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安全工程中英文翻译资料
安全工程中英文翻译资料

2015届毕业(设计)论文外文翻译

翻译题目:

专业班级:安全工程(01)班

学号:

学生姓名:

指导教师:

指导教师职称:

学院名称:资源与土木工程学院

完成日期:2015年6月1日

Analysis of Safety Performance in the Construction Industry 关于建筑行业安全施工的分析

学生姓名

指导教师

Analysis of Safety Performance in the Construction Industry

Data source:The HKU Scholars Hub

Over the years,many researchers have investigated into the safety performance of the construction industry.Some of them identified factors leading to the occurrence of accidents on construction sites.The high frequency of construction accident has casted the industry a considerable amount.The government and many concerned parties have taken measures against the potential causes of accidents,aiming at reducing accidents and promoting safety in the industry.

1.Definition of Accident

Laney(1982)states that the simplest definition of an accident is“an uncontrollable occurrence which results in injury or damage”.The events leading up to an accident are controllable in most cases.International Labor Office Geneva(1983)and Kennedy(1997) also agree that accidents don’t just happen,they are preventable.All industrial accidents are, either directly or indirectly,attributable to human failings.Rowlandson(1997)points out that a number of elements which need to be incorporated into the definition if this is to be useful in terms of accident prevention.These elements are:

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3710323293.html,ck of management control;

b.basic personal and task factors;

c.sub-standard acts and conditions–the symptoms of the accident;

d.an unplanned and undesired event or incident–the accident;

e.an undesired outcome–death,injury or property damage;

f.a cost.

He thus defines accident as:“...an unplanned incident leading to death,injury or property damage which stems from inadequate management control of work processes manifesting itself in personal or job factors which lead to substandard actions or conditions which are seen as the immediate causes of the accident.”

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3710323293.html,mon Accidents in Construction Industry

According to Lingard and Rowlinson(1994)accident proneness can be measured by the frequency of accident occurrence.According to some researches,construction industry has

the highest accident rate over the years,thus it is said to be more accident-prone than other industries.It is essential to understand why construction industry is more vulnerable to accident than the others.The Labour Department classified construction accidents by types. Table1shows the number of injuries in2004and figures in blankets are the number of fatality fixed or stationary object11.9%

Fall of person from height11.7%

Injured whilst lifting or carrying16.0%

Slip,trip or fall on same level17.3%

Striking against or stuck by moving object19.7%

Contact with moving machinery or object being machined7.0%

Others16.4%

The above chart shows the major accidents which contributed more than5%of the construction accidents in2004:

3.Facors Affecting Safety Performance of Construction Industry

Many researchers have studied the factors affecting safety performance on construction sites.Stranks(1994)points out that the reasons of the poor safety record

may correlate with many factors such as complexity of the work or system,risk nature of works,management style,safety knowledge and commitment,and personal behavior.Here are several factors that affect safety performance of contraction industry.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3710323293.html,pany Size

Tam and Fung(1998)study the effectiveness of safety management strategies on safety performance.In this study,the safety performance of companies is gauged by their accident rates in1994as accident rates are steadier throughout the year and they can be easily obtained.In the study,it is found that company size,in term of number of management staff, affects safety performance.Tam and Fung(1998)observe that the accident rate of small companies is highest,the rate for medium sized lies almost at the industrial average and that for the large firms is the lowest.This demonstrates that larger firms generally have better safety records.This could be resulted from the more structured and formalized safety programmers,and stronger management commitment to safety.It is found that the higher

number of employees in the organization,the lower figure of the accident rate.

b.Level of Subcontracting

Multi-layer subcontracting is unique to China construction industry and has been the most common practice being used with long history.Subcontractors would normally further subcontract their work without the consent of their principal contractor to several smaller firms in order to minimize their overheads.Multi-layers of subcontractors is one of the major difficulties in implementing safety management.Recent study carried out by Wong and So (2004)shows the current status of the subcontracting practice and how multi-layer subcontracting system affects construction safety performance.Their questionnaire survey reveals that the majority of respondents(45.5%)would sublet80-90%of their works to subcontractors.None of the respondents would carry out construction work that fully relies on their own effort;at least30%of works would be subcontracted out.

Lai(1987)attributes the high site accident rates to the use of labour-only subcontractors. As subcontracted workers are highly mobile,lack loyalty to contractors and are rewarded according to work done,they are difficult to control.Implementing safety practices on site becomes more difficult.Recent researchers,like Wong(1999)and Lee(1996),believe multi-layer subcontracting system is one of the major causes to poor safety performance in China’s construction industry.The most extreme case of subcontracting quoted by Lee(1999) was subcontracting up to15layers.He describes such multi-layer subcontracting as common and excessive.

Small business,like subcontractors,face with specific health and safety challenges. Many firms lacked adequate resources and were often struggling to survive.Moreover,they lack an understanding of their obligations and the health and safety issues of their processes. These can be supported by Rawlinson’s(1999)study for Housing Authority.He finds that average84%of workers injured from1995to1998were subcontractors’workers.Such situation may be due to subcontractors’workers’inadequate training and awareness of safe working practice.Tam and Fung(1998)find there is a significant difference between trained and un-trained employees in relation to accident rate.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3710323293.html,munication

According to Wong(2002),communication is a major factor affecting the safety on sites.

However,it has seldom been discussed before.Wong(2002)conducts a research to find out the causes of communication problems between main contractors and subcontractors.He identifies12factors leading to poor communication in construction industry.Among them,10 are discussed here as they are more relevant to the territory and have been discussed by other researchers.These factors are listed below:

i.Industry Nature

In order to complete the project on time,construction projects are carried out under almost all sorts of weather conditions.Besides,construction workers are usually not well-educated.These cause communication difficulties.

ii.Industry Culture

Wong(2000)identifies sub-contracting system is a hurdle to construction safety as they are engaged on day-work basis,thus they are not aware to site safety.

iii.Client Type

There are2types of clients,public and private https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3710323293.html,ernment bodies are public clients.Private clients can be further divided into experienced and inexperienced.Their concern and expectation on site safety performance appear to be different.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3710323293.html,anization Structure

Fryer(1997)suggests that organization structure,including hierarchy,downsizing and decentralization vs.decentralization,rigidity vs.flexibility,rules and procedure,would affect the result of communications.According to Wong(2002),downsizing became popular since 1990s because this can allow flexibility for people for respond more quickly to change.

v.Relationship of Main and Sub-Contractors

The poor relationship between contractors is an obstacle to construction safety.However, such situation could be resolved by partnering.Wong(2002)says that partnering is considered by most of the project participants as a worthwhile initiative.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3710323293.html,munication Barriers

Hicks and Gullett(1983)points out that communication overload and inattention to message can cause ineffective communication.People may receive more information than they can process or they spend time evaluating the sender and the message before the entire message is being passed or read.

vii.Content of Information

Wong(2002)attributes poor safety performance to the content of information.If content of information,such as method statements,working,drawings or safety procedures,are inaccurate or unclear,safety could not be effectively achieved.

viii.Value of Communicators

Tam et al(2001)point out that many production personnel rank safety in a lower priorities when compare with meeting the production schedule,quota and cost targets. Besides,Nichols and Stevens(1999)mention the failure of many superiors to listen.As a result,safety issue does not receive enough attention.

ix.Provision of Continuous Training

Enrichment of safety knowledge is essential.Teo et al(2005)carry out a study to find out the methods in fostering workers’safe work behaviours.They find that training is an important way to enable workers to work safely,because they are equipped with the knowledge of how to work safely.

x.Workers’Attitude

Workers’incorrect attitude towards site safety is a big difficulty in making safety sites. In Chan et al’s(1999)research,it is found that workers do not think they have the duty to comply with safety regulations for the main contractors.They will be more aware to safety issues after serious accident but they will resume their own way of practice shortly after that. Hinze(2002)and Vredenburgh(2002)state that site safety could only be improved if workers change their behaviours towards site safety.Teo et al(2005)also agree that negligence in safety and lack of awarenessto ensure lingering dangers on site would increase the chances of workers getting injured.

5.Accident Costs and Safety Costs

The construction industry in China,especially for building projects,has a very poor safety record.According to Hinze and Raboud(1988),it is a common perception that “safety”is unproductive and not vital to the success of a project as contractors may not be appreciated by just keeping good safety on sites.However,it should be noted that accidents do not just lead to injury and loss of lives,a huge amount of accident costs is induced as well. Accordingly,safety investment in construction projects could better the safety performance

and avoid the huge amount of accident costs.Ridiculously,most contractors are not willing to invest their money,time and effort to operate and to maintain effective safety programmers. They are not fully aware of the costs of an accident.

Over the years,there have been many studies of the cost of accidents and it is found that, accident costs could be huge.Rowlinson(1997)identifies that cost of an accident is not only constituted of hospitalization and compensation costs of the individual involved in the accident.De Saram and Tang(2005)admit that construction accidents may result in numerous damages and losses.By understanding all the costs incurred by construction accidents,contractors might be surprised,and thus realize the importance of site safety investment.

6.Safety Management System

Safety management systems are not new to us.Many have been written on it.Site safet is regarded as an integral part of the project objective and safety attitudes a part of the project culture in order to pursue site safety effectively.Management at head office and on-site must be seen to care.Only then,an effective and committed safety officer will be appointed and given sufficient call on time and resources to achieve site safety.

According to the Labour Department,below are the objectives of setting up a safety management system:

a.to prevent improper behaviour that may lead to accidents;

b.to ensure that problems are detected and reported;and

c.to ensure that accidents are reported and handled properly.

Besides,a safety management system enables flexibility of developing safety policies and measures most suitable to the particular circumstances of individual companies.The inputs from employer and employees make the safety management processes more readily be modified to keep pace with changing circumstances.

An effective safety management system can be used to manage and control both existing and potential hazards and its effectiveness can be maximized when an organization is able to combine occupational safety and health issues into its business strategy.

In this paper,statistics of construction safety,common accident types,factors affecting safety performance and legislations related to construction safety have been reviewed.

Statistics shows the unacceptable construction safety performance in the past.Therefore,the government introduced safety management system to the industry,hoping to establish a self-regulating atmosphere.

Besides,government keeps introducing new legislation,for example the Construction Workers Registration Ordinance,and amending existing legislations to cope with the industry. Though the accident rate becomes stagnant in recent years,the fact shows the government’s determination in improving the industry to an accident-free one.

关于建筑行业安全施工的分析

资料来源:香港大学学者中心

多年来,许多研究人员都对建筑业的安全施工做出过深入研究。有些找出了导致施工现场多发事故的原因。高频事故率对建筑行业造成了很大的损失。针对可能造成事故的潜在因素,政府和相关方面的人员已采取措施,目的在于减少事故,促进安全施工。

(1)事故的定义

莱尼(1982)阐明,事故最简单的定义是:一种可造成伤害或损伤但却无法控制的发生事件。多数情况下,导致事故的原因是可控制的。国际劳工事务所日内瓦分部(1983)和肯尼迪分部(1997)也一致同意事故不仅仅是发生,也是可防止的。所有工业事故,或直接或间接的,都是人为因素造成的。罗林森(1997)指出:若要对预防事故有所帮助,在给事故下定义时我们需考虑多种因素。这些元素包括:

①缺乏管理控制;②基本的个人和任务因素;③不合标准的行动和情况–事故的症状;④计划之外和未预料的事件或事件–事故;⑤未预料的结果–死亡、伤害或者财产损害;⑥费用。

他因而给事故下定义下:“…由于在施工过程中对人员或工程不当的管理或其他工作因素(这些工作因素能造成不合标准的作业或情况从而能很快的引起事故的发生)而造成的能引起死亡、伤害及财产损失的一种未预料到得事件。”

(2)建筑行业的常发事故

根据林加德和罗林森(1994)的研究,事故征候可以由事故发生频率测量。据一些研究说明,多年来建筑行业的事故发生率一直居于首位,因而它比其他产业相比易出事故。理解建筑行业相比其他行业更容易发生事故的原因是十分必要的。劳工部门对建筑事故做出了分类。表1显示在2004年事故伤害的类型和事故发生率:

表1事故类型及发生率

固定或静止不动的物体11.9%

高处坠落11.7%

升降或携带造成的伤害16.0%

水平滑落、下降或失足造成的伤亡17.3%

移动物体时击打或卡住19.7%

机械伤害7.0%

其他16.4%以上图表显示的重大事故,在2004年超过5%的是工程事故。

(3)影响建筑行业安全施工的因素

许多研究人员已经研究了影响建筑行业安全施工的因素。斯特兰克斯(1994)指出:引起安全事故较多的原因有许多;诸如,风险性质的工作或系统的工作、管理风格、安全知识以及个人的行为。下述文章列举了影响安全施工的因素:

①公司规模。潭、凤(1998)研究了安全管理策略对安全施工的有效作用。在这项研究中,公司施工的安全性取自2004年的事故率,因为该年的事故率比较稳定并且容易获得。该项研究发现:公司规模,即管理人员的数量多少影响安全性能。潭、凤(1998)观察到事故的发生率最高的是小公司,中等规模的事故率较为平均,而大规模公司的事故率是最低的。结果表明:大公司通常有更好的安全记录。这要归结于更结构化和形式化安全章程和较强的安全管理承诺。研究表明:机构中员工人数越多,事故率越低。

②分包水平。多层转包合同是中国建筑行业所特有的并且存在已久的一种现象。通常情况下,为了将可能降低管理费,分包商会在未经主办方同意的情况下进一步将合同分包给几个较小的公司。多层分包是造成安全管理问题的主要困难之一。由王和苏所作的最近的研究表明了当前状态分包实践中存在的问题并提出多层分包体系影响施工安全性能。他们的问卷调查显示,大多数参与调查的承包商(45.5%)会将整个工程的80%-90%的分包给其他承包商。参与调查问卷者均表示:几乎没有承包商愿意独立完成工程,他们会分包出至30%的工作量。

赖(1987)将较高的安全事故率归咎于仅依靠人力作业的分包商。作为分包的工人是高度机动的、缺乏忠诚于承包商和被奖励根据所做的工作,所以它们很难控制。现场实施安全惯例变得更加困难。最近的研究人员,像王(1999)和李(1996),认为多层转包合同制度是造成中国的建筑业安全系数较低的主要原因。李所引用的最极端的一起分包商事件是工程上下分了15层。他描述了这种多层转包是广泛普遍存在的。

小公司,比如分包商、面临着特定的健康和安全挑战。许多公司通常都缺乏足够的

资源因而勉强生存此外,而且他们缺乏责任义务意识,在施工过程中忽略健康安全问题。罗斯林有关房产权威的研究可以支持上述观点。他发现从1995年到1998年中受伤的工作人员平均84%为分包商的工作人员。造成这种情况原因可能是由于分包商的工人训练不足,缺乏安全工作实践意识。潭、凤(1998)发现员工受到训练于事故率之间有很大的关系。

(4)沟通交流。根据黄(2002)所作的研究,沟通不足是引起现场施工安全的一个主要因素。然而它之前还很少被讨论过。黄(2002)进行了研究,以找出主要承包商和分包商之间的沟通问题。他找出了导致建筑行业沟通不足的12种因素。其中10种在此讨论,因为他们是相关的区域,并经过了其他研究人员的讨论。以下列出的是这些因素:工业性质:为了按时完成这项工程,在任何气候条件下都要进行作业。此外建筑工人通常都没有受过良好的教育。这些导致沟通困难。

文化产业:黄指出,分包体系是是安全施工的一个障碍,这是因为施工人员是按天工作并且毫无现场施工安全意识。

客户端类型:有2种类型的客户资源,公共型和私人型。政府部门属于公共客户群:私人客户又可进一步划分为有经验的和没有经验的。他们对现场施工安全的期望和关注度明显不一样。

组织结构:弗莱尔认为包括层次结构,精简和分权放权,刚度和灵活性、规则和程序在内的组织结构会影响交流的结果。根据黄(2002)的研究,20世纪90年代以来裁员变得非常受欢迎,因为它更具灵活性,方便人们更迅速地做出改变。

和分包商的关系:主要承包商与分承包商之间的隔阂是造成施工安全的一个障碍。然而这样的情况可以因为合作关系而得到解决。王认为多数的工程承包商合作伙伴关系当做是一种有价值的举动。

交流障碍:希克斯和格莱特(1983)指出,沟通信息过载和疏忽会导致无效的沟通。人们可能会收到更多的信息比它们能过程或他们花时间评估之前发送方和信息完整的讯息被通过或阅读。

信息内容:王将低效的安全施工归结到信息内容。如果诸如包括方法陈述,工作、图纸或安全规程在内的信息内容不准确或不清楚,安全问题就不能有效的把握。

沟通者的价值:塔姆札特(2001)指出,许多生产人员的安全在较低优先级的时候与会议制定生产排程,配额和成本目标。此外,尼科尔斯和史蒂文斯(1999)提到许多更高级的失败。结果是,安全问题没有收到足够的重视。

持续培训的规定:丰富安全知识是非常必要的。特欧(2005)进行一项研究,以找出方法在培养工人的安全工作行为。他们发现,训练是一种使工人安全工作的重要的方法,因为他们都具备了安全工作的知识。

工人的态度:工人们对待现场安全不正确的态度是确保施工安全的一大障碍。陈的(1999)的研究表明,发现工人不认为他们有责任遵守主要承包商的安全规则。他们将更加留意安全问题严重的事故后,但是他们会重新开始他们自己的方式来实践在那之后不久。黑泽(2002)和乌任登布尔指出:只有在工人改变对待现场施工现场安全态度后,施工安全才可能有所提高。特尔(2005)还同意,忽视安全保障和缺乏危险意识会增加萦绕在现场工人受伤的机会。

(5)事故和安全代价

中国的建筑业尤其是建筑工程的安全记录很差。根据黑泽和若邦德(1988),它是一种常见的人们认为“安全”是至关重要的,非生产性的,而不是一个成功的项目承包商可能不被欣赏,因为只是始终保持良好的安全的网站上。然而,必须注意到事故不仅仅是导致伤害和生命的灭失,大量的事故成本是诱导。因此,在建设项目安全投资可以更好的安全性能,避免了大量的事故成本。可笑的是,大多数的承包商不愿意投资他们的金钱,时间和精力来操作和维护有效的安全的程序员。他们不是完全清楚以这种方式生活的成本是一次意外。

在过去的几年里,已经有许多研究的费用的事故,我们不难发现:事故成本可能是巨大的。罗林斯成本(1997)认定意外事故的不仅是构成的住院和补偿成本相关的个人在这次事故中。与唐·德·洒然木(2005)承认工程事故可能会导致众多的破坏和损失。通过了解所有的费用,通过施工事故,承包商可能惊讶,从而实现现场安全投资的重要性。

(6)安全管理体系

安全管理系统对我们而言并不陌生。有很多已经写在上面。现场安全被认为是完成工程目标不可或缺的一部分,安全态度则被认为是有效确保施工安全的工程文化组成部分。在总部和现场管理应以人们看得见的方式照顾。只有这样,一位办事有效、遵守承诺的安全官员将被聘用,并且及时有效的补充资源来实现现场安全

根据劳动部门的目标,以下是建立安全管理体系:

①预防可能导致事故的不合理行为;

②确保问题得以调查、报到;

③以确保事故报导及得到适当的处理。

此外,安全管理系统确保安全政策发展的灵活性及使单个公司在特定环境下能采取最合适的措施。从雇主、雇员的投入时,使安全管理过程更加轻易地修改,以跟上变化的情况。

一个有效的安全管理系统可以用来管理和控制两个现有的和潜在的危险因素及其有效性可以最大的时候,一个组织能够把职业安全与健康问题纳入其商业策略。

本文对统计施工的安全,常见事故的类型、影响因素相关的安全性能和法规建设的安全问题进行了论述;也对过去发生的不能接受的安全施工做出分析。因此,中国政府采取了安全管理体系等制度以产业,希望建立一个自动调节的气氛。此外,政府一直都在引入新的法律,例如《建筑工人注册条例》,并修改现有的立法来应对这个行业。尽管近年来事故发生率趋于平缓,这一事实表明政府决心提高产业使其成为零事故率行业。

交通工程专业英语翻译

公路建设 交通1001 绿学长公路路面结构的地基和分流路就像火车必须在轨道上行驶一样,如果没有桥梁、隧道等特殊结构,那么就需要在原来的土壤或者土堤上修建地基。所以,建造地基也就是道路设施的第一步。 [现场清理] 清理现场前的所有步骤和多数其他施工作业一样。道路开荒在农村地区有时可能只要移除杂草、灌木和其他植物或作物。但是,有时也可能会涉及到大树木、树桩和杂物的处理。我们公认的清理程序还包括处理植物的根茎,因为一旦保留了它们,它们就可能会腐烂并留下空隙,从而导致土质发生沉降。在附近区域进行选择性清除有时也是很必要的。 [开挖] 开挖是一种松动和清除障碍物和标的建设区域岩石与杂物的过程。设备的选取取决于路面材料的质量,并且要考虑到我们的移动作业和设备的处置方法。 开挖的对象通常被描述为'磐石','松散岩'或者“普通石块”,其中,“普通石块”意味着没有其他什么特别的分类了。磐石,即坚硬的岩石,几乎总需要钻孔和爆破才能开挖,然后用挖掘机、大卡车或其他大型牵引铲装车辆运输搬运。爆破的碎石块需要用推土机来搬运或转

移一小段距离,实际上这就像是开着一辆巨大的带铲子的拖拉机。“松散岩”,包括风化、腐烂的岩石和夹杂着泥土的较大石块颗粒,我们只需要装载机铲挖而不需要任何之前用的爆破。然而,你可能认为通过进一步松动爆破能够加快工程进度,减少设备损耗并降低成本,但挖掘机铲挖想与爆破施工同时进行却不容易。 近年来,大型松土机被安装在巨大的履带式拖拉机上,被一个或更多的额外的拖拉机推动的方式,已成功地用于破碎松动或断裂岩石。松动的岩石由挖掘机处理,跟“普通”的开挖一样。 “普通开挖”或土方开挖的分级程序受成本影响。如果施工对象被拖运的距离超过200英尺(60米)或下陡坡,应用轨道或轮式推土机运送,这样较为合算。对于较长距离的运送,则使用自动化刮拉胶轮牵引车来运送,并由拖拉机装填以降低成本。有时它更适合用带有电力驱动分离拖片的牵引车来清障。对于限制车长和轴重的地区,应采用后部或底部带铲的装载机和挖掘机,皮带式运输机可能是最划算的道路装载卡车。有时,天气可能会影响到施工进程。例如,胶轮拖拉机车在湿滑的路面施工就比较困难。因此,在下暴雨的时候,用刮拉履带式拖拉机会更便于施工。 运土工业自1925年以来发生了革命性变化,最常用的工具是一个至多1/2码(0.4米),由两到四匹马或骡子拉的牵引刮板。例如,15码(1100米)的装载机需要和125吨的卡车组合使用。32码(2400米)的铲运机破土能力与两个发动机安装在后部刮板用来供应增加牵

安全工程专业英语部分翻译

Unit 1 safety management system Accident causation models 事故致因理论 Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件 Machine guarding 机械保护装置 House-keeping 工作场所管理 Top management 高层管理人员 Human errors 人因失误Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型 Munitions factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss prevention 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard control 危险控制Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效 Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员 Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company 集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化 Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 权力关系Status review 状态审查 Lower-level management 低层管理者 Business performance 组织绩

效 Most senior executive 高级主管 Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification 危险辨识 Safety performance 安全性能 One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions – invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration –that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems” 译文:Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义,他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式,这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可,因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员,让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题[指适应外部与整合内部的过程中的问题]。 The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of , an organization’s health and safety management. 译文:组织的安全文化由以下几项内容组成:个人和群体的价值观、态度、观念、能力和行为方式。这种行为方式决定了个人或团体对组织健康安全管理的责任,以及组织健康安全管理的形式和熟练程度。 Unit 2 System Safety Engineering System safety engineering 系统安全工程By-product 附带产生的结果

交通工程专业英语翻译1

The Evolution of Transport 交通运输业的发展 交通运输的发展一直密切联系在一起的人类发展的整个地球的历史。运输的早期功能是为了满足提供食物供给和搬运建筑材料。但是随着部落甚至最后国家的形成,运输的社会和经济功能越来越复杂。起初有需要调动个人,家族,家庭和动物以保护他们的反对,并逃避自然灾害和部族侵略的危险,寻找最好的地方定居。随着种族部落的形成和地理界线的逐步确定,开发新区域、开采新资源、发展社区间的贸易以及捍卫领地,这些都日益需要交通的发展。当第一个国家应运而生,在建立全国的完整性方面,交通运输扮演着重要角色。 基本的社会需求一般都得到照顾后,当地社区可以越来越多地贡献自己的努力,用来加强与其他国家的人民和他们的经济贸易联系,文化和科技发展。而且交通提供了诸如部落间、国际间乃至于洲际间便利的贸易和文化交流。在向有组织的人类社会的演变过程中,这种组织在今天是通过由各国组成的国际化大家庭表现出来的,交通作为人与货物移动的物理过程,电促进了这种发展,不断地经历着技术与组织方面的改变。这些变化是由多种因素和情况引起的。事实上,今天的运输在它的各种形态和组织仍然高度受变化的社会需求和偏好的回应。 显然,首先也是最重要的标准是运输效率。几个世纪以来,特别是在地方经济起飞阶段,社会需要可靠、快速、低成本的运输。为寻找合适的技术相对不受限制。在人类历史上有可靠的时候,快速运输的需求尤其明显,快速的解决办法,为国家自卫所需的时间。在当地和国际冲突的时期内,人类的聪明才智设计出新的传输技术,可往往被证明是为逃生、有时也是为了胜利,的决定性因素。随后完善和发展,这种新技术使我们能够更好地满足日益增加的运输需求,从而改善双方的经济发展和人类福祉。 为更好的战略机动诱导努力提高海上和陆路运输的需要。这导致了更大,更快的船,更可靠,坚固的地面车辆。最后,详细介绍了汽船,铁路,然后是汽车的例证。研究和运输领域的发展终于成为一个具体的目标和组织目标的承诺。随之而来的是专家的集中,越来越复杂的运输技术的进化,如飞机,和最新的火箭推进器。 日益复杂的运输手段逐渐发展成今天的运输系统,其中包括空中、路面和水上运输。特殊行业的需求,引起了发展出相当有限的应用的运输模式,如管道,电缆和传送带。因为当前社会的需求和喜好,以及经济要求的成本效益,现有的各种运输方式一般都能完成特定功能。 尽管运输的潜力以满足社会的流动性需要而水平不断提高,但很明显,这种效果有其代价。大量的交通技术要求和隐含的能耗高的巨大的资金投入生产和经营。因此,一些运输方式对使用者来说是昂贵的。这引起权益问题,因为需要支付运作成本费用是不是所有的人口群体负担,从而限制其流动性和福利。许多国家的政府选择了运输补贴,但很快就意识到,预算往往对其国家的经济造成严重的扭曲。 各种运输方式污染造成的,逐渐成为另一问题,如同世界大多数国家需要应付不断上升的商品流动和人的旅行量严重的问题。在一些地区具有高浓度的人口和产业,这种对环境的不利影响已达到很高的水平。这种损害是这些影响尚未得到充分开发。 最后,这些问题引起世界能源资源的日益减少,特别是石油,已越来越多地阻碍交通服务和操作。大多数现有的运输方式都是以依赖石油衍生品才能正常运转。随着需求量的增长与不衰减得运输和能源供应的有限,逐步提供运输的成本已经稳步增加。特别是,石油需求和石油供应不均衡造成了严重的通货膨胀问题出现在许多国家。尤其沉重的打击与对外部石油供应,其中也经历了他们的经常帐赤字增长部分或完全依赖国家。 运输部门的增加无法满足有效且公平需求的问题,这是一个所有国家必须应对努力促进经济和社会进步。能源供应的限制,高额的资本和运营成本,往往与外汇组件以及与运输有关的环境污染的很大一部分用于这个严重性的问题。但运输是并将继续是世界发展和人类福利的基本要求。没有任何其他选择,只能寻求替代或修改目前的运输系统,使能源消耗和成本永存相关的技术和业务模式的特点是减少对环境的影响,可以保持在最低水平。显然,交通需求的发展将被控制。翻译:设计目标, 公交优先已被看到在整体城市交通的战略目标,不仅包括改善公共汽车(或电车)操作和 克制,car-borne通勤更是一种增强环境,为居民、工人和游客。方法必须为所有这些也有明显的目标而成本和执行。 典型的设计目标为公交优先的措施包括:

安全工程专业英语词汇及翻译(司鹄版)

Unit6 Industry hygiene工业卫生physical hazard物理危害、物质危害nonionizing radiation非电离辐射adverse effects副作用loud noise嘈杂的声音chemical bum化学烧伤live electrical circuits 带电电路confined space密闭空间hearing loss听力丧失physical or mental disturbance身体或精神障碍annoyance烦恼power tools电动工具impulse脉冲sound level meter噪声计jet engine喷气式发动机time-weighted average时间加权平均heat stress热应力、热威胁shivering 颤抖hard labor辛苦工作fatigued疲劳的living tissue活组织plastic sealer塑料密封机biological hazard生物危害potable water饮用水sewage污水physical contact身体接触allergic reaction 过敏反应severe pain剧烈疼痛manual handing手工处理airborne空中的on a daily basis每天hazard communication standard危害通识规定stipulation规定、条款trade name商标名 工业卫生被定义为:“致力于预测、识别、评估和控制环境因素或压力的科学与技术,这些压力产生或来自与工作场所,能够造成疾病、损害人们的幸福安康、或是工程或社区居民的工作效率不高,并使他们感觉到很不舒服。(P67) 当噪音导致暂时或永久的听力丧失,使身体或精神发生紊乱,对语言交流产生干扰,或对工作、休息、放松、睡觉产生干扰时,它是一种非常严重的危害。噪音是任何不被期望的声音,它通常是一种强度变化但不包括任何信息的声音。他干扰人们对正常声音的辨别,可能是有害的,能使人烦恼,并干扰人们说话。(P68) Unit9 Accident investigation事故调查after-the-fact事实背后的take an investigation进行调查fact-finding process寻找事实的过程insurance carrier保险公司/承保人plance blame推卸责任permanent total disability永久全部劳动力丧失for simplicity为简单起见accident prevention 事故预防investigation procedures调查过程fact finding寻找事实operating procedures flow diagrams操作过程流程图maintenance chart维修图表bound notebook活页笔记本physical or chemical law物理或化学定律table of contens 目录narrative叙事的counter-measure干预措施 调查人员在调查过程中从各方面收集证据,从证人、旁观者及一些相关报道中得到信息,在事故发生后尽快的找目击证人谈话,在事故现场遭到改变前进行检查,对事故场景进行拍照并绘制草图,记录与地形相关的所有数据,并将所有的报道复印保存。记录常规的操作流程图、维修图表或对困难、异常现象的报告等非常有用。在活页笔记本中完整准确地记录。记录事故发生前的环境、事故顺序及事故发生后的环境情况等。另外,记录伤者、证人、机械能量来源和危害物质的位置。(P119) Unit10 Safety electricity安全用电electrical equipment电力设备fuse puller保险丝夹break contact断开接点/触电hot side高压端load side 负荷端line side线路/火线端groundfault circuit Interrupt 漏电保护器ground fault接地故障receptacle电源插座hot bubs热水澡桶underwater lighting水底照明fountains 人工喷泉ungrounded(hot)conductor 未接地(高压)单体/火线neutral conductor中性导体fault current载荷中心panelboard 配电板branch-circuit分支电路CB一种多功能插座plug-in插入式 上锁/挂牌成套设备也是可用的。上锁/挂牌套件中包含有必须满足OSHA上锁/挂牌标准的组件。上锁/挂牌套件中包含有可重复使用的危险标签、临时悬挂标志、各种闭锁、锁、磁性标志、及与上锁/挂牌相关的信息。无论什么原因停下工作或当天不能完成工作时,在返回

英语 安全工程专业翻译

Unit1 Safety Management Systems 1. Accident Causation Models The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena,and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century,it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things :The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment Petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions,and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’s

交通工程专业英语翻译The_Evolution_of_Transport

交通工程专业英语翻译The_Evolution_of_Transport The Evolution of Transport 交通运输业的发展 The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history(交通运输的发展一直与的人类发展的整 个地球的历史密切联系在一起。 Transport’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials(运输的早期功能是为了满足食物供给和搬运建筑材料的 基本 需求。 But with the formation of tribes,then peoples,and finally nations,the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. 但是随着部落的 产生甚至最后国家的形成,运输在社会和经济起到的功能越来越复杂。 At first there was mobility required for individuals,clans,households,and animals to protect them against,and to escape from,the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions,and in the search for the best places to settle(起初有 需要调动个人, 家族,家庭和动物以保护他们来反抗并逃避自然灾害和部族侵略的危险,从而寻

安全工程专业外语翻译

The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components. (译为“起主要作用”,不译“主要贡献者”。) There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology. (译为“完全掌握”,不译“毕业于”。) The purpose of a driller is to holes. (译为“钻孔”) A single-point cutting tool is used to cut threads on engine lathes. (译为“车”) The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components. (译为“起主要作用”,不译“主要贡献者”。) There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology. (译为“完全掌握”,不译“毕业于”。) The iron ore used to make steel comes from open-pit and underground mines. (译为“炼钢”,不译“制造刚”。) An insulator offers a very high resistance to the passage through which electric current goes. (译为“很大阻力”,不译“高阻力”) Mater can be changed into energy, and energy into mater. 物质可以转换为能,能也可以转化为物质。 The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest has the greatest. 最好的导体电阻最小,最差的导体电阻最大。 If A is equal to D, A plus B equals D plus B. 若A=D,则A+B=D+B。 The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes and other components, and this made the equipment very large and bulky. 第一代电子计算机使用真空管和其他元件,这使得设备又大又笨。 Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。 The cost of such a power plant is a relatively small portion of the total cost of the development. 这样一个发电站的修建费用仅占该开发工程总费用的一小部分。 The resistance of the pipe to the flow of water through it depends upon the length of the pipe, the diameter of the pipe, and the feature of the inside walls(rough or smooth)。 水管对通过的水流的阻力取决于下列三个因素:管道长度、管道直径、管道内壁的特性(粗糙或光滑)。Heat from the sun stirs up the atmosphere, generating winds. 太阳发出的热能搅动大气,于是产生了风。 In general, all the metals are good conductors, with silver the best and copper the second. 一般来说,金属都是良导体,其中以银为最好,铜次之。 The world of work injury insurance is complex. 工伤保险是复杂的。 Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. 任何物质,不论是固体、液体或是气体,都是有原子组成的。 In the absence of force, a body will either remain at rest, or continue to move with constant speed in a straight line. 无外力作用,物体则保持静止状态,或作匀速直线运动。 A wire lengthens while it is heated. 金属丝受热则伸长。 Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled. 几乎所有的物质都是热胀冷缩的。

安全工程专业外语翻译

Unit 1 Safety Management Systems 安全管理体系 1.Accident Causation Models 1.事故致因理论 The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena,and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century,it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things :The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment. 安全管理系统最重要的目的是维护和促进工人们在工作时的健康和安全。在制定预防性计划时,了解为什么、怎样做和其他意外事故的发展是十分重要的。事故致因理论旨在阐明事故现象,和解释事故的机理。所有现代理论都是基于试图解释事件发生、发展过程和最终引起损失的事故致因理论。在古老的时期,事故被看做是上帝的行为并且几乎没有预防的方法去阻止他们。在20世纪开始的时候,人们开始相信差的物理条件是事故发生的根源。安全从业人员集中注意力在提高机器监护、维护和清理上。在大多数情况下,一件事故的发生主要有两个原因:人类的行为和物理或者社会环境。 Petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions,and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’s operation. The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays,this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work. 彼得森根据管理体系中个人的行为结合当地的环境扩充了事故致因理论。他的结论是像不安全行为、不安全情况是一些错误的组织管理系统导致事故的征兆。另外,他指出,高层管理人员负责建立一个能够有效控制危险源有关组织。一个人出现的错误可能是有意的或者是无意的。拉斯姆森和杰森已经提出了三个层次的技能规则知识模型来描述不同种类的人错误的起源。如今,这种模式已经成为在工作中检验人的错误的标准之一。 Accident-proneness models suggest that some people are more likely to suffer anaccident than others. The first model was created in 1919,based on statistical examinations in a mumilions factory. This model dominated the safety thinking and research for almost 50 years, and it is still used in some organizations. As a result of this thinking, accident was blamed solely

资料《安全工程专业英语部分翻译》

Unit 1safety management system Accident causation models ?事故致因理论 Safety management 安全管理 Physicalconditions ?物质条件 Machineguarding?机械保护装置 House—keeping工作场所管理 Topmanagement 高层管理人员Human errors人因失误 Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型 Munitions factory?军工厂Causal factors?起因 Riskingtaking?冒险行为 Corporateculture 企业文化 Lossprevention 损失预防 Process industry?制造工业 Hazard control 危险控制 Intensive study广泛研究 Organizationalperformance 企业绩效 Mutual trust 相互信任Safetyofficer?安全官员 Safety committee 安全委员会 Shop-floor?生产区Unionized company 集团公司 Seniority?资历、工龄Local culture当地文化Absenteeism rate?缺勤率Power relations?权力关系 Status review 状态审查Lower—level management低层管理者 Business performance?组织绩效 Most seniorexecutive 高级主管Supervisory level监督层 Safety principle?安全规则 Wall—board?公告栏 Implement plan?执行计划 Hazardidentification 危险辨识 Safety performance 安全性能 One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presentedbySchein who has said theorganizational cultureis“a pattern of basic assumptions–invented, discovere d,or developedby agiven group as itlearns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration– that h as worked well enoughto be consideredvalidand,therefore, to betaught to new membersas the correct way to perceive, thin k,and feel in relation to thoseproblems” 译文:Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义,他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式,这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的.由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可,因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员,让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题[指适应外部与整合内部的过程中的问题]。 The safety culture ofan organization isthe product of individual and group values,attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and pa tternsofbehavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of,an organization’shealthandsafety management.

土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译

第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广,土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候,土木工程师要对场地进行测绘,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响,以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时,结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。从项目开始到结束,对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息,施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费,所有工作的进度表,订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商,还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件(即计算机辅助设计,或者CAD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品,因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域,土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构,包括桥梁,大坝,发电厂,设备支撑,海面上的特殊结构,美国太空计划,发射塔,庞大的天文和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重,风荷载和飓风荷载,建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩,以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋,混凝土,塑料,石头,沥青,砖,铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物,维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外,他们设计和维护海港,运河与水闸,建造大型水利大坝与小型坝,以及各种类型的围堰,帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降,并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中,土木工程师设计,建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水,同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计,建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。

安全工程专业英语Unit1-9翻译

安全工程专业英语 Unit1 1. Because of the very rapid changes in these jobs and professions, it is hard for students to learn about future job opportunities. It is even more difficult to know about the type of preparation that is needed for a particular profession-or the qualities and traits that might help individuals succeed in it. 由于这些工作和职业的飞速变更,其变化之快使得学生们很难了解未来有什么样的工作机会,更不知道为未来的具体职业生涯做出怎样的准备,也就是说学生们很难知道掌握何种知识、具备何种能力才能成功适应未来的社会。 2. The purpose of this article is to provide in depth information about the safety profession that should help students considering a career in this challenging and rewarding field. 这篇文章将提供较为深入的安全专业方面的具体信息,它应该能够为安全专业的学生们在这个充满挑战也蕴含着发展机遇的职业中获得良好的发展而提供帮助。 3. While these efforts became more sophisticated and widespread during the twentieth century, real progress on a wide front did not occur in the U.S. until after Word War Ⅱ. 尽管这些专业手段在20世纪已经发展的较为成熟,也具有一定的广泛适应性,但在美国,这些都是第二次世界大战以后才取得的突破性进展。 4. This legislation was important because it stressed the control of workplace hazards. This, in turn, defined a clear area of practice for the previously loosely organized safety profession. Other legislation passed during the next twenty years has increased the scope of safety practice into areas of environmental protection, product safety, hazardous materials management and designing safety into vehicles, highways, process plants and buildings. 这部法律很重要,因为它强调工作场所的危险控制,同时这部法律也为以前不成体系的安全业务划定了工作范围。此后20年中通过的一

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