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英语语言学试题

英语语言学试题
英语语言学试题

英语语言学试题B卷及答案(

III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the corresponding letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. (1%×20=20%)

1) The study of language at one point of time is a _______ study.

A. synchronic

B. historic

C. diachronic

D. descriptive

2)Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “fall”and “autumn”belong is called _____ synonyms.

A. stylistic

B. dialectal

C. emotive

D. collocational

3) The sentence “John likes ice-cream” contains ________ arguments.

A. one

B. two

C. none

D. three

4) Semantics can be defined as the study of ________.

A. naming

B. meaning

C. communication

D. context

5) Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration,semantics spilled into pragmatics.

A. meaning

B. context

C. form

D. content

6) Of the three speech acts,linguists are most interested in the _______.

A. locutionary act

B. perlocutionary act

C. illocutionary act

D. none of the above

7) Most of the violations of the maxims of the Cooperative Principle give rise to _____.

A. utterance meaning

B. speech act theory

C. conversational implicatures

D. none of the above

8) The significance of Grice’s CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ is literally said.

A. more than

B. less than

C. the same as

D. none of the above

9) The goal of ______ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and different social situations.

A. psycholinguistics

B. sociolinguistics

C. historical linguistics

D. general linguistics

10) Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological,morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.

A. rule-governed

B. systematic

C. arbitrary

D. both A and B

11)As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use,and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.

A. prescriptive

B. sociolinguistic

C. descriptive

D. psycholinguistic

12) Language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for human communication.

A. cultural

B. conventional

C. decoded

D. vocal

13) A word with several meanings is called _________.

A. an abnormal word

B. a polysemous word

C. a synonymous word

D. none of the above

14) There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed”in the word “learned”is known as a(n)__________.

A. derivational morpheme

B. free morpheme

C. inflectional morpheme

D. free form

15) The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.

A. large

B. small

C. finite

D. infinite

16) “I bought some roses” __________ “I bought some flowers”.

A. entails

B. presupposes

C. is inconsistent with

D. is synonymous with 17)The phrase “boys and girls”belongs to the ____________ construction.

A. predicate

B. endocentric

C. subordinate

D. exocentric

18) Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."

A. is synonymous with

B. is inconsistent with

C. entails

D. presupposes19)Of all the speech organs,the ___ is/are the most flexible.

A. mouth

B. lips

C. tongue

D. vocal cords

20)Chomsky uses the term _______ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.

A. langue

B. competence

C. parole

D. performance

IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:(1%×15=15%)

1) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

2) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken,but not written.

3) The open-class words include prepositions.

4) In classifying the English consonants and vowels,the same criteria can be applied.

5) According to semantic triangle,there is no direct link between a symbol and referent,i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.

6)Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S)and clauses (C)only.

7)By synchrony we mean to study language change and development.

8)The IC analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”.

9)The relationship of “flower”,“violet”,“rose”and “tulip”is hyponymy.

10)A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable.

11) Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.

12) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studied the sentences patterns of a language.

13) Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.

14) Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.

15) Sentences are strings of words put together in a random order.

V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)

1)The modern linguistics is d____________ ,not prescriptive,and its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data.

2)M___________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

3)Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while p________ contrastd with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual

speaker..

4)The transformational component has transformational rules,which change the deep structures generated by the phrase structure component into s________ structure.

5)In semantic triangle,the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct,and it is mediated by c___________..

6)H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b____________ transcription.

7)In the cooperative principle,Grice introduced four categories of maxims.They are maxim of quality,maxim of quatity,maxim of r__________ and maxim of manner.

8)The strong version of Sapir-Whorf hopothesis is that language d___________s our thinking pattern.

9)There are two major approaches to error analysis:c____________ and non-contrastive analysis.

10)P_________ is the study of language in use.

VI. The following two are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each expression.(2.5%×2=5%)

1)Smoking cigar is very harmful.

2)The boy saw the man with the telescope.

VII. Answer the following questions in English.(4%×5=20%)

1)What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle?

2)What are the design features of language?

3)What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar?

4)Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components?

5)What do you know about linguistics.

参考答案

III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. (1%×20=20%)

1-5ABBBB6-10CCABD 11-15CDBCC 16-20ABDCD

IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:(1%×15=15%)

1)-5):TTFFT 6)-10):FFTTF 11)-15):FFFFF

V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of

which is already given as a clue. (1%×10=10%)

1)descriptive 2)Morpheme 3)parole 4)surface 5)concept

6)broad 7)relation 8)determines 9)contrastive 10)Pragmatics

VI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.(2.5%×2=5%)

1)The cigar that is smoking is very harmful.

The act of smoking the cigar is very harmful.

2)The boy saw the man who had a telescope.

Using the telescope,the boy saw the man.

VII. Answer the following questions in English.(4%×5=20%)

1)A. The maxim of quantity

1. Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).

2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.

B. The maxim of quality

1. Do not say what you believe to be false.

2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

C. The maxim of relation Be relevant.

D. The maxim of manner

1. Avoid obscurity of expression.

2. Avoid ambiguity.

3. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).

4. Be orderly.

2)Arbitrariness;Productivity;Duality;Displacement;Cultural transmission;

3)A. Linguistics is descriptive,not prescriptive

B. Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the written.

C. Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.

4)The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example;

(A)The dog bit the man.

(B)The man bit the dog.

If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components,then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings.

As we know,there are two aspects to sentence meaning:grammatical mean-ing and semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog”and “the man”in (A)are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog”and “the man”in (B). The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. It is the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical constructions that relate one word syntagmatically to another.

英语语言学试题A卷及答案(

I. Define the following linguistic terms:(2%×10=20%)

1)duality 2)displacement 3)phonology

4)morphology 5)concord6)endocentric construction

7)hyponymy 8)pragmatics9)illocutionary force

10) error analysis

II. Translation (0.5%×20=10%)

Translate the following terms into Chinese:(0.5%×10=5%)

1)affricate 2)distinctive feature3)parole 4)generative grammar

5)bilingualism 6)felicity condition 7)design feature 8)denotation9)labiodental10)linguistic relativity

Translate the following terms into English:(0.5%×10=5%)

11)人际功能12)真值条件13)女性语域14)音节划分15)结构主义

16)社会语言学17)论元18)单元音19)衔接20)对比分析

III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the answer sheet. (1%×20=20%)

1). language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for human communication.

A. cultural

B. conventional

C. decoded

D. vocal

2). A word with several meanings is called _________.

A. an abnormal word

B. a polysemous word

C. a synonymous word

D. none of the above

3). There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed”in the word “learned”is known as a(n)__________.

A. derivational morpheme

B. free morpheme

C. inflectional morpheme

D. free form

4). The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.

A. large

B. small

C. finite

D. infinite

5). “I picked some tulips.”__________ “I picked some flowers.”.

A. entails

B. presupposes

C. is inconsistent with

D. is synonymous with

6). Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.

X:Who was that you were with last night?

Y:Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?

A. quality

B. quantity

C. relation

D. manner

7)“Can I borrow your bike?”_____ “You have a bike.”

A. is synonymous with

B. is inconsistent with

C. entails

D. presupposes8)The study of language at one point of time is a _______ study.

A. synchronic

B. historic

C. diachronic

D. descriptive

9)Which of the following is a typical tone language?

A. English

B. Chinese

C. French

D. All of the above

10)Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in ___________.

A. phonemic contrast

B. complementary distribution

C. minimal pair

D. none of the above

11)In terms of the place of articulation,the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of _________.

A. palatal

B. alveolar

C. bilabial

D. dental

12)Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _______ in 1957.

A. L. Bloomfield

B. N. Chomsky

C. F. Saussure

D. M. A. K. Halliday

13)Which of the following is a correct description of reference?

A. a relationship between an expression and other expressions which have the same meaning

B. the set of all objects which can potentially be referred to by an expression

C. a relationship between a particular object in the world and an expression used in an

utterance to pick out that object

D. an intra-linguistic relationship between lexical items

14)What is function of the sentence “How do you do’?

A. Directive

B. Phatic

C. Informative

D. Evocative

15)In the following sounds,________is a central vowel.

A. /?/

B. /u/

C. /?/

D. /з/

16)Which of the following languages has the syllabic writing system?

A. Chinese

B. Japanese

C. English

D. French

17)Which description of the meaning components of the word “father”is right?

A. [+human,+adult,-male]

B. [+human,-adult,+male]

C. [–human,+adult,-male]

D. [+human,+adult,+male]

18)Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration,semantics spilled into pragmatics.

A. meaning

B. context

C. form

D. content

19)Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological,morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.

A. rule-governed

B. systematic

C. arbitrary

D. both A and B

20)“Hot dog”with the first syllable stressed means _________.

A. an overheated animal

B. a kind of food

C. a barking dog

D. a dead dog

IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:(15 pts, 1 point for each)

Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:(1%×15=15%)

1) Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted.

2) According to N. Chomsky,“competence”is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.

3) A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable.

4) Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.

5) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentences patterns of a language.

6) Languages differ in their selection of contrastive sounds.

7) The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.

8) Constituents that can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.

9) According to semantic triangle,there is no direct link between a symbol and referent,i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.

10) A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things.

11) All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.

12) Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.

13) An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.

14) Social dialects,or sociolects,are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.

15) The structural tests focus on the communicative and linguistic competence.

V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)

1) The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a____________ phonetics,auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.

2) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over w_________.

3) S_________ studies the sentence structure of language.

4) C____________ analyis is based upon the belief that the mesning of a word can be divided into meaning components.

5) The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are h_____________.

6) H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b_________ transcription.

7) Lingistics found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the c_________ of langauge use was left unconsidered.

8) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a _______of messages.

9) Language may determine our thinking pattern and similarity between languages is relative,the greater their structureal differentiation is,the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. This has often been called the Sapir-Whorf h___________.

10) S______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.

VI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.(2.5%×2=5%)

1) Flying airplanes can be very dangerous.

2) The boy saw the man with the telescope.

VII. Answer the following questions in English.(4%×5=20%)

1) What functions does language have?Give some examples. (5 points)

2) State the differences between the sentence meaning and utterance meaning. (5 points)

3) Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics?(2.5 points)

4) What are the seven types of meaning proposed by G. Leech in his Semantics?(3.5 points)

5) In what way can linguistics contribute to the research in language learning?(4 points)

参考答案

I. Define the following linguistic terms:(2%×10=20%)

1)duality:The property of having two levels of structures,such that the units of the primary level

are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

2)displacement:It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present at the present of communication.

3)phonology: A subbranch of linguistics that studies the system and patterns of the speech sounds and how they work and convey meaning in the system of language.

4)morphology:A subbranch of linguistics that is concerned with the internal organization of words.

5)concord:The requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.

6)endocentric construction:A construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent or approaching equivalence to one of its constituents.

7)hyponymy:It refers to meaning inclusiveness,that is,the sense relation between a more general,more inclusive word and a more specific word.

8)pragmatics:It refers to the study of language in use.

9)illocutionary force:It refers to the speaker’s meaning,contextual meaning,or extra meaning.

11) error analysis:It is the study and analysis of error and is confined to the language learner.

II.Translate the following terms:(0.5%×20=10%)

Translate the following terms into Chinese:(0.5%×10=5%)

1)塞擦音2)区别性特征3)言语4)生成语法5)双语现象

6)适切条件7)结构特征8)外延9)唇齿音10)语言相对论

Translate the following terms into English:(0.5%×10=5%)

11)interpersonal function 12)truth condition 13)women register 14)syllabification 15)structuralism16)sociolinguistics 17)argument 18)monophthong 19)cohesion 20)contrastive analysis

III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. (1%×20=20%)

1-5DBCCA6-10CDABB 11-15 BBCBA 16-20 BDBDB

IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. (1%×15=15%)

1-5FFFFF6-10FFFTT11-15 FTFTF

V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue. (1%×10=10%)

1)articulatory 2)writing 3)syntax 4)contituent 5)homograph

6)broad 7)context 8)receiver 9)hypothesis 10)Speech

VI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.(2.5%×2=5%)

1) The airplane that is flying can be very dangerous.

The act of flying the airplane can be very dangerous.

2) The boy saw the man who had a telescope.

Using the telescope,the boy saw the man.

VII. Answer the following questions in English.(4%×5=20%)

6) (5 points)Language functions include informative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.

Examples:omitted.

7) (5 points)The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized,while the meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.

8) (2.5 points)Saussure was the father of modern linguistics and he was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of sings. To communicate ideas,signs must be part of a system of signs,called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of the signifier and the signified. He made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign,on the relational nature of linguistic units,on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics,etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.

9) (3.5 points)Conceptual meaning;connotative meaning;social meaning;affective meaning;reflected meaning;collocative meaning;thematic meaning;

10) (4 points)Linguistics can contribute to the research in language learning by providing more accurate information about what language is in the first place. Language learning researchers are concerned with how teachers should teach and learner should learn. But the questions of “what to teach”and “what to learn”should be answered first. Linguistics certainly has an important role in answering these questions. Besides,applying linguistic analysis to the description of the language produced by language learners can also facilitate out understanding of how learners actually learn language.

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题(1) I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.

2016-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案

英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.wendangku.net/doc/328611757.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.wendangku.net/doc/328611757.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.wendangku.net/doc/328611757.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/328611757.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18

2021复旦大学英语语言文学考研参考书真题经验

复旦大学 英语语言文学考研经验

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