建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

原文：

Housing Problems and Options for the Elderly 1. Introduction

Housing is a critical element in the lives of older persons. The affordability of housing affects the ability of the elderly to afford other necessities of life such as food and medical care. Housing that is located near hospitals and doctors, shopping, transportation, and recreational facilities can facilitate access to services that can enhance the quality of life. Housing can also be a place of memories of the past and a connection to friends and neighbors. Housing with supportive features and access to services can also make it possible for persons to age in place. In this session, we will be examining housing problems and

options for the elderly. Along the way, we will be testing your housing IQ with a series of questions and exercises.

2. Housing Situation of Older Persons

How typical is the housing situation of the olders?We will begin by examining five areas :（1）Prevalence of home ownership （2）Length of stay in current residence （3）Living arrangements （4）Attachments of older persons to where they live （5）Moving behavior.

With whom older persons live can influence housing affordability, space needs, and the ability to age in place. About 54% of older persons live with their spouses, 31% live alone, almost 13% live with related persons other than their spouse and about 2% live with unrelated persons. With increasing age, older persons (primarily women) are more likely to live alone or with a relative other than a spouse. Frail older women living alone are the persons most likely to reside in homes with ‘extra’ rooms and to need both physically supportive housing features and services to "age in place". This segment of the population is also the group most likely to move to more supportive housing settings such as assisted living.

Many older persons have strong psychological attachments to their homes related to length of residence. The home often represents the place where they raised their children and a lifetime of memories. It is also a connection to an array of familiar persons such as neighbors and shopkeepers as well as near by places including houses of worship, libraries and community services. For many

older persons, the home is an extension of their own personalities which is found in the furnishings . In addition, the home can represent a sense of economic security for the future, especially for homeowners who have paid off their mortgages. For owners, the home is usually their most valuable financial asset. The home also symbolizes a sense of independence in that the resident is able to live on his or her own. For these types of reasons, it is understandable that in response to a question about housing preferences, AARP surveys of older persons continue to find that approximately 80% of older persons report that what they want is to "stay in their own homes and never move." This phenomena has been termed the preference to "age in place."

Although most older persons move near their current communities, some seek retirement communities in places with warmer weather in the southwest, far west and the south.

3. The Federal Government's Housing Programs for the Elderly

The federal government has had two basic housing strategies to address housing problems of the elderly. One strategy, termed the "supply side" approach, seeks to build new housing complexes such as public housing and Section 202 housing for older persons. Public housing is administered by quasi-governmental local public housing authorities. Section 202 Housing for the elderly and disabled is sponsored by non-profit organizations including religious and non-sectarian organizations. Approximately 1.5 million older

persons or 3% of the elderly population live in federally assisted housing, with about 387,000 living in Section 202 housing. Over time, the government has shifted away from such new construction programs because of the cost of such housing, the problems that a number of non-elderly housing programs have experienced, and a philosophy that the government should no longer be directly involved with the building of housing. Section 202 housing, a very popular and successful program, is one of the few supply-side programs funded by the federal government, although the budget allocation during the last ten years has allowed for the construction of only about 6,000 units per year compared to a high of almost 20,000 units in the late 1970s. Instead of funding new construction, federal housing initiatives over the last decade have emphasized ‘demand side’ subsidies that provide low-income renters with a certificate or a voucher that they can use in a variety of multiunit settings, including apartments in the private sector that meet rental and condition guidelines. These vouchers and certificates are aimed at reducing excessive housing costs. Some certificates are termed ‘project based’ subsidies and are tied to federally subsidized housing such as Section 202. Because housing programs are not an entitlement, however, supply-side and demand side programs together are only able to meet the needs of about 1/3 of elderly renters who qualify on the basis of income.

While advocates for housing have been trying to hold on to the existing programs in the face of huge budget cuts at HUD, much of the attention has been shifting towards meeting the shelter and service needs of the frail elderly. This emphasis reflects the increasing number of older persons in their eighties

and nineties who need a physically supportive environment linked with services. This group of older persons includes a high percentage of older residents of public and Section 202 housing. Initially built for independent older persons who were initially in the late sixties and early seventies, this type of housing now includes older persons in their eighties and nineties, many of whom have aged in place. Consequently, the government is faced with creating strategies to bring services into these buildings and retrofit them to better suit the needs of frail older persons. A major initiative of the early 1990s, which may be stalled by current budget problems at HUD, has been for the federal government to pay for service coordinators to assess the needs of residents of government assisted housing complexes and link them with services. As of 1998, there were approximately 1,000 service coordinators attached to government assisted housing complexes across the country.

4. The Housing Continuum: A Range of Options for Elderly

A long-standing assumption in the field of housing has been that as persons become more frail, they will have to move along a housing continuum from one setting to another. As the figure on housing options suggests, along this continuum are found a range of housing options including single family homes, apartments, congregate living, assisted living, and board and care homes (Kendig & Pynoos, 1996). The end point of the housing continuum has been the

nursing home. These options vary considerably in terms of their availability, affordability, and ability to meet the needs of very frail older persons.

The concept of a continuum of supportive care is based on the assumption that housing options can be differentiated by the amount and types of services offered; the supportiveness of the physical setting in terms of accessibility, features, and design; and the competency level of the persons to whom the housing is targeted. The figure on housing options indicates how such options generally meet the needs of older persons who are categorized,as independent, semi-dependent and dependent. Semi-dependent older persons can be thought of as needing some assistance from other persons with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as cooking, cleaning, and shopping. In addition to needing assistance with some IADLs, dependent older persons may require assistance with more basic activities such as toileting, eating and bathing. Although semi-dependent and dependent older persons can be found throughout the housing continuum, independent older persons are very unlikely to reside in housing types such as assisted living specifically designed and equipped to meet the needs of frail older persons unless their spouses require these needs.

Although the continuum of housing identifies a range of housing types, there is increasing recognition that frail older persons do not necessarily have to move from one setting to another if they need assistance. Semi-dependent or dependent older persons can live in a variety of settings, including their own homes and apartments, if the physical environment is made more supportive, caregivers are available to provide assistance and affordable services are

accessible.

5. Conclusions

Housing plays a critical role in the lives of older persons. Most older homeowners who function independently express a high level of satisfaction with their dwelling units. However, high housing costs, especially for renters, remain a financial burden for many older persons and problems associated with housing condition persist especially for low- income renters and persons living in rural areas. Federal housing programs such as public housing, Section 202 housing, and Section 8 housing certificates have only been able to address the basic housing problems of only about one-third of eligible older persons because of limited budgets. Moreover, a shortage of viable residential options exists for frail older persons. Up until the last decade, housing for the elderly was conceived of primarily as shelter. It has become increasingly recognized that frail older persons who needed services and physically supportive features often had to move from their homes or apartments to settings such as board and care or nursing homes to receive assistance. Over time, however, the concept of a variety of housing types that can be linked has replaced the original idea of the continuum of housing. It is possible for frail older persons to live in a variety of existing residential settings, including their own homes and apartments with the addition of services and home modifications. Consequently, the last decade has seen a number of efforts to modify homes, add service coordinators to multi-unit housing and create options such as accessory and ECHO units. Although these

strategies have been enhanced by a somewhat greater availability of home care services, Medicaid policy still provides incentives to house frail older persons in nursing homes. The most visible development in the field of housing for frail older persons has been the growth of private sector assisted living which is now viewed by many state governments as a residential alternative to nursing homes. The AL movement itself has raised a number of regulatory and financing issues that cross-cut housing and long term care such as what constitutes a residential environment, insuring that residents can age in place, accommodating resident preferences, protecting the rights of individuals and insuring quality of care. Nevertheless, the emergence of AL along with a wider range of other housing options holds out the promise that older persons will have a larger range of choices among living arrangements.

译文：

老年人的住宅问题与选择

一、简介

住宅在老年人生活的极为重要。住房负担能力的影响老人对生活的其他必需品，如食品和医疗的负担能力。住宅附近的医疗设施，购物，交通和娱乐设施服务，可以提高生活质量。住宅是回忆过去，同时也是联系朋友和邻居的地方。存在支持功能和服务设施的住宅也可以使人们老有所养。在这一部分，我们会研究住房问题和老年人的选择。于此同时，我们将用

一系列问题和练习测试住宅的智能。

二、老年人的住房情况

老年人的住房情况典型在哪里？我们将从五个方面开始研究：（1）住房所有权的普及，（2）常留现有地，（3）生活安排。（4）老年人对现有住房的依恋，（5）移动行为。

老年人与谁生活可以影响其购房能力，空间需要，以及对这些地方养老的能力。约54％的长者与配偶生活，31％独居，几乎13%和他的亲人居住而不是和他的配偶，同时有大约2%的老年人和没有关系的人居住。随着年龄的增长，老年人（主要是妇女）更可能独居或和亲人居住儿不是和配偶住在一起。年老体弱独居的妇女最有可能居住在有额外房间的家园，需要身心都支持性住房和服务来实现“老得其所”。人口的这一部分组成的群体，他们更愿意居住在有保障设施的建筑里。

很多老年人在生理上很大程度依赖他们生活很久的住宅。在这些地方他们将自己的孩子养大，留下了一生的记忆。它也是联系像邻居，店主这样一系列家庭成员的桥梁，除此之外位于教堂，图书馆，和一些社区服务设施附近。对于大多数老年人来说，在探索与追求中，住宅是他们个性的延伸。另外，住宅可以表现他们将来的经济保障，特别是对这些已经买下住宅的人来讲。对于住宅所有者来讲，住宅通常是他们做可靠的财产。住宅代表着一种独立，表明居民可以靠自己居住。基于这些原因，在AARP的一项关于老年人的住宅类型偏好的调查中，有将近80%的老年人想要居住在自己家里永远不想搬出的这种结果是可以理解的。这种现象被解释为居家养老偏好。

虽然大多数老年人目前社区附近的移动，寻求与一些如西南地区天气

温暖的退休社区，遥远的西部和南部地区。

三、联邦政府的老年人住房方案

联邦政府有两个基本的住房战略来解决老人的住房问题。策略之一，被称为“供方”的方式，寻求建立如公共住房或第Section住宅为老年人提供居住的新住宅区。公共房屋由准政府地方公共住房当局管理。同时为老人和残疾人建设的第Section202住宅是由非盈利组织出资建造，包括宗教和非宗派组织。约有150万老年人或3％的老年人口生活在联邦政府资助房屋，约38.7万老年人居住在Section202住宅。随着时间的推移，由于经济适用型住宅建设的成本，政府已经转向远离这些新方案，问题是非老年住宅正在大量实施，有一种观点，政府应不再直接与参与建设住房。虽然与20世纪70年代末的高近2万建设单位相比，Section202住宅在过去十年的预算拨款先后为6000左右，但作为有联邦政府资助的为数不多的项目之一，它是一个非常受欢迎和成功的方案。在过去的十年里联邦政府不在投资新的项目，倡议强调需求方的补贴，提供低收入租房者使用证明或凭证，他们可以使用各种设置的多单元，包括在私营部门，公寓符合条件的租金和指导方针。这些凭证旨在减少住房费用过高。一些证明被称为“基于项目的补贴”，并连接到联邦资助，如Section202住房。然而，由于住房项目并没有授权，供应方和需求方一起计划只能满足符合租赁要求的约1/3老年人的需求。

虽然在面对的庞大的预算削减中，房屋的倡导者们一直试图留住现有的方案，注意力却一直朝着满足体弱长者的住房和服务需求转移。这个强调体现了在八十岁和九十岁的老年人中，需要一个有利的环境和与身体相关的服务的老年人越来越多。在这一群体中，老年人的公共住房和

中英文参考文献格式

中文参考文献格式 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为： （一）专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 （三）报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3） （四）期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. （五）学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. （六）报告 示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告

室内设计中英文对照

常用室内设计词汇-中英文对照 室内设计-interior design 室内设计师- interior designer 建筑-architecture 建筑师-architect 景观-landscape 家具-furniture 灯光-lighting 照明-illumination 家居设计-residential design 商业设计-commercial design 软装-FF&E（furniture fixture and equipment) 人体工程学-ergonomics 空间-space 精品酒店-boutique hotel 草图-draft or sketch 规格-specification 汇报或讲解-presentation 渲染或着色-rendering 透视-perspective 规范-code 对称-symmetry 不对称-asymmetry 轴线-axis 空间篇 住宅类 客厅，起居室—living room 餐厅-dinning room 玄关-foyer 卧室-bedroom 主卧-master bedroom 次卧-second bedroom 客卧-guest bedroom 厨房-Kitchen 厨岛kitchen island 书房-study room 衣帽间-cloakroom 卫生间-bathroom , toilet , bath 储藏室-storage 楼梯-stair 阳台-balcony 花园-garden 露台-patio 商业类 1办公类 接待处- reception 候客区-waiting Area or lounge 会议室（小型的）-meeting room or seminar 会议室（大型的）-conference room 办公室- office 经理办公室manager office 开放式的工作区-work area 多功能室-multi-function room 2酒店类 入口-entrance 出口-exit 大堂-lobby 前厅-vestibule 过道-corridor 休闲区,等候区-lounge 宴会厅-ballroom 客房-guestroom 套间-suite 行政套房-executive suite 总统套房-presidential suite 健身中心—fitness center or gym 瑜伽-yoga 泳池-swimming pool Spa 咖啡厅-cafe 酒吧-bar 餐厅-restaurant 备餐-pantry 电梯-elevation or lift 卫生间-restroom 男-men's 女women's 影院-cinema 商务中心-business center 行李间-luggage store 盥洗室-lavatory 3其他类 天花-ceiling 长廊-pavilion 零售店-retail store 大厅(堂）-hall 展览-gallery

零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献

零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

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