing as xx. 并没有这种叫xx的

There is no such thing as a “just price”.

Too…to….太。。。以至于不能。。。

His boss is too hard to get along with.

It is worthwhile/worth one’s while/worth while doing(=worth doing)/ to do something(= wort hy to do sth).

Be worth+名词形式(名词,doing sth)

Be worthy to do sth/ of doing sth

If its price is higher, manufacturers will find it worth their while to produce more goods.

It points out a moral argument worth seriously taking.

Sb get sth done. /sth get done. 表示sth 被怎么样。

It is how goods and services get allocated in a free society.

讲命题逻辑连接词充要条件

第二讲 命题、量词、逻辑联结词 一.明确考试大纲 1. 理解命题的概念. 2. 理解全称量词与存在量词的意义,能正确地对含有一个量词的命题进行否定. 3. 了解逻辑联结词“或”、“且”、“非”的含义,知道复合命题与构成它的简单命题的真假关系. 二.知识点梳理 1.命题的概念: 2.全称量词与存在量词 (1)全称量词与全称命题 ①短语“ ”、“ ”等在逻辑中通常叫做全称量词,并用符号“ ”表示. ②含有 的命题,叫做全称命题. ③全称命题“对 A 中任意一个x ,有P (x )成立”可用符号简记为: , 读作“对任意x 属于A ,有P (x )成立”. (2)存在量词与特称命题 ①短语“ ”、“ ”等在逻辑中通常叫做存在量词,并用符号“ ”表示. ②含有 的命题,叫做特称命题. ③特称命题“存在 A 中的一个x 0,使P (x 0)成立”可用符号简记为: , 读作“存在一个x 0属于A ,使P (x 0)成立”. (3)含有一个量词的命题的否定 命题:?x ∈A ,P (x ),命题的否定:_______________________. 命题:?x 0∈A ,P (x 0),命题的否定: _______________________. 3.逻辑联结词、简单命题与复合命题 (1)“ ”这些词叫做逻辑联结词;不含有逻辑联结词的命题是 命题;由简单命题和逻辑联结词“或”、“且”、“非”构成的命题是 命题. (2)构成复合命题的形式:p 或q (记作“ ”);p 且q (记作“ ”);非p (记作“ ”). (3)“或”、 “且”、 “非”的真值判断 ①“非p ”形式复合命题的真假与p 的真假相反; ②“p 且q ”形式复合命题当p 与q 同为真时为真,其他情况时为假; ③“p 或q ”形式复合命题当p 与q 同为假时为假,其他情况时为真. 基础检测 1.下列关系式中不正确的是?( ) (A )0?? (B ){}0?? (C ){}?∈? (D ){}00? 2.已知命题2:0p a ≥ (a ∈R),命题2q:>0a (a ∈R),下列命题为真命题的是?( ) (A)p ∨q . (B)p ∧q . (C)(?p )∧(?q ). (D)(?p )∨q . 3.给定下列四个命题: ①若一个平面内的两条直线与另一个平面都平行,那么这两个平面相互平行; ②若一个平面经过另一个平面的垂线,那么这两个平面相互垂直; ③垂直于同一直线的两条直线相互平行; ④若两个平面垂直,那么一个平面内与它们的交线不垂直的直线与另一个平面也不垂直. 其中为真命题的是?( ) (A)①和②. (B)②和③. (C)③和④. (D)②和④. 4. 命题“有些负数满足不等式(1+x )(1-9x 2)>0”用符号“?”写成特称命题为

史上最全的英语语法大全(精心整理)

英语语法 1.名词 1.1名词复数的规则变化 1.2其他名词复数的规则变化 1.3名词复数的不规则变化 1.4不可数名词量的表示 1.5定语名词的复数 1.6不同国家的人的单复数 1.7名词的格 2.冠词和数词 2.1不定冠词的用法 2.2定冠词的用法 2.3零冠词的用法 2.4冠词与形容词+名词结构 2.5冠词位置 2.6数词 3.代词 3.1人称代词的用法 3.2人称代词之主、宾格的替换 3.3代词的指代问题 3.4并列人称代词的排列顺序 3.5物主代词 3.6双重所有格 3.7反身代词 3.8相互代词 3.9指示代词 3.10疑问代词 3.11关系代词 3.12every , no, all, both, neither, nor 3.13none, few, some, any, one, ones 3.14代词比较辩异 one,that 和it 3.15one/another/the other 3.16“the”的妙用 3.17anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each 3.18both, either, neither, all, any, none 3.19many, much 3.20few, little, a few, a little 4.形容词和副词 4.1形容词及其用法 4.2以-ly结尾的形容词 4.3用形容词表示类别和整体 4.4多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 4.5副词及其基本用法 4.6兼有两种形式的副词

4.7形容词与副词的比较级 4.8as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 4.9比较级形容词或副词 + than 4.10可修饰比较级的词 4.11many,old 和 far 4.12the + 最高级 + 比较范围 4.13和more有关的词组 5.动词 5.1系动词 5.2什么是助动词 5.3助动词be的用法 5.4助动词have的用法 5.5助动词do的用法 5.6助动词shall和will的用法5.7助动词should和would的用法5.8短语动词 5.9非谓语动词 6.动名词 6.1动名词作主语、宾语和表语6.2Worth的用法 7动词不定式 7.1不定式作宾语 7.2不定式作补语 7.3不定式主语 7.4It's for sb.和 It's of sb. 7.5不定式作表语 7.6不定式作定语 7.7不定式作状语 7.8用作介词的to 7.9省to 的动词不定式 7.10动词不定式的否定式 7.11不定式的特殊句型too…to… 7.12不定式的特殊句型so as to 7.13不定式的特殊句型Why not 7.147不定式的时态和语态 7.15动名词与不定式 8.特殊词精讲 8.1stop doing/to do 8.2forget doing/to do 8.3remember doing/to do 8.4regret doing/to do 8.5cease doing/to do 8.6try doing/to do 8.7go on doing/to do

简单的逻辑连接词含答案

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件 解析:由|x-1|<2得-1

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(2)集合法:设P={p},Q={q}, ①若P Q,则p是q的充分不必要条件,q是p的必要不充分条件. ②若P=Q,则p是q的充要条件(q也是p的充要条件). ③若P Q且Q P,则p是q的既不充分也不必要条件. (3)逆否命题法: ①?q是?p的充分不必要条件?p是q的充分不必要条件 ②?q是?p的必要不充分条件?p是q的充分不必要条件 ③?q是?p的充分要条件?p是q的充要条件 ④?q是?p的既不充分又不必要条件?p是q的既不充分又不必要条件 三、简单的逻辑联结词 (1)命题中的“且”“或”“非”叫做逻辑联结词. ①用联结词“且”联结命题p和命题q,记作p∧q,读作“p且q”. ②用联结词“或”联结命题p和命题q,记作p∨q,读作“p或q”. ③对一个命题p全盘否定,就得到一个新命题,记作?p,读作“非p”或“p的否定”. (2)简单复合命题的真值表: p q p∧ q p∨ q ?p 真真真真假 假真假真真 真假假真假 假假假假真 *p∧q:p、q有一假为假,*p∨q:一真为真,*p与?p:真假相对即一真一假. 四、量词 1、全称量词与存在量词 (1)常见的全称量词有:“任意一个”“一切”“每一个”“任给”“所有的”等. (2)常见的存在量词有:“存在一个”“至少有一个”“有些”“有一个”“某个”“有的”等. (3)全称量词用符号“?”表示;存在量词用符号“?”表示. 2 全称命题与特称命题 (1)含有全称量词的命题叫全称命题: “对M中任意一个x,有p(x)成立”可用符号简记为?x∈M,p(x),读作“对任意x属于M,有p(x)成立”. (2)含有存在量词的命题叫特称命题: “存在M中的一个x0,使p(x0)成立”可用符号简记为?x0∈M,P(x0),读作“存

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