英语专业语言学
Linguistics
Ⅰ. Choice (2'*15)
1.The study of language as a whole is often called__ linguistics
A Particular
B general
C ordinary
D generative
2.The description of a language at some point in time is a ___ study.
A synchronic
B diachronic
C historical
D comparative
3.___ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' languages.
A Phonology
B Phonetics
C Morphology
D phonemics
4.[p] is a voiceless bilabial___.
A affricative
B fricative
C stop
D liquid
5.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the___of that phoneme.
A phones
B sounds
C phonemes
D allophones
6.The word "boyish" contains two___.
A phonemes
B morphs
C morphemes
D allomorphs
7.Inflectional___ studies inflections.
A derivation
B inflection
C phonology
D morphology
8.Phrase structure rules have___ properties.
A recursive
B grammatical
C double
D many
9.The two clauses in a ___ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.
A simple
B complete
C complex
D coordinate
10.Bloomfield drew on ___ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.
A contextual
B conceptualist
C behaviorist
D naming
11.___means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.
A Sense
B Reference
C Meaning
D Semantics
12.The Cooperative Principle is proposed by___.
A John Searle
B John Austin
C Paul Grice
D John Lyons
13.The ___ movement rule has been added to English since the Old English period.
A particle
B article
C negative
D phrasal
14.The ___ variety of diglossia is used for more formal or serious matters.
A formal
B informal
C high
D low
15.By the age of ___, children have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process.
A three
B four
C five
D six
Ⅱ Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. (1'*10)
1.Linguistics studies not any particular language, but languages in general.( )
2.Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.( )
3.English is a typical tone language.( )
4.There is only one type of affixes in the English language.( )
5.Phrase structure rule are rewrite rules.( )
6.Sense and reference are the same.( )
7.In their study of language communication, linguists are only interested in how a speaker expresses his intention and pay no attention to how his intention is recognised by the hearer.( )
8.Modern English is roughly from 1500 to the present.( )
9.Diglossia is the same as bilingualism.( )
10.Psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics.( )
Ⅲ Definition (2*10)
1.Phonetics
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/399700471.html,plementary distribution
3.Morpheme
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/399700471.html,pounding
5.Reference
6.Predication
7.Homonymy
8.Pragmatics
9.Euphemism
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/399700471.html,nguage acquisition
ⅣShort-answer Questions (5'*4)
1.Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?
2.What are the main features of English compounds?
3.What are the major types of synonyms in English?
4.What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?
Ⅴ discourse analysis (10'*2)
1.Explain with examples "homonymy", "polysemy" and "hyponymy".
2.Drew a tree diagram" John suggested Mary take the linguistics class".
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Linguistics is a systematic study of language. ?Language is a system of verbal, arbitrary symbols for human communications. 3. Design features of language Design features: the features that define human languages. ▲arbitrariness ▲duality ▲creativity ▲displacement 4. Do animals have languages? 5. Perspectives of language studies Language involves three activities: a. Human brain b. muscular activity of the body c. social activity ?5.1 Language as innate天生的human knowledge Noam Chomsky (1928-) ?Institute Professor; Professor of Linguistics Language Acquisition Device (LAD) or Universal Grammar (UG) language acquisition is innately(biologically ) determined, that we‘re born with a genetic capacity that predisposes us to a systematic perception of language around us, resulting in the construction of an internalized system of language. (innateness hypotheses) ?Cook(1985) defines UG as being made up of ―the language properties inherent in the human mind.‖ ?There are 2 components which contribute to language acquisition: ※the innate knowledge of the learner (UG: principles) ※the environment (parameter) ?5.2 Language as a fixed code Language is a code, namely, it is the sets of phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic rules that, together with the lexicon, can be used to construct any or all sentences of a language; ?when these sentences are combined into larger units, we get texts. ?5.3 Language as a system ?5.4 Language as interaction ?― Language and communication are the two sides of the sa me coin‖. Implications for classroom teaching ?（1）to provide opportunities for communication. ? ?（2）To provide opportunities for group work. 6. Functions of language ?6.1 Referential function Informational信息的, or referential指示的, or ideational概念的function is associated with what objects and ideas are called and how events are described. ?6.2 Interpersonal function It is concerned with interaction betw. the addresser and addressee in a discourse 交谈situation and the addresser‘s attitude toward what he speaks or writes about. ?6.3 Performative function ?6.4. Emotive function (in the hearer) ?6.5 Phatic communion ?Different cultures have different topics of phatic交流感情的communion: 6.6 Recreational function 7. Important distinctions in linguistics
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Chapter 1 三、问答题 1.what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study? Phonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s lang uages. Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words. Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. 2.why do we say language is arbitrary? Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it’s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the ‘arbitrariness’ of language is ‘a rose by any other name would smell as sweet’. 3.what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。 traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on’ high’ written language. 传统语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。 4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view. 现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。 5.which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings? Speech enjoys for the following reasons: ⑴Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution.
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英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.docx
英语语言学 一、名词解释 第一课 l.Synchronic 共时性：Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “poinL in timeA A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind? 2>Langue 语言：The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community? 3>Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. ^Arbitrariness 任意性：One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 1.Phoneme 音位：Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning? The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 2
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