研究生英语高级教程(第二版) 练习答案及参考译文

A n A dv a n c e d E n g l i s h C o u rs e f o r G r a d ua t e

S t u d e n ts

研究生英语高级教程

教师用书（第二版）

主编：张敬源曹红晖

编著：许芳张小朋李晓东

陈妍琳芮海江范虹

周世锋赵纬唐艳军

Contents

Unit 1

Move Over, Big Brother

Reading Skills: Reading Magazine Articles

Reading Skills: Reading Technical Prose

Unit 2

When Ancient Artifacts Become Political Pawns

Writing Skills: Abstract

Unit 3

At What Cost Beauty

Writing Skills: The Research Paper (1)

Unit 4

Too Much Too Soon

Writing Skills: The Research Paper (2)

Unit 5

U niversities under Threat

Writing Skills: The Research Paper (3)

Unit 6

Kids Moving Back in After College?—Smart Career Move Writing Skills: Letter

Writing Skills: Curriculum Vitae (CV) & Personal Statement Unit 7

Think Different

Translation Skills: Translation of Vocabulary: Word Classes Unit 8

How to Live in the 21st Century

Translation Skills: Subordinate Clauses (1)—Nominal Clauses Unit 9

The Global food Crisis

Translation Skills: Subordinate Clauses (2)—Attributive Clauses Unit 10

How Reading Makes Us More Human

Translation Skills: Subordinate Clauses (3)—Adverbial Clauses

Unit 11

The New Science of Happiness Translation Skills: Long Sentences Unit 12

A Time for Men to Stand Up Translation Skills: Technical Translation Revision: Self-assessment Test

Unit 1

Move Over, Big Brother

Background Information

1. Big Brother: An omnipresent, seemingly benevolent figure representing the oppressive control over individual lives exerted by an authoritarian government. (after Big Brother, a character in the novel 1984 by George Orwell)

2. Louis XIV: King of France (1643–1715). His reign, the longest in French history, was characterized by a magnificent court and the expansion of French influence in Europe. Louis waged three major wars: the Dutch War (1672–1678), the War of the Grand Alliance (1688–1697), and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714).

3. sousveillance : ―sous‖ is a French prefix meaning ―under‖.

4. Rodney King: "Rodney" Glen King (born April 2, 1965 in Sacramento, California) was an African-American motorist who, while videotaped by a bystander (George Holliday), was struck repeatedly by Los Angeles police officers (LAPD) during a police stop on March 3, 1991. The incident raised an outcry, as many people, both within and outside the African-American community, believed that the beating was racially motivated, excessive and an example of police brutality. The acquittal in a state court of four officers charged with using excessive force in subduing King led to the 1992 Los Angeles riots and mass protest around the country.

5. Abu Ghraib jail in Iraq: In 2004, reports emerged of numerous instances of abuse and torture of prisoners in the Baghdad Correctional Facility, formerly Abu Ghraib Prison, by personnel of the U.S. armed forces, CIA officers and contractors involved in the occupation of Iraq, beginning in 2003.

6. Peeping Tom: A person who secretly watches others, especially for sexual gratification; a voyeur. This expression, first recorded in 1796, alludes to the legend of the tailor Tom, the only person to watch the naked Lady Godiva as she rode by and who was struck blind for this sin.

Answer keys

I. Reading comprehension

1. B

2. C

3. D

4. A

5. D

6. B

7. D

8. B

9. D 10.C

Ⅱ. Vocabulary

A. 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. D

B. 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. D 10. B

Ⅲ. Cloze

1. C

2. D

3. B

4. B

5. B

6. A

7. C

8. A

9. D 10. D

Ⅳ. Translation

A.人们已经越来越意识到计算机的某些应用对我们所谓的“个人隐私”这种抽象的价值观可能带来的影响。过去，冗繁的活字印刷技术抑制了人们搜集并保存同伴信息的欲望，因而限制了个人信息的记载。但现在许多人已表示担忧,由于计算机信息容量大、准确无误、储存信息久，它可能会成为监视系统的中心，使社会变成透明的世界，将家庭、财政收支、社交等暴露在各种各样漫不经心的观察者面前，这些人中有些是病态的好奇者，也有居心不良或刺探商业情报的人。

B. Anyone who googles for a website or looks up a friend on Facebook is likely to have those actions recorded and stored on a database somewhere. Although many internet users seem to remain unaware of the fact that big governmental and corporate brother is watching you, every now and again something brings a reminder of the ever greater amount of personal information being gathered.

Ⅴ. Fast reading

1. C

2. D

3. A

4. B

5. C

VI. Oral Work

Open

VII. Writing

Omitted

参考译文

老大哥，移过去一点

[1] 对路易十四而言，即使在卧室里生活没有隐私都不是问题。事实上，这是这位法国君主向那些甚至是最为显赫的贵族展示自己绝对君权的一种方式。每天早晨，这些权贵们聚集在一起观摩太阳王起床、祈祷、上厕所、挑假发等活动。

[2] 过去这种生活——没有隐私的生活——会成为我们的未来吗? 许多未来学家、科幻小说作家和隐私权倡导者都确信会这样。他们一直提醒人们?老大哥?在监视着我们。闭路电视摄像头常常跟踪你的行动；你的手机会泄露你所在的位臵；你的过境证和信用卡会留下数码痕迹。现在公民有可能正受到监视。

[3] 但是，在过去的几年中，某种奇怪的事情发生了。由于手机、数码相机和互联网的普及，监视技术被更为广泛地利用。保安专家布鲁斯〃施奈尔认为，监视技术的微型化、数字存储设备价格的下降以及能够处理大量信息的更为尖端的系统的出现等因素的结合，意味着?监视能力曾经只由政府掌握，现在或在不久的将来，会掌握在每个人手中。?

[4] 数字技术产品，如可拍照手机及互联网，与模拟技术同类产品大不相同。数字图像与传统照片不同，能被迅速、便捷地复制并传遍全球。另外一个重大不同是数码设备的使用更为广泛。大多数人都随身携带着可拍照手机。

[5] 数码照相机的快速和普及使它们能做到使用胶卷的照相机做不到的事情。比如，10月份，田纳西州纳什维尔一宗抢劫案的受害者用可拍照手机拍下了劫匪的照片和他逃走时使用的交通工具。警方看了这些照片后，在广播里描述了这名劫匪和他的卡车，10分钟后，此人便被抓获。

[6] 然而，监视行为的大众化有利有弊。可拍照手机导致了窥淫癖现象，从而导致了维护个人形象权的新法规的出台。9月份，美国国会通过了?防止录像窥淫法?，该法案禁止

在未经本人同意的情况下对其裸露身体的各个部位或内衣拍照。该法案的出台是由于可拍照手机的普及以及在卧室、公共浴室、卫生间和更衣室出现隐蔽摄像头事件的增加。同样，德国议会也通过了一项议案，禁止未经授权在建筑物内拍照。沙特阿拉伯完全禁止进口和销售可拍照手机，因为宗教权威认为可拍照手机?传播淫秽思想?而对其加以谴责。韩国政府也命令制造商设计新型手机，拍照时能够发出?哔哔?声。

[7] 人们还担心数码相机和可拍照手机用于工业间谍活动。应公司客户需求，美国移动电话经营商斯伯林特公司推出一款没有拍照功能的热销手机。许多客户公司都已禁止把照相机带到工作场所。一些公司——包括最先推出可拍照手机的韩国三星公司——要求来访者和员工把可拍照手机留在研究和生产制造设施外。

[8] 廉价的监视技术方便了其他犯罪活动。比如，加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的一家加油站的两名雇员在读卡机上方的天花板内安装了一个隐蔽的摄像头，记录了数千人的个人身份证号码。这两人还安装了一个仪器，当用户刷信用卡时，该仪器可以?扫描?他们账户的详细信息。时至被捕时，两人已收集了6000多人的账户信息，伪造了1000张银行卡。

[9] 但是，监视技术的广泛使用也有其益处。特别是它能提高透明度、加强责任感。比如，越来越多的摄像机被安装在学校里。像ParentWatch. com和KinderCam. com这样的网络服务商与美国上百家托儿所的摄像机联网，这样家长就可以看到他们的孩子（以及那些照看他们孩子的人）在做什么。学校也把网络摄像头设在教室里。像google这样的科技公司把网络摄像头设在员工餐厅内, 如果员工们看见打饭的队伍排得很长，就可以晚点去用餐。

[10] 多伦多大学教授史蒂夫〃曼把公民监视的普及称为?平视?，因为多数摄像机不再是俯瞰，而是来自眼睛的视角高度。现在，摄像机不再被高臵于楼顶并附在屋内天花板上，而是被普通人随身携带。最广为人知的例子就是罗德尼〃金遭警察殴打的录像以及令人震惊的伊拉克阿布格莱布监狱虐囚照片。

[11] 可拍照手机可能对新闻媒体产生深刻的影响。可拍照手机使每个人都有可能成为新闻摄影师。旧媒体正开始欢迎这种趋势，这并不奇怪。最近，《圣地亚哥联合论坛报》创办了一个网站，专门征集读者用可拍照手机拍摄的新闻照片。英国广播公司也鼓励访问其网站的用户上传自拍的新闻事件图片。

[12] 未来学会的保罗〃塞福认为，公司和政府将不得假设照相机或麦克风有可能无时无刻无所不在。如果工厂的危险环境或化工厂的污染情况不仅仅是被描述一下，而且还能通过图片和录像展示出来，那么厂方就很难抵赖了。比如，动物权利保护者创办了网上多媒体档案库，人们可以在此存储并查看拍摄自养鸡场、屠宰场和皮毛加工厂的生动图像。用金枪鱼网捕捉海豚的录像等材料会使消费者义愤填庸。

[13] 去年，一位德国议员在拍摄一份机密文件时被逮个正着。这份文件只在一次医疗保健改革的背景会议上分发了几份（而后又被收回）。据说，一些柏林政客让记者在一次重要会议前给他们打电话，然后不挂断电话，实际上把他们的电话变成了窃听器，让记者偷听其他议员的讲话。

[14] 1996年11月，塞内加尔内政部长没有注意到一个站在旁边的人拿着接通的手机，当承认地方选举有舞弊行为时被曝光。选举宣告无效。2000年，在该国总统选举中，电台派记者到每个计票站，并给他们配备了手机。每个选区的结果宣布后，记者就向电台打电话报告结果，然后电台马上播报。这就减少了选举作弊的机会，使得权力交接顺利进行，落选的总统很快承认失败。

[15] 监视技术广泛使用的社会效应仍不明朗。《透明社会》一书的作者戴维〃布雷恩提出，这将导致自我约束：毕竟，偷窥者不是很受欢迎。在饭店里，一般来说，被发现正盯着别人看比让人看到自己胡子上沾着面包屑更尴尬。他指出，美国有句格言说，?一个武装的社会是有礼貌的社会?，依此类推，?一个用照相机‘武装’的社会可能会变得更有礼貌?。

布雷恩先生说，换句话说，摄像机及其他监视技术的无处不在可能最终使人更加循规蹈矩，因为他们会压抑个性以免他人过多地注意自己。

[16] 正如隐私权倡导者一直警告的那样，受人监视的社会即将到来，但并不是以他们想像的那种形态出现。注视着每个人的不仅仅只有?老大哥?——还有越来越多的小兄弟。

Unit 2

When Ancient Artifacts Become Political Pawns Background Information

1.Nefertiti: (14th century B.C.) Queen of Egypt and wife of Akhenaton (ruled 1535-1336 B.C.).

She is known for her portrait bust found at Tell el-Amarna, the king‘s new capital. She may have been an Asian princess from Mitanni. She appears with Akhenaton in reliefs at Tell el-Amarna and followed his new cult of the sun god Aton. Of her six daughters, two became queens of Egypt. In the 12th year of Akhenaton‘s reign, she either retired after losing favor or died.

2.Neues Museum: (―New Museum‖) A museum in Berlin, Germany, located to the north of

Altes Museum (Old Museum) on Museum Island. It was built between 1843 and 1855 according to plans by Friedrich August Stüler, a student of Karl Friedrich Schinkel. The museum was closed at the beginning of World War II in 1939, and was heavily damaged during the bombing of Berlin. The rebuilding was overseen by the English architect David Chipperfield. The museum officially reopened in October 2009. Exhibits include the Egyptian and Prehistory and Early History collections, as it did before the war. The artifacts it houses include the iconic bust of the Egyptian queen Nefertiti.

3.Gate of Ishtar: Enormous burnt-brick double entryway built in the ancient city of Babylon

about 575 B.C. The gate was more than 12 meters high and was decorated with glazed brick reliefs. Through the gatehouse ran the stone- and brick-paved Processional Way. Some 120 brick lions lined the street and some 575 dragons and bulls, in 13 rows, adorned the gate.

4.Farouk Hosny (or Hosni, born 1938 in Alexandria) is an Egyptian abstract painter who was

appointed in 1987 to his current position of Minister of Culture. During his tenure, he expanded state-run exhibition spaces and initiated various cultural programs, including the Horizon One Gallery, the Palace of Arts, Gezira Arts Center, Alexandria Center of Arts, the Modern Dance Troupe and School, the Cairo History Rehabilitation Project (which included a number of Jewish synagogues), the Nubian Museum in Aswan and the Alexandria National Museum and the Cultural Development Fund. In 2005, Hosny tendered his resignation to President Hosni Mubarak in the wake of the Beni Suef Cultural Palace fire, in which 48 spectators were killed and more injured. Mubarak rejected Hosny‘s resignation, in response to the pleas of some 400 high-profile intellectuals.

On July 30, 2007, Egypt nominated Hosny to succeed Koichiro Matsuura as Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and began a campaign to have him elected to the position. No Arab had previously held the position. Hosny was regarded as certain to win the September 2009 election, but his May 2008 pledge to burn Israel books in Egyptian libraries sparked doubts about his suitability for the position and strengthened opposition to his candidacy. Despite the opposition, Hosny was still expected to win by a large margin, receiving pledges of support from the Arab League, the Organization of African Unity and the Organization of the Islamic Conference. On September 22, 2009, Hosny lost the UNESCO election in a stunning upset in the fifth and final round of voting to Bulgaria‘s Irina Bokova, who received 31 votes to Hosny‘s 27. In the fourth

round of voting, the two candidates were tied at 29 votes each. Hosny blamed his defeat on ―Zionist pressures‖ as well as a conspiracy by ―a group of the world‘s Jews who had a major influence in the elections...‖ He also attacked the US Ambassador at UNESCO, David Killion, for derailing his election and stated, ―The north always has to control the south.‖

Language Points

1.The forces of nationalism love to exploit culture because it’s symbolic, economically

potent and couches identity politics in a legal context that tends to pit David against Goliath: People who take pride in their own country are apt to make use of culture because 1) it is often used as a symbol;2) it is potentially lucrative; and 3) it serves as a legal means for identity politics which often sets one in competition against another.

2.Mr. Hosny would have been the first Arab to land the job, and Egypt’s president, Hosni

Mubarak, had banked a not insignificant amount of his own prestige on the minister’s getting it: Mr. Hosny would have been the first Arab to secure the job, and Egypt‘s president, Hosni Mubarak, had invested an unusual amount of his social position in Mr. Hosny‘s winning.

3.Nothing is more distant to me than racism, the negation of others and the desire to hurt

Jewish culture or any other culture: I can hardly stand such evils as racism, the denial of others and the desire to hurt Jewish culture or any other culture.

4.But the larger truth is that all patrimony arguments ultimately live or die in the morally

murky realm of global relations: But the more important fact is that whether an argument concerning inheritance is sound or not finally depends on global relations which are morally corrupt.

5.That argument was “amplified by a government eager to limit its embarrassment after

having staked its credibility” on him: That claim was highlighted by the Egypt government as it was eager to lessen its embarrassment after putting down a stake on him.

Answer keys

I. Reading Comprehension

1. D

2. C

3. D

4. C

5. D

6. D

7. A

8. D

9. C 10. D

II. Vocabulary

A. 1. A 2. D 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. C

B. 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. B

III. Cloze

1. B

2. A

3. A

4. C

5. C

6. D

7. B

8. B

9. A 10. C

IV. Translation

A. 美联社报道说，埃及将于本周正式向美国提出请求，要求归还一具法老的木棺。这具木棺是125年前从埃及偷运出境的。埃及最高文物委员会秘书长扎西·哈瓦斯说，这具木棺有三千多年的历史，是第二十一王朝（公元前1081年到公元前931年）艾梅斯法老的灵柩。一个美国人在西班牙从一个商人手中买到了这具装饰华丽的木棺。上个月，这个美国人带着这具木棺经过迈阿密海关，由于拿不出足够的文件资料证明其所有权，结果木棺被海关人员

扣押。埃及最高文物委员会已经向迈阿密当局发送了文物图样，证明这具木棺是1884年从埃及非法偷运出境的。

B. Technology has now created the possibility and even the likelihood of a global culture. The Internet, fax machines, satellites, and cable TV are sweeping away cultural boundaries. Global entertainment companies shape the perceptions and dreams of ordinary citizens, wherever they live. This spread of values, norms, and culture tends to promote Western ideals of capitalism.

V. Fast Reading

1. T

2. F

3. T

4. T

5. T

6. F

7. T

8. T

VI. Oral Work

Open

VII. Writing

Omitted

参考译文

古代文物与当代政治

［1］柏林新博物馆最近重新开放了，这里成千上万的人排着长队，想看一眼奈费尔提蒂王后的半身雕像，文化战争的又一场冲突随即爆发了。

［2］埃及首席考古学家扎西·哈瓦斯曾经宣布，埃及要求德国立即归还奈费尔提蒂雕像，除非德国能够证明，有着3500年历史的、阿克那顿国王的王后的这尊雕像，不是一个世纪以前从埃及非法偷运出境的。

［3］哈瓦斯先生对Spiegel在线说，?我们并非寻珍猎宝之徒，如果有确定的证据，证明这尊雕像不是偷运出境的，那就不存在任何问题。?

［4］之后他又说，他确信这件艺术品是被偷运出境的。

［5］事实上，全球化不但没有缩小国家之间的文化差异，反而加剧了这种差异。民族主义势力热中于让文化为己所用，因为文化具有象征意义，有着巨大的潜在经济利益，而且文化使动辄引起纷争的身份政治有了合法的说法。

［6］哈瓦斯先生最近还在法国放了一炮，他要求卢浮宫将五幅湿壁画残片归还给埃及。2000年和2003年，卢浮宫从一家美术馆和一次拍卖会上买到了这些残片。这些残片是从卢克索附近的一个有着3200年历史的古墓中发掘出来的，之后一直藏于卢克索博物馆。埃及此前提出过这种要求，但是这一次，埃及中止了卢浮宫在开罗附近的撒卡拉的长期发掘，并且声称将中止与卢浮宫在其会展中的合作。

［7］法国很明白其中的意思，承诺立即将这些残片归还给埃及。

［8］巴黎、柏林和开罗不会没有注意到，哈瓦斯先生提出的归还奈费尔提蒂雕像以及中止卢浮宫的发掘活动的要求，正是在埃及文化部长法鲁克·赫斯尼竞选联合国的文化机构——联合国教科文组织——秘书长一职遭到惨痛失败之后提出的。这一职位在上个月下旬给了保加利亚的一位外交官。赫斯尼先生本可以成为获得这一职位的首个阿拉伯人，埃及总统赫斯尼·穆巴拉克以自己极大的威信打了保票，说部长将得到这一职位。

［9］但是一些犹太组织以及知名的法国和德国知识界人士（尽管不是以色列政府）发起了反对赫斯尼先生竞选的活动。去年，在埃及议会开会期间，有人就亚历山大里亚图书馆

藏有犹太书籍一事问及赫斯尼先生，他说，?让我们一起烧掉这些书吧。假如真有犹太书籍的话，我会当着你的面亲自把它们烧掉。?这件事使得艾里·韦塞尔、克劳德·兰兹曼和伯纳尔-亨利·列维在《世界报》上发表文章，呼吁阻止赫斯尼先生竞选，文章还引用赫斯尼先生2001年说过的话，他说以色列文化是建立在偷窃基础上的?野蛮文化。?

［10］此后，赫斯尼先生向这家法国报纸表示，他对自己的那些话表示遗憾，还说?种族主义，否定别人，以及伤害犹太文化或者任何其他文化的念头，是我最不能容忍的。?［11］后来赫斯尼先生竞选失败，就将自己的失败归咎于犹太人的阴谋。

［12］他对埃及一家周刊说，?这个阴谋之大，超出了你的想象。?

［13］事实上，最终导致赫斯尼先生竞选失败的原因，除了他与埃及古老的、陈腐的专制政权之间的密切关系之外，可能还有一个原因。1985年，在阿基尔·洛罗号邮轮上发生了一场恐怖袭击，当时他是埃及的外交官，有人怀疑他为袭击者提供了保护。在这次恐怖袭击中，一位犹太裔美国游客在轮椅中遭到枪杀后被推到海里。

［14］不管怎样，就在联合国教科文组织宣布竞选结果之后的几天，哈瓦斯先生就对法国和德国采取了行动。有人问及他的时机选择问题，他强调这两件事情之间根本没有联系，声称他两个月以前就已经向法国人提出了归还要求。但是那是在赫斯尼先生的竞选即将失败的时候。哈瓦斯先生还说，去年八月他突然宣布修复埃及境内的一个犹太教堂的决定与赫斯尼先生的竞选一事没有关联。这就不足为奇了。回想当时，很显然此举是为了平息日益高涨的犹太人对埃及部长的反对情绪。

［15］这些年来，每当政治时机成熟的时候，埃及就不时地提出归还奈费尔提蒂雕像的要求。德国人指出，路德维希·博夏特于1912年在泰尔·埃尔·阿马尔那发现了这尊雕像，在埃及的官方许可下才把它带到柏林。就在几天前，伊拉克重申了要求德国归还巴比伦古城伊什塔尔城门的请求，这座城门是在一战之前发掘出来运到柏林的。

［16］就伊拉克而言，政府似乎是在下赌注，认为德国对目前战争的矛盾立场也许有助于影响国内公众对于归还伊什塔尔城门的态度。这和2002年萨达姆·侯赛因政权的做法是一样的。当时的政权大打遣返牌，将其视为一种策略，与联合国就允许武器检查人员入境检查问题进行谈判。

［17］对于埃及公众来说，赫斯尼先生的失败是对政府领导不力的又一责难。一位隶属穆斯林兄弟会的议员马辛·拉迪在《阿尔-达斯托日报》上发表文章说，?政府成员的策略是永远保住自己的位臵，这样的政府将不断遭到挫折、失败和倒退。?

［18］埃及剩下的、唯一可能有效的武器或许就是文物了。文物牵引着公众的情感，展示着国家的自豪。艺术界偏向于反思文物辗转流落的兴衰得失，以及几个世纪以来由于帝国主义掠夺而造成的不公正现象，而隐藏在埃及文物归还要求背后的真正问题，和许多其他国家一样，是民族主义。

［19］当然，法律就是法律，趁火打劫是不能容忍的，尽管几十年、几个世纪已经过去了，法律发生了变化，人口迁移了，帝国兴亡更替，合法与否的争论可能说不清楚了。但是更大的事实在于，一切有关遗产的争论最终都存亡于全球关系这个道德沦丧的领域，就是说，像埃及和伊拉克这样的现代政府，通过要求归还其目前境内古文化遗址发掘出土的艺术品的做法，使西方对殖民主义产生愧疚感，藉此或许可以赢得世人的同情。虽说如此，俄罗斯在二战结束时从德国偷窃了难以数计的珍宝，现在国际上却没人大声疾呼，要求物归原主。也没有人要求瑞典交出其在350年前与丹麦的战争中掠夺的战利品。这其中关涉的是情感因素，而不是无懈可击的逻辑和一贯的政策问题。

［20］风云变幻的现实政治，正义含义的不断更迁，决定了这一切。这样说并非有意讽刺。有许多合理的证明，包括法律方面的、道德方面的、知识方面的、经济方面的和艺术方面的，都主张将埃及的文物归还给埃及，将希腊的文物归还给希腊，将意大利的文物归还给

意大利。也有许多相反的证明，主张把这些文物散布到全世界，在所在地充当文化的使节，认为这样做尤其能让文物出土地的人们受益。

［21］迈克尔·斯拉克曼在《纽约时报》上报道说，穆巴拉克先生的政府把赫斯尼先生的失败看成是一种叱责，而赫斯尼先生和埃及政府一样，受到了埃及许多文化界精英人士的鄙视。其中的一个原因是，埃及早就实行了政府审查制度。在颠三倒四的中东外交关系中，赫斯尼先生只能使自己的处境变得更糟。国内的公众认为他对以色列太软弱，他说的有关焚书的话，是他为了自保所能说的最底线的话。随后他向犹太人道歉，又让他丢了面子。于是，他竞选失败后，为了竭力挽回自己的名誉，就把责任归咎于犹太复国主义者的一场阴谋。

［22］正如斯拉克曼先生所写的，这样的辩解?因为埃及政府的表现而显得夸大了，这个政府把信赖的赌注押在他身上，之后又急于减轻自身面临的尴尬。?

［23］收回奈费尔提蒂雕像将会提升人气。显示一下考古方面的实力或许也行，哪怕雕像归还根本没有任何现实的可能。

［24］这就是当今归还文物要求的实质。

［25］通过其他途径达到民族主义的目的。

［26］一种代理政治。

Unit 3

At What Cost Beauty

Background Information

1.Plastic surgery: This is a general term for operative manual and instrumental treatment

which is performed for functional or aesthetic reasons. The word "plastic" derives from the Greek plastikos meaning to mold or to shape; its use here is not connected with modern plastics.

The principal areas of plastic surgery include two broad fields:

?Reconstructive surgery focuses on undoing or masking the destructive effects of trauma, surgery or disease. Reconstructive surgery may include closing defects with flaps—that is, by moving tissue from other parts of the body.

?Cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery is most often performed in order to change features the patient finds unflattering.

Cosmetic surgery is a very popular approach to personal enhancement. There were 11.9 million cosmetic procedures performed in the U.S. alone in 2004. Although some may hold a negative view of cosmetic surgery, seeing it as frivolous, the soaring number of procedures performed annually shows that cosmetic surgery has become acceptable to the mainstream American household.

As for any operation, elective procedures involve risk, and should therefore not be undertaken lightly. Within the US, critics of plastic surgery note that it is legal for any doctor, regardless of speciality, to perform plastic surgery.

It is vital to check a physician's credentials, looking for those who are actually board-certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery officially recognized by the only governing board of American physicians: American Board of Medical Specialties. Because cosmetic surgery is seen as profitable, many other specialties have tried to make themselves sound more official and qualified by making up associations or "medical boards", even though their training does not include all aspects of reconstructive and cosmetic/aesthetic surgery of plastic surgeons. Other "boards" such as "facial plastic surgery" or "American Cosmetic Surgery" are not officially recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties.

The most prevalent aesthetic/cosmetic procedures are listed below. Most of these types of surgery are more commonly known by their "common names." These are also listed when pertinent.

?Abdominoplasty (or "tummy tuck"): Reshaping and firming of the abdomen

?Blepharoplasty (or "eyelid surgery"): Reshaping of the eyelids or the application of permanent eyeliner, including Asian blepharoplasty (去除眼袋、鱼尾纹等的)眼睑整容术?Augmentation Mammaplasty (or "breast enlargement" or "boob job"): Augmentation of the breasts

?Muscle sculpting: Removal of the fat layer that is on top of chosen muscle to reveal a more appealing look after surgery (ie: six pack abs revealed through muscle sculpting)

?Chemical peel: Removal of acne scars and sagging skin—not technically surgery and can be performed by a cosmetologist

?Mastopexy (or "breast lift"): Raising of sagging breasts

?Rhinoplasty(or "nose job"): Reshaping of the nose

?Non-surgical Nose Job: A new method of reshaping of the nose without surgery. This non-invasive procedure, developed by Dr. Alexander Rivkin, uses injectable fillers to reshape the nose and hide imperfections.

?Otoplasty (or ear surgery): Reshaping of the ear

?Rhytidectomy (or "face lift"): Removal of wrinkles and signs of aging from the face

?Suction-Assisted Lipectomy (or liposuction): Removal of fat from the body

?Chin augmentation: Augmentation of the chin with an implant (e.g. silicone) or by sliding genioplasty of the jawbone.

?Cheek augmentation

?Collagen injections

?Mesotherapy: An alternative to liposuction where fluids are injected to break down and dissolve the fat. This is considered the non-invasive method to fat tissue removal.

2.Olivia Goldsmith:(1949-January 15, 2004) She was an American author, best known for

her first novel The First Wives Club (1992). She took up writing after she got divorced with her husband. Before becoming a writer, she was a management consultant for eleven years.

Goldsmith died from complications from plastic surgery in 2004.

3.The First Wives Club (1992): The novel was made into a movie in 1996. It deals with three

friends who have been abandoned by their husbands for younger women. After a friend (also

a "first wife") committed suicide, they decided to take revenge on their ex-husbands. The

wives eventually thrive as the husbands fail in love and at work. Olivia Goldsmith‘s subsequent novels would include Flavor of the Month(1993), The Bestseller(1996), and Switcheroo(1998). Many of her books can be described as revenge fantasies; a constant theme is the mistreatment of women by the men they love, but with the women coming out the winners in the end. She also wrote several books for children, which were published under the name "Justine Rendal."

4. American Medical Association (AMA):P rofessional physicians‘organization (founded

1847). Its goals are to protect the interests of American physicians, advance public health, and support the growth of medical science. The AMA investigates alleged cases of medical quackery, engages in medical research on drugs, foods, cosmetics, and other substances, and sponsors health education programs. The organization also approves in-hospital doctor training programs; it was largely responsible for the upgrading of American medical education in the early 20th cent. Other functions include monitoring professional ethics and supervising continuing medical education for physicians. The AMA also publishes the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).

5. Extreme Makeover: This is a television program from ABC in which individuals volunteer

to receive an extensive makeover in Hollywood. It aired from 2002 and is currently suspended. The show depicts real-life people (both men and women) undergoing an "extreme makeover" involving plastic surgery, exercise regimes, hairdressing and wardrobing. Each episode ends with the subjects' return to their families and friends, showing the reactions of

their loved ones, who have not been allowed to see the increasing changes during the subjects' absence.

Language points

1.That attaining such features often involves anesthesia, injections, incisions, blood and a

professional with at least seven years of medical training is a distinction increasingly lost on the general population: The sentence includes a subject clause introduced by ―that‖, in which ―attaining such features‖ is the subject.

Explanation of the sentence: To get those features such as a straighter nose and larger breasts, patients often undergo procedures involving anesthesia, injections, incisions, and blood. And these procedures should be performed by specialists in cosmetic surgery. Yet the fact and the requirement are increasingly neglected by the public pursuing better looks through plastic surgery.

2.This is the same location where last month, in a case that made national headlines, The

First Wives Club author Olivia Goldsmith, whose work often celebrated and satirized plastic surgery, died after seeking a cosmetic procedure: It is in the same hospital that Olivia Goldsmith, The First Wives Club author, died from a plastic surgery last month. She had often written articles or books to comment plastic surgeries positively or negatively. Her death made a great sensation nationwide.

3.They're in excellent health, screened by psychologists and analyzed by the best plastic

surgeons in the country to ensure that their transformation has the potential to look like

a home run: They are in wonderful condition, tested by psychologists and analyzed by the

best plastic surgeons in the country to guarantee that their plastic surgeries will result in a wonderful improvement in their appearance/that their makeover will be very successful in the end.

Answer Keys

I.Reading comprehension

1. C

2. D

3. B

4. B

5. D

6. A

7. C

8. A

9. B 10. C II.Vocabulary

A.1. C 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. D

B.1. B 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. C III.Cloze

1. B

2. B

3. C

4. C

5. A

6. C

7. D

8. D

9. A 10. C IV.Translation

A. 答案是明确的：不会。因为真正的美既是外在的美也是内在的美。瓷缸美，美在外形、颜色和表面纹理。瓷缸可能是空的，也可能爬满了蜘蛛，里面可能装满了蜂蜜，也可能装满了黏液，这都不影响它的美丑。但妇女是活生生的人，所以她外表的美还不算美。人体外表受内在精神特征的影响。我见过一些妇女，按照瓷器行家的标准，既迷人又漂亮。她们的形体、肤色和表面肌理均无可挑剔，但就是不美。因为漂亮的花瓶不是空空如也，

就是败絮其中，精神的空虚或丑陋自然会暴露无遗。相反，内秀却能改变那些纯美学家认为不完美和奇丑的形体。

B. Why do we care so much about how we look? Because it matters. Because beauty is powerful. Because even when we learn to value people mostly for being kind and wise and funny, we are still moved by beauty. No matter how much we argue against it or pretend to be immune, beauty exerts its power over us. There is simply no escape.

V.Fast reading

1. C

2. B

3. C

4. A

5. D

VI.Oral Work

Open

VII. Writing

Omitted

参考译文

美丽的代价是什么

整形外科可能已经抹去了一些污名，但这并不意味着风险也突然消失了。

[1]就在不久以前，?改变面貌?一词不过是指重新描一下眼影或者染一下头发而已，而现在改变面貌可能使人拥有更为挺直的鼻梁、更丰满的乳房以及即使闻到最恶臭的气味也不会出现皱纹的额头。把面貌改造成这个样子，常常要进行麻醉、注射、切开，可能流血，此外改造需要由经过至少7年医学培训的专业人员来完成──但这个特点越来越被大众所忽视。

[2]然而整形外科确实意味着经受一刀之苦。近来大量事实一直在提醒人们：做整形外科手术是有许多风险的。从2003年5月到2004年1月，佛罗里达州有5个人在接受了整容手术后死亡，这促使该州的医药委员会开展调查。这5个人的年龄从38岁到63岁不等。他们的手术都是在医生的诊所里进行的：一个是隆胸手术；一个是眼、下巴和颈部手术；一个(男性)是吸脂术和脂肪转移术；还有两个则是吸脂术和腹部打裥术。该委员会颁布了一项禁令，规定在90天内禁止在非医院环境中同时进行两种整形手术，称这是?公众健康当前面临的危险?。一位54岁的妇女，心脏病学家的妻子，在曼哈顿眼、耳、喉科医院接受整形外科手术时死于并发症。该医院是纽约市最负盛名的医院之一，由社交界名流穆菲〃波特〃阿斯顿的丈夫谢雷尔〃阿斯顿主持。上个月在同一所医院里，《第一夫人俱乐部》的作者奥丽维娅〃戈德史密斯在接受整容手术后身故，这件事在全国引起轰动，成为各家报纸的重要新闻。奥丽维娅的作品经常颂扬或调侃整形外科。这两位妇女都死于麻醉并发症。

[3]绝大部分整容手术──无论是手术操作(如面部除皱和吸脂)还是非手术操作(如波托克斯(Botox)和胶原注射)──都平安无事。但是随着此类手术数量的增加(2003年达830万起，比1997年增加了293%)，结局很糟糕的情况也会增加。一部分问题可能在于：从法律的观点看，实施整形外科手术的医师并不需要经过专业的整形外科培训。他们所需要的只不过是一个医学的学位。医生们可选择去接受由美国医学会认可的美国整形外科委员会颁发的证书。为此，他们必须完成7年的培训，包括在普通外科担任3年住院医师，以及在整形外科担任至少2年住院医师。但许多医生不想费事去接受专门培训。他们随随便便地从事

整形外科工作以增加他们的收入。在佛罗里达州的案例中，5名医生当中只有两名获得了美国整形外科委员会颁发的证书，给死于隆胸手术的那个妇女做手术的是一名牙科医师。

[4]因为凡是医生就有权进行整容手术，所以病人需要自己去查明医生的专业背景，确定自己对医生曾接受的培训是否感到放心，此外，还应对自己打算做手术的场所进行调查。由于技术的进步，一些复杂的手术已经能够在非医院的环境中作为门诊手术进行，其中一些手术是在独立的私营外科中心完成，另一些则在医生的诊所内进行。

[5]病人常常喜欢医生的诊所，因为诊所给人一种更人性化的感觉；许多医生更喜欢在自己的诊所做手术，因为他们能完全控制周围的情况以及治疗费用。只要坚持采取预防措施以保证安全，在这里接受手术能做到绝对安全，但是一些州政府和地方政府对诊所是否坚持采取这样的措施并没有进行监控。这个任务可留给鉴定机构来完成。各州可以要求各诊所都进行水准鉴定，而由有关鉴定机构来进行检查并盖章批准。美国非卧床外科机构鉴定协会（AAAASF）的批准被认为是高水准的鉴定。要得到它的批准，医生们必须得到(美国整形外科)委员会对其从事该专业的批准，而且他们的诊所也必须证明其自身拥有处理紧急情况的手段。问题在于接受检查以获得水准鉴定是一种自愿行为。洛杉矶的整容外科医师、美国非卧床外科机构鉴定协会主席迈克尔〃麦圭尔说：?一些诊所开张了，但州里没有人知道这些诊所的存在。?

[6]在医生的诊所里同时进行吸脂术和腹部打裥术为什么──或是否─—特别危险，佛罗里达州的委员会正在对此问题进行调查。一个病人同时接受多种医疗手术的情况并不罕见；当病人的健康状况良好时，这样做并不特别危险。但一般来说，接受一种以上的操作不仅延长了病人复苏的时间，而且延长了病人接受麻醉的时间，这可能带来风险。罗伯特〃伯纳德医师说：?我个人认为超过5小时或6小时的手术是不可行的。如果有人进来，要求给他们的脸、眼睛和鼻子做整容，那行。但如果他们不仅想做脸部、眼睛和鼻子整容，还想将乳房缩小并将大量脂肪吸出，那么我宁可将这些手术分两次完成。?伯纳德医师在其开设于纽约州威斯切斯特的诊所里给人做手术，他是美国麻醉整形外科学会的主席，该学会的会员都获得了(美国整形外科)委员会颁发的证书。

[7]正在接受调查的佛罗里达州案例中，其中一个已经证明同时进行多种手术可能会致人于死命。詹姆斯〃麦考密克决定到劳德代尔堡的佛罗里达整容外科中心来消除眼角皱纹。他的医生建议将额头的皱纹一并清除，并提出额外奉送打折的颏部植入片。麦考密克同意接受所有这些操作，他在诊所里待了不到4个小时。但是第二天他就撒手人寰。诊所的医疗主任杰弗里〃哈姆医师以为病人保密为由，拒绝讨论这个案例。

[8]伯纳德说，美国广播公司播放了一个极受欢迎的真人秀节目──《最大限度的面目一新》，节目显示了人们一次接受多至6种外科手术以去除他们身上任何能觉察到的瑕疵。自从该节目首次播放以来，他已接到更多要求同时进行多项操作的申请。他说，该节目已为整容专业作了很好的宣传，聚集了大量人气，但他担心这会增加人们不切实际的期望。他说：?人们并设有认识到节目中的角色是预先选定的。他们的健康状态好极了，他们经过了心理学家的筛选，由国内最好的整形外科医生对他们进行分析，以确保他们的改头换面可能看起来像个打出了一记成功的本垒打。?伯纳德指出，节目中的人物还需要皮肤病学家、美容牙医和发型师的帮助。

[9]有时病人可能看上去一切都做得很对，但依然以付出生命的代价而告终。戈德史密斯想消除下巴上的褶皱，一般来说，这是个常规操作。她选择了获得(由美国整形外科委员会颁发的)证书的最好的整形外科医生，即使皇族能请到的也不过如此。她的手术在一家备受推崇的医院里进行，但她对麻醉还是出现了不良反应。她的死未必一定与整形手术有关；即使在急症阑尾炎切除手术中，这种情况也是非常可能发生的。但它的确在整形外科界激起了片刻的波动。佛罗里达、加利福尼亚和纽约3个州的医生都说，他们在那个星期接到

过几个病人表示担心的电话。但事实上，没有一个外科医生报告有病人取消任何手术预约。预约新手术的电话依然响个不停。

Unit 4

Too Much Too Soon

Background Information

1. Neurons: A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system. A one-year old human has about 100 billion (1011) neurons. A typical brain neuron will have connections with at least 1,000 other neurons.

The brain is a vastly complicated signaling system, with neurons forming the basis of that system. Electrochemical signals flow in one direction only in neurons, originating at the dendrites or cell body (usually in response to stimulation from other neurons) and propagating along axon branches which terminate on the dendrites or cell bodies of perhaps thousands of other neurons. The connections between the ends of axons and the dendrites or cell bodies of other neurons are specialized structures called synapses.

2. Neuronal Function: The basis of neuronal electrochemical signals lies in the neuron membrane. Like all cell membranes, the neuron membrane is a phospholipid bilayer. In other words, the membrane is a ―fat sandwich‖, with fatty acids between t wo slices of polar (phosphate) ―bread‖. The membrane is pierced with proteins that serve as channels for ions to ―flow‖though (like straws stuck in a sandwich).

The two ion-channels in the axon (both voltage-gated) allow passage of positive ions of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+). A pump in the cell membrane (the ―sodium pump‖) actively transports sodium ions out of the cell, and potassium ions into the cell, in a ratio of 3 sodium per 2 potassium. This creates a voltage (potential) difference across the membrane of -70 millivolts. Lowering this potential increases the probability that ion-channels will open. Once some ion channels begin opening, the voltage drops further, causing more channels to open until the membrane depolarizes. Sodium channels are more sensitive to voltage change than potassium channels are, and open more rapidly. Thus, in a depolarization, the sodium ions will rush into the axon faster than the potassium ions will rush out. This sudden depolarization (called an action potential) will briefly result in a +30 millivolt potential difference. Once the slowly-opening voltage-gated potassium ion-channels have opened and allowed potassium to flow out, the action potential is ended. Thus, the sodium ion-channels initiate the action potential, and the potassium ion-channels terminate it. The channels then close, and the sodium pump can restore the resting potential of -70 millivolts. But the action potential will propagate down the axon toward the synapse like a line of falling dominos.

Language Points

1.In other words, the build-up and acquisition of myelin towards full brain maturation is more marathon than sprint: The maturation of the brain in terms of myelin development must follow a programmed timetable. It is slow and gradual rather than quick and once for all.

2.…the earlier children are introduced to certain experiences or stimulation the greater

the propensity for learning and early success:The earlier children are exposed to certain experiences or stimulation, the more likely they will develop an inclination for learning and achieve early success.

3.In these situations the child compensates for a lack of fine motor skill development

whereby the brain adapts and finds a grip that is useful: As the child has not been able to use

his hands well and in order to make up for the inadequacy, his brain will have to adapt to the

situation and find a useful way to deal with the writing instrument.

Answer keys

Ⅰ. Reading comprehension

1. B

2. D

3. A

4. C

5. B

6. A

7. B

8. C

9. A10. D

Ⅱ. Vocabulary

A. 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. A 10. C

B. 1. B 2. D 3. D 4. A 5. B 6. B 7.A 8. C 9. A 10. C

Ⅲ. Cloze

1. B

2. A

3. C

4. C

5. D

6. B

7. A

8. C

9. A 10. D

Ⅳ. Translation

A.关于儿童发展的进程，我们还需要考虑一个重要方面，主要关注大脑情感区域的成长。与髓鞘的生长类似，大脑中控制情感的区域也遵循自己的发育进程。因此，让孩子在学业和智力上力争上游时，要确保不让他们承受过大的压力，而力不从心。这一点很重要。对许多孩子来说，拔苗助长会产生压力，并导致焦虑，孩子最终会拒绝思考。因此，父母在儿童的早期成长中和保持长期心理健康上所起的作用，是至关重要的。要促进学习，最好的做法在于父母和孩子一起度过美好时光，而不一定非得给孩子安排应接不暇的课外活动。

B. To stimulate greater language comprehension, you need to talk a lot with children early in life. To help children be more coordinated or active as they grow, they should be encouraged to run and play games when they are young. Indeed, one of the greatest contributors to healthy neural development is self-directed play and not endless hours of instruction.

Ⅴ. Fast reading

1. Kindergarten should have been a lovely, thriving garden where teachers assumed the role

of loving and supportive parent in guiding children in their free exploration.

2. Because Froebel‘s original conception of ―educational gardens‖has been completely

distorted in an age where growing up has never been so competitive.

3. Much of Elkind‘s work focuses o n the psychological pitfalls that accompany children who

engage in activities long before they are mature enough to do so.

4. Children are increasingly deprived of their time and space for self exploration as their

growing up has become a competition, a race to success.

5. The author strongly objects to the competitive early childhood education and is convinced

that too much, too soon and too fast may do more harm to children than good on the ground of recent neurological findings.