英语句式结构

英语句式结构

教学目标：熟练掌握英语句式是学习英语的基本技能，不仅可以提高英语阅读能力，给英语写作增加亮点，并且可以减少做题中的语法错误。在学习英语中是个十分重要的部分。

重难点：对句子的分析；对各种复合句的区分和运用。

教学过程

一．简单句：

英语基本句型-1

主系表结构：本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有:

1.表示特征和存在状态的be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;

2.表示状态延续的remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;

3.表示状态变化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;

例句：Our English teacher is thirty years old.

The cake tastes delicious.

The potatoes went bad in the fields.

Deep water stays still.

He was at work.

She is in good health.

It is beyond my ability.

I was at a loss.

You are under arrest.

英语基本句型-2

主谓结构：本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。

如：The sun rises.

Tom has already left.

主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。

如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.

2. They had to travel by air or boat.

3. She sat there alone.

4. He came back when we were eating.

5. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake。

英语基本句型-3

主谓宾结构:本结构是由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语构成。宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。

如：1. Tom made a hole in the wall.

2. I don’t know if he can come tomorrow.

3. They haven’t decided where to go next.

4. She stopped teaching English two years ago.

英语基本句型-4

双宾语结构：此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”组成。如：He brings me cookies every day.

但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如：He brings cookies to me every day.

She made a beautiful dress for me.

用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。

用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。

（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, 常跟双宾语的动词有：

show, teach, tell, write, ask等；

（需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。

英语基本句型-5

复合宾语结构: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语补足语用来补充和说明宾语的性质和特点，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。

如：The sun keeps us warm.

I heard him singing.

They made Tom monitor.

He used to do his homework with his radio on.

My mother asked me to clean my room.

The teacher made all students finish their homework on time.

用it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：

I found it very pleasant to be with your family.

也可以说I found it was pleasant to be with your family. 它们的区别在于第一个是简单句第二个是复合句，意思都是一样的。

英语基本句型-6

There be 句型：此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“……有……”。它其实是全倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此

句型有时不用be动词，而用live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等，但一般不用have。如：

There stands a hill in the middle of the park.

Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.

Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：

现在有there is/are …

过去有there was/were…

将来有there will be…；there is /are going to be...

现在已经有there has/have been…

可能有there might be...

肯定有there must be …/there must have been...

过去曾经有there used to be …

似乎有there seems/seem/seemed to be …

碰巧有there happen/happens/happened t o be …

例句：Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.

The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon.

There used to be a cinema here before the war.

二．并列句。

结构：

1.由分号连接。

eg. Some people cry; others laugh.

Let’s start earl y; we have a long way to go.

2.由并列连词及词组连接-——and/ but /or/ so / however / still/ therefore /yet /while /otherwise /for /both…and…/not only…but also…/as well as/

or else/ either…or…/neither…nor…/not…but…等。

eg: I’d like to, but I have lots of homework to do.

I’ve got a cold, so I’m going to bed.

Both my father and mother are teachers.

It’s very good, yet I don’t like it.

三、复合句

构成：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构，但主句是全局的主体，从句只是全句中的一个成分，不能独立存在。从句通常是用引导词来引导的，引导词起连接主句和从句的作用。

分类：名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句），形容词性从句（定语从句），副词性从句（状语从句）。

1. 主语从句(Subject Clause)

一个句子在复合句中充当一个主语,那么这个句子就是主语从句.

1）常规主语从句，句子在复合句中充当主语

That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.

Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.

Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.

Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.

What caused the accident remains unknown.

Whatever you did is right.

Whose watch was lost is unknown.

What we need is time.

小结:

（1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等

（2)连词位于句首不能省略

（3)主语从句大多数情况下视为三人称单数。

注意：为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末

It is certain that he will win the match.

It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.

It is strange that he should do that.

It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai)

It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.

It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.

It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film)

It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)

小结:

（1)以that 引出的主语从句,常以形式主语it引导. It is +形容词/名词/某些动词ed + that 从句. （2) 在有些that从句中要用虚拟语气(should+do/should+have done)

2.表语从句

定义：

表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。

The problem is puzzling.

主语连系动词形容词作表语

The problem is when we can get a pay rise.

主语连系动词一个句子作表语---表语从句

连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how.

He has become a teacher.

He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.

She has remained there for an hour.

She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.

His suggestion is good.

His suggestion is that we should stay calm.

The question is confusing.

The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.

Who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.

Why he cried yesterday.

How I can persuade her to join us in the party.

注意：

1.表语从句一定要用陈述语序。

False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.

Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.

2.不用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。

False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.

Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.

Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.

3.像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。

Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.

Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.

4.that 在表语从句中不能省掉。

3. 宾语从句

在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.

构成:带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how.

He suggested (that) we should clean the corridor every day.

宾语

He told me (that) he would leave Dalian airport at 8pm.

间接宾语直接宾语

He told me where he was going to travel that summer.

间接宾语直接宾语

He told that he would go to the college the next year.

I don’t know i f there will be a bus any more.

Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.

Do you know who has won Red Alert game?

I don’t know whom you should depend on.

The book will show you what the best CEOs know.

Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?

He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.

Could you please tell me how you read the new book?

None of us knows where these can be bought.

注意：

1.用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句

①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that 宾语从句后置.

I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .

I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.

I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.

We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.

②有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it

这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.

I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.

He will have it that our plan is really practical.

We take it that you will agree with us.

2.介词的宾语从句

We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.

The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.

有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句

I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.

3.形容词的宾语从句

常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure, certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised I am sure I will pass the exam.

I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.

He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.

4. if,whether在宾语从句中的区别

whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.

在不定式前只能用whether.

I can’t decide whether to stay.

⑤避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.

5.宾语从句的否定转移

动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.

I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.

I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?

如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.

We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?

6.宾语从句的时态和语序

当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.

当主句为过去时的时候,从句用相应的过去时态

I only knew he was stud ying in a western country,but I didn’t know what country he was in.

He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.

He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.

The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.

如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化

The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.

当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首

Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?

7.建议suggest , advise

要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose；

决定decide;

命令order、command;

坚决主张insist;等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气）

eg．I suggested that you（should）study hard．

He ordered that we should go out at once．

4.同位语从句

1、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如：

I heard the news that our team had won．

I had no idea that you were here．

2、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：

I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon．

3、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词that，whether，连接副词how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。）如：

l have no idea When he will be back．

He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.

4、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如：

Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them．The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．

课后作业：

一、在每一空格上填上恰当的介词。（４分）

1．I don’t agree _____ y ou completely. I have my own opinion.

2．The dictionary is not Tom’s. It belongs _____ me.

3． Use your head and you will think _____ some ways to solve the problem.

4． To improve my English I work hard _____ it.

5． Look _____ the cloudy sky It is going to rain.

6. Mother bought a birthday cake ______me.

7. Give another apple______her. She likes it.

8. The company will provide some drinks ______ the volunteers.

二、选择一个合适的词或根据汉语提示填空，注意动词的适当形式。（３分）

１. Put the meat in the refrigerator (冰箱). It __________ (go / get / turn / become) bad easily.

２. What he said __________(sound / look / smell / taste) reasonable.

３.He feels __________(comfortable / comfortably) working in the air-conditioned office. ４. We do morning exercises to __________(keep / turn / become) healthy.

５． The apple __________(tastes / is tasted) sweet.

６． They work day and night to make their dream come __________(实现).

三、根据句意，用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。（１０分）

1. His _________ and latest novel will come out in February. (ninety-nine)

2. I stayed up late last night and I am _________ now. (sleep)

3. We are proud that our country __________ held the Shanghai Expo 2010. (success)

4. To learn English well is not easy, so we must make ________ keep working on it. (we)

5. I don’t think beef is _________ than pork. Do you agree with me? (taste)

6. The volunteer devoted all her life to ___________ our environment. (improve)

7. In the United States, lunch __________ to students for free at school. (offer)

8. I found a wallet lying in the corner when I __________ the floor yesterday. (sweep)

9. It is said that the director ___________ another comedy in Shanxi at present. (film)

10. Do you know which shop he went to __________ the snacks? (buy)

11.The woman looks excited because her favourite singer __________ on TV last night. (interview)

12 People were told that the plane __________ off until the rain stopped. (not take.)

13. The radio says that the rain __________ for half a day. What can we do? (last)

14. Must all the rules __________ to the players clearly before the game? (explain)

15. I’m surprised to find that the price of bread _________ by 15% recently. (rise)

16. It is quite ___________ ( please) today, though the wind is rather cold.

17. My teacher told me that the moon __________ (get ) its light from the Sun.

18. There were no seats on the bus, so I kept ______________ (stand) all the time.

19. They jumped into the river ___________ ( save ) the girl.

20. The old man __________ ( live ) in the neighborhood has retired.

四、选择（１５分）

1. Who jumps ________ in your class?

A. far

B. farther

C. farthest

D. longer

2. ---I made the cake by ________. Help __________, Tom.

---Thanks, Jane.

A. ourselves; yourself

B. myself; yourself

C. myself; yourselves

D. ourselves; yourselves

3. There ________ a football game on TV this afternoon.

A. is going to have

B. will be

C. is going to play

D. will play

4. Wu Dong was _______ tired that he couldn't keep his eyes_________.

A. too, open

B. so, closed

C. too, closed

D. so, open

5. Can you hear __________?

A. something

B. anything

C. nothing

D. somebody

6. The students stop __________ when the teacher came in.

A. to talk

B. talking

C. talked

D. talk

7. I told him ________ story.

A. the whole

B. the all

C. whole the

D. all

8. Please _________ early tomorrow, mum.

A. wake up me

B. wakes me up

C. wake me up

D. will wake me up

9. He will go to the Great Wall if it __________ tomorrow.

A. won't rain

B. doesn't rain

C. don't rain

D. isn't raining

10. Can you tell us _________?

A. where have you gone

B. where you have gone

C. where have you been

D. where you have been

11. Li Lei, sit down, please. I'll ________ you some tea.

A. take

B. to bring

C. get

D. give

12. Don't forget to _________ your dictionary here tomorrow.

A. take

B. bring

C. carry

D. borrow

13. He couldn't wash ________ when he was five years old.

A. his

B. him

C. himself

D. herself

14. Why did you leave your daughter at home all by ________.

A. yourself

B. himself

C. herself

D. myself

15. I bought my son a bike, _________ he like it a lot.

A. and

B. but

C. or

D. at

16. _______ , Li Lei was far behind the others at first.

A. At the 800-meter race

B. In the 800-meters race

C. In the 800-meter race

D. At the 800-meters race

17. My parents are teachers. They _________ teach English.

A. Both

B. all

C. both

D. are

18. Kate is an __________ girl.

A. eight-year-old

B. eight-years-old

C. six-year-old

D. six-years-old

19. Who jumped _________ of all in the long jump?

A. longest

B. longer

C. farther

D. farthest

20. The runner fell, but he quickly got up and _______.

A. went on running

B. went on to run

C. went on run

D. went on ran

21. Mr Green asked the children to _____the words in the dictionary.

A. look at

B. look up

C. look for

D. look after

22. May I _____ your bike? Certainly, but you can't _____it to other.

A. lend, lend

B. borrow, lend

C. borrow, borrow

D. lend, borrow

23. Mr Brown _____in China since 20 years ago.

A. worked

B. works

C. is working

D. has worked

24. There______ be many trees here two years ago.

A. is

B. are

C. use to

D. used to

25. Neither my brother nor I ____a doctor.

A.is

B.am

C.are

D.be

26. ____of my parents ____ watching TY.

A.Both, likes

B.Either, like

C.Neither, like

D.Neither, likes

27. I really don't know ____ next. Can you tell me ?

A.how to do

B.what to do

C.how will I do it

D.what to do it

28. He has lived here ___ 1965.

A. since

B. for

C. in

D. from

29. If you are tired, please stop ___ a rest.

A. having

B. have

C. to have

D. has

30.She has never come to the farm before, _____ she?

A. has

B. hasn't

C. does

D. doesn't

31. It is ____book that I have ____ it twice.

A.such an interesting…seen

B.so an interesting…read

C.so interesting…looked

D.such an interesting…read

32. The doctor was busy ____ on the boy at that time.

A.operate

B.to operate

C.operated

D.operating

33. The policeman told the children _____play in the street.

A. didn't

B. to not

C. not to

D. don't

34. Mother returned home _____earlier than Father that evening.

A. very

B. too

C. more

D. much

35. I won't go to see the film tonight, because I ______ my ticket．

A. lost

B. have lost

C. will lose

D. didn't lose

36. The boy is too hungry, he has already eaten an apple, but he asks for_______ one.

A. the other

B. other

C. another

D. others

37. It’s going to rain. You’d better __________ there.

A. don’t go

B. to not go

C. not to go

D. not go

38. He spent much time __________ the work.

A. at

B. in

C. on

D. for

39. Mr Green would like to meet the headmaster _______ 8:00 ______ 9:00 tomorrow

morning.

A. from; to

B. at; at

C. between; and

D. from; and

40. When _______ his uncle _________?

A. did; dead

B. has; died

C. did; die

D. has; been dead

41. They ________ this city last week.

A. reached to

B. got

C. arrived D arrived in

42. The TV set doesn't ______ too much. I can afford it.

A. take

B. spend

C. cost

D. pay

43 His father will be back from Beijing ________a month.

A. between

B. after

C. in

D. for

44. He read nothing, _________he?

A. does

B. doesn’t

C. did

D. didn’t

45. There’s _____ milk in the bo ttle, is there?

A. little

B. few

C. a little

D. a few

46. Look, there is a map of China ______ the two windows.

A. between

B. among

C. about

D. in

47. Two languages are very _____ used. One is English, Chinese is ______ one.

A. wide, another

B. widely, the others

C. wide, the other

D. widely, the other

48. I was badly ill yesterday. That's ______ I didn't go to school.

A. why

B. because

C. as

D. since

49. " Have a good time this weekend!" " ________."

A. That's OK

B. Thanks. The same to you.

C. That's all right.

D. Have a better time than me.

50. ______ of the money is yours.

A. None

B. No one

C. Neither

D. Nothing

五、按要求完成句子（２０分）

1.I know the answer.(一般疑问句)

______ ______ know the answer?

2.We can see some birds.(一般疑问句)

______ ______ see ______ birds?

3.There is a computer in my house.(一般疑问句)

______ ______ a computer in house?

4.There are some flowers on the teachers'desk.(一般疑问句)

______ ______ ______ flowers on the teachers'desk?

5.There are some apples on the tree.(否定式)

There ______ ______ ______ apples on the tree.

6.I think he is very old.(否定句)

I ______ think he ______ very old.

7.Please color it green.(否定句)

______ ______ color it green.

8.We can speak good English.(变否定句)

We ______ ______ speak good English.

9.Thank you for helping me.(同义句)

Thank you for ______ ______ .

10.There aren't any pears in the box.(同义句)

There are ______ pears in the box.

11.Whose are these clothes?(同义句)

______ ______ are these?

12.Let me look at your book.(同义句)

Let me ______ ______ ______ ______ your book.

13.Her sweater is red.(对划线部分提问)

______ ______ is her sweater?

14.My pencils are in the pencil-box.(对划线部分提问)

______ ______ your pencils?

15.I get up at six every day.(对划线部分提问)

______ ______ do you get up every day?

16.There are fifty students in my class.(对划线部分提问)

students are there in your class?

17.These are cars.(用buses改写成选择疑问句)

Are these cars______ ______ ?

18.The book is in my schoolbag.(变否定疑问句)

______ the book in your school-bag?

19.Two boys are in our house.(改为there be句型)

______ ______ two boys in our house.

20.Can't you find the map?(作肯定回答)

______ ,I______ .

六、主动语态与被动语态相互转换，每空一词（含缩写）。（１０分）

1. We call maths the language of science. （改为被动句）

Maths _________ _________ the language of science.

2. Where did they plant trees? （改为被动句）

Where _________ trees _________?

3. You can borrow two books at a time.（改为被动句）

Two books _________ _________ _________ at a time.

4.The teacher made the students copy the text.改为被动句

The students _________ _________ _________ copy the text.

5.They produce silk in Suzhou.（改为被动句）

Silk _________ _________ in Suzhou.

6.They built a bridge between the two islands last year. （改为被动句）

A bridge ________ ________ between the two islands last year.

7.A birthday party will be given tomorrow. （改为主动句）

We _________ _________ a birthday party tomorrow.

8.John was seen to cross the street just now by someone.（改为主动句）

Someone _________ John _________ the street just now.

9.Can another way be thought of to keep your wine or water warm?（改为主动句）

Can _______ _______ _______ another way to keep your wine or water warm?

10.Too many trees are still being cut down in the USA. （改为主动句）

_________ are still _________ down too many trees in the USA.

七、同义句转换，每空一词（含缩写）。（１０分）

1. They say that Mr Liu can speak German.

_________ _________ that Mr Liu can speak German.

2. Can you show me the way to the post office?

Can you tell me _________ _________ get to the post office?

3. There are green trees on either side of the street.

There are green trees on _________ _________ of the street.

4.The girl left her home a few days ago. She has not come back yet.

The girl has _________ _________ from her home for a few days.

5. They knew something about it only after you told them.

They knew _________ about it _________ you told them.

6. If you play basketball here, you may break the windows.

_________ play basketball here, _________ you may break the windows.

7. This is the most interesting story that I have ever heard of.

I have _________ heard of _________ an interesting story before.

8. Hot dogs are not so delicious as sandwiches.

Hot dogs are _________ delicious _________ sandwiches.

9. Her father bought the car three months ago.

Her father _________ _________ the car for three months.

10. It's good for your health to take exercise often.

_______ exercise often can make you ________.

八、英汉互译（８分）

1. 由于大火的结果，成千上万的人失去了家园。

2. 你能说英语，我也能。

3. 学生们一路上不停地说笑。

4. 我妈妈叫我做作业，而不是洗碗。

5. 在公共场合，不允许人们吸烟。

6． The boy said he had ever spoken English to an American.

7． The teacher told us that there were some differences between British English and American English in spelling.

8． If it rains this afternoon, I’ll take a taxi to go to school.