中英文文献翻译-液压制动系统

附录A

Hydraulic Brake Systems

When you step on the brake pedal,you expect the vehicle to stop.The brake pedal operates a hydraulic that is used for two reasons.First,fluid under pressure can be carried to all parts of the vehicle by small hoses or metal lines without taking up a lot of room of causing routing problems.Second,the hydraulic fluid offers a great mechanical advantage-little foot pressure is required on the pedal,

but a great deal of pressure is generated at the wheels.The brake pedal is linked to a piston in the brake master cylinder containing a small piston and a fluid reservoir.

Modern master cylinders are actually two separate cylinders.Such a system is called a dual circuit,because the front cylinder is connected to the front brakes and the rear cylinder to the rear brakes.(Some vehicles are connected diagonally).

The two cylinders are actually separated,allowing for emergency stopping power should one part of the system fail.

The entire hydraulic system from the master cylinder to the wheels is full of hydraulic brake fluid.When the brake pedal is depressed,the piston in the master cylinder are forced to move,exerting tremendous force on the fluid in the lines.The fluid has nowhere to go,and forces the wheel cylinder pistons(drum brakes) or

caliper pistons(disc brakes) to exert pressure on the brake shoes or pads.The friction between the brake shoe and wheel drum or the brake pad and rotor (disc) slows the vehiche and eventually stops it.

Also attached to the brake pedal si a switch that lights the brake lights as the pedal is depressed.The lights stay on until the brake pedal is released and returns to its normal position.

Each wheel cylinder in a drum brake system contains two pistons,one at either end,which push outward in opposite directions.In disc brake systems,the wheel cylinders are part of the caliper (there can be as many as four or as few as one ).Whether disc or drum type,all pistons use some type of rubber seal to prevent leakage around the

piston,and a rubber dust boot seals the outer of the wheel cylinders against dirt and moisture.

When the brake pedal is released,a spring pushes the master cylinder pistons back to their normal positions.Check valves in the master cylinder piston allow fluid to flow toward the wheel cylinders or calipers as the piston returns.Then as the brake shoe return springs pull the brake shoes back to the released position,excess fluid returns to the master cylinder through compensating ports,which have been uncovered as the pistons move back.Any fluid that has leaked from the system will also be replaced through the compensating ports.

All dual circuit brake systems use a switch to activate a light,warning of brake failure.The switch si located in a valve mounted near the master cylinder.A piston in the valve reveives pressure on each end from the front and rear brake circuits.When the pressures are balanced,the piston remains stationary,but when one circuit has a leak,greater pressure during the application of the brakes will force the piston to one side or the other,closing the switch and activating the warning light.The light can also be activated by the ignition switch during engine starting or by the parking brake.

Front disc,rear drum brake systems also have a metering valve to prevent the front disc brakes from engaging before the rear brakes have contacted the drums.This ensures that the front brakes will not normally be used alone to stop the vehicle.A proportioning valve is also used to limit pressure to the rear brakes to prevent rear wheel lock-up during hard braking.

Brake shoes and pads are constructed in a similar.The pad or shoe is composed of a metal backing plate and a priction lining.The lining is either bonded(glued) to the metal,or riveted.Generally,riveted linings provide superior performance,but good quality bonded linings are perfectly adequate.

Friction materials will vary between manufacturers and type of pad and the material compound may be referred to as asbestos,organic,semi-metallic,metallic.The difference between these compounds lies in the types and percentages of friction materials used,material binders and performance modifiers.

Generally speaking,organic and non-metallic asbestos compound brakes are quiet,easy on rotors and provide good feel.But this comes at the expense of high temperature operation,so they may not be your best choice for heavy duty use or mountian

driving.In most cases,these linings will wear somewhat faster than metallic compound pads,so you will usually replace them more often.But,when using these pads,rotors tend to last longer.

Semi-metallic or metallic compound brake linings will vary in performance based on the metallic contents of the compound.Again,generally speaking,the higher the metallic content,the better the friction material will resist heat.This makes them more appropriate for heavy duty applications,but at the expense of braking performance before the pad reaches operating temperature.The first few applications on a cold morning may not give strong braking.Also,metallics and semi-metallics are more likely to squeal,In most cases,metallic compounds last longer than non-metallic pads,but they tend to cause more wear on the rotors.If you use metallic pads,expect to replace the rotors more often.

When deciding what type of brake lining is right for you,keep in mind that today’s modern cars have brake materials which are matched to the expected vehicle’s performance capabilities.Changing the material from OEM specification could adversely addect brake feel or responsiveness.Before changing the brake materials,talk to your deaker or parts supplier to help decide what is most appropriate for your application. Remenber that use applications such as towing,stop and go driving,driving down mountain roads,and racing may require a change to a higher performance material.

Some more exotic materials are also used in brake linings,among which are Kevlar and carbon compounds.These materials have the capability of extremely good performance for towing,mountain driving or racing.Wear characteristics can be similar to either applications tend to wear like metallic linings,while many of the streetapplications are

more like the non-metallics.

附录B

液压制动系统

当踩下制动踏板，您希望该车辆停下。液压制动踏板控制两个部分。首先，在液压作用下，由于采用细小的软管或金属线因此不必占用很大的空间。其次，液压机构提供了一个很大的优势，由一个很小的力踩在制动踏板上，会产生很大的力作用于车轮上。制动踏板连接在充满制动液的制动液压缸的活塞上，液压缸由活塞和油箱组成。

现代主缸其实是两个独立的腔体。这种结构称之为双回路系统，因为前腔连接到前制动器与后腔连接到后制动器。（有些车辆是对角连接）。两个腔实际是分离的，允许紧急制动时一个系统失效另一个系统起作用。

整个液压系统是从主缸到车轮都充满制动液。当制动踏板放松时，活塞在总泵中移动，在整个液压回路中产生压力。回路中充满液压力，强制轮（鼓式制动器）或（盘式制动器）压迫制动蹄或制动盘。压力压迫制动蹄或制动片作用于制动鼓或制动盘最终是车辆停止。

此外，制动踏板控制一个灯的开关，刹车灯的踏板放松时，开关回到正常位置而灯灭。

每一个鼓式制动器包含两个活塞，二个并排放置，向相反方向推动施加制动力。盘式制动器中，轮缸都是制动钳（有的可能有多达4个或是1个）的一部分。所有活塞都使用某种类型的橡胶密封，防止液压液泄漏出活塞，以及用橡胶密封防尘或污垢和水分进入轮缸。

当制动踏板被释放，弹簧推动总泵活塞移动到总泵活塞在正常位置。回流阀允许液体流向轮缸或流回制动总缸。当制动液流向制动轮缸，多余的液体回流，补偿已被活塞移动距离的液压油。液压油若泄露也由回油阀回流。

所有双回路制动系统使用一个开关来激活，并监控液压油的压力。开关阀门位于警告位置安装在主缸主阀门附近。活塞每次从前回路和后回路之间循环。当结束制动是压力是平衡的，活塞位置是稳定的，但是当一个回路有泄漏，在更大的制动系统压力下将迫使偏向活塞一方或另一方，关闭开关，就启动警示灯. 点火开关起动发动机时或驻车制动时报警灯也是被激活的。

前盘，后鼓制动系统也有一个计量阀，以防止前，后制动器有制动间隙。用以确保前盘式制动器一般不会单独使用，停止汽车。压力控制阀也可以用来限制压力，以

防止在后轮制动中锁定。

制动蹄和制动片使用相似材料。制动蹄或制动块由金属信号板和摩擦衬片组成。衬片是由粘结剂(被胶合)粘结或铆接的。通常，铆接的衬片效果比较好，但是粘结的衬片是更能充分表现摩擦材料的性能。

摩擦材料在不同的制造商中生产是不同的，并且大致的类型可被分为：石棉类，有机类，半金属类，金属类。在不同的类型中成分和成分的百分比是不同的。

一般来说，有机和非金属石棉化合物是常用的，容易在电子设备中有好的表现。但是对于高温操作来，他们可能不是您的耐用或山地驾驶的最佳的选择。在许多情况下，这些衬片将比有些金属化合物片更快速磨损，因此您经常得将替换他们。但是，当使用这些制动衬片时，电子设备将有更长的寿命。

半金属刹车片或金属化合物的表现因成分的不同而有所不同。一般来说，金属含量越高，性能越好，摩擦材料的散热性将越好。所以使它们更适合重型汽车使用，但是，金属和半金属为更容易发生啸叫，在大多数情况下，金属化合物比非金属片更容易发生啸叫。因此需要更经常更换衬片。

当你想确定什么类型的刹车片是适合你，请记住，在今天现代汽车制动系统是汽车的预期相匹配的表现性能之一。原始设备制造商从规格材质到刹车材料感觉并不能给你提供帮助。所以在你改变刹车材料前，先谈谈你的零件供应商，以帮助决定什么是最适合您的刹车片。

记住若你经常使用例如拖曳，停止并且频繁驾驶，行驶在山路和赛跑也许都对性能材料有更高的要求因此需要你经常更换刹车片。

一些特殊的材料也用在刹车片中，其中有芳纶，碳材料。这些材料具有极其良好的刹车性能，山区驾驶或在赛场上驾驶都表现很好。耐磨性可能更胜于金属材料，而许多的其他性能更像非金属。

中英文文献翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日

Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system

液压系统及液压缸-外文翻译

液压传动 第十讲 制动器 力流体动力系统的优秀的特性之一是由电源产生，通过适当的控制和指导，并通过电线传输，就可以轻松转换到几乎任何类型的机械运动所需要用到的地方。使用一个合适的驱动装置，可以获得线性（直线）或者是旋转运动。驱动器是一种转换流体动力机械力和运动的装置。缸、马达和涡轮机是最常见的将流体动力系统应用于驱动设备的类型。这一章描述了各种类型的动作汽缸和他们的应用程序、不同类型的流体汽车和使用流体动力系统的涡轮机。 汽缸 制动汽缸是一种将流体动力转换成线性或直线、力和运动的装置。因为线性运动是沿着一条直线前后移动的往复运动。这种类型的制动器有时被称为一个往复、或线性、电动机。由ram或活塞组成的汽缸在一个圆柱孔内操作。制动汽缸可以安装，以便汽缸被固定在一个固定的结构，ram或活塞被连接到该机制来操作，或者是活塞和ram可能被固定到固定结构，汽缸附加到机械装置来操作。制动汽缸气动和液压系统的设计和操作是类似的。一些变化的ram和活塞式制动汽缸的内容将在后面的段落中描述。 冲压式缸 术语ram和活塞通常可以互换使用。然而，一个冲压式缸通常被认为是一个截面积活塞杆超过一半的截面积活动元件。在大多数这种类型的制动汽缸中，杆和活动元件各占一半。这种类型的活动元件经常被称为柱塞。冲压式缸主要是用来推动而不是拉。一些应用程序需要ram的一部分在平坦的外部来推动或升降单位操作。其他应用程序需要一些机械装置的附件，如一个U型夹或有眼螺栓。冲压式缸的设计在很多其他方面不同，以满足不同应用程序的要求。 单作用千斤顶 单作用千斤顶（如图：10-1）试用力只在一个方向。流体定向的汽缸取代ram 和他外部的弹性元件，将物体举起放在上面。

建筑类外文文献及中文翻译

forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.

企业创新战略外文翻译文献

企业创新战略外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 翻译之一： Choosing an innovation strategy: theory and practice Author：Joseph T. Gilbert Nationality：America Derivation：Business Horizons, Nov-Dec, 1994 Innovations come as both inventions and adoptions. They come in many types and vary greatly in complexity and scope. Companies attempting to

make a profit cannot continue for long periods without innovating. If they try, their customers will leave them for firms with more up-to-date products or services. It is an observed fact that different companies take different approaches to the use of innovation in attempting to improve their performance. Both academic and practitioner publications in recent years have contained a great deal of writing about innovation, the subjects of which have ranged from comparisons of national patterns of innovation to studies of individual innovations. However, little has been published regarding one issue of both theoretical and practical importance: the innovation policy or strategy of individual firms. Business strategy as a field of study is concerned with how a company competes in its chosen business. It deals with the analysis of a firm's strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats presented by the firm's environment. Strategy looks toward consistent execution of broad plans to achieve certain levels of performance. Innovation strategy determines to what degree and in what way a firm attempts to use innovation to execute its business strategy and improve its performance. To choose an innovation strategy, managers might logically start by thinking about various kinds of innovations and their requirements. We shall discuss three major features of innovation, and analyze each in terms of distinct opposites, even though innovations found in the real world more often appear at various points between these opposites. Innovation is sometimes used in a limited sense to refer only to inventions (products, services, or administrative procedures that no other firm has introduced). More often, however, it applies in a more general sense that includes both invention as described above and imitation (adoption by a firm of a product, service, or administrative procedure that is not an invention but is new to that firm). We use the term in this second sense. Innovations can be characterized in a variety of ways. In the following

文献翻译英文原文

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3e9348358.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

液压系统外文资料翻译

外文资料译文 液压系统 绪论 液压站又称液压泵站，是独立的液压装置。 它按逐级要求供油。并控制液压油流的方向、压力和流量，适用于主机与液压装置可分离的各种液压机械上。 用户购后只要将液压站与主机上的执行机构（油缸或油马达）用油管相连，液压机械即可实现各种规定的动作和工作循环。 液压站是由泵装置、集成块或阀组合、油箱、电气盒组合而成。各部件功能为： 泵装置－－上装有电机和油泵，是液压站的动力源，将机械能转化为液压油的压力能。 集成块－－由液压阀及通道体组装而成。对液压油实行方向、压力和流量调节。 阀组合－－板式阀装在立板上，板后管连接，与集成块功能相同。 油箱－－板焊的半封闭容器，上还装有滤油网、空气滤清器等，用来储油、油的冷却及过滤。 电气盒－－分两种型式。一种设置外接引线的端子板；一种配置了全套控制电器。 液压站的工作原理：电机带动油泵转动，泵从油箱中吸油供油，将机械能转化为液压站的压力能，液压油通过集成块（或阀组合）实现了方向、压力、流量调节后经外接管路并至液压机械的油缸或油马达中，从而控制液动机方向的变换、力量的大小及速度的快慢，推动各种液压机械做功。 1.1发展历程 我国液压（含液力，下同）、气动和密封件工业发展历程，大致可分为三个阶

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