北京是第四十四中模拟试题1__2016.4.17

A．玻璃酒杯B．陶瓷饭碗C．木制筷子D．钢制饭勺

图1

北京市第四十四中学初三物理模拟试卷1 2016.4.18 班级学号姓名成绩

题2分）

1．下列的能源中，属于不可再生的能源是

A．石油B．水能C.风能D．太阳能

2．如图1所示的四种餐具中，通常情况下属于导体的是

3．下列事实或现象属于光的反射的是

A.清澈的池底，看起来变浅了

B.路灯下行走的人，出现了人影相随

C.饭店墙壁上装一面大镜子，使人有空间增大的感觉

D.斜插入水中的筷子好像在水面处折断

D.用干手器将手烘干

A.冰雪遇暖消融

B.水烧开时冒出“白汽”

C.草叶上形成“白霜”

图2

5.知识价值的体现之一是它可以帮我们避免事故发生。在以下宣传语中与摩擦力知识有关的是：

A.车未停稳，请勿下车

B.在地铁车站站台上候车的人必须站在安全线以外

C.雨天路滑，小心驾驶

D.为了您的安全，请系好安全带

7．在图3所示的四种用具中，正常使用时属于费力杠杆的是

8．小静同学在乘坐校车上学途中，观察到了一些现象，并依据所学的物理知识做出了自己

9．如图4所示，在装着红棕色二氧化氮气体的瓶子上面，倒扣一个空瓶子，使两个瓶口相对，之间用一块玻璃板隔开。抽出玻璃板后，比空气密度大的二氧化氮进到了上面的瓶子。这个现象说明

A ．气体分子在不停地运动

B ．气体分子之间存在引力和斥力

C ．气体是由分子组成的

D ．温度越高，气体分子运动越剧烈

10.下列用电器中，主要利用电流热效应工作的是

A ．笔记本电脑

B ．电

冰箱 C ．电风扇 D ．电暖器

11.关于家庭电路与安全用电，下列说法正确的是

A ．开关的塑料外壳是不导电的，用湿手拨动开关不可能触电

B ．家庭电路中空气开关跳闸，都是由于电路短路引起的

C ．发现家用电器或电线失火时，应先切断电源后救火

D ．用试电笔辨别火线与零线时，手不能接触试电笔尾部金属体

图4

图3

A ．修树剪刀

B ．核桃夹

C ．取碗夹

D ．羊角锤

12．高铁每节车厢都有两间洗手间，只有当两间洗手间的门都关上时（每扇门的插销都相当于一个开关），车厢中指示牌内的指示灯才会发光提示旅客“洗手间有人”。下列所示电路图能实现上述目标的是

13．我国于2013年6月11日17︰38在酒泉发射中心成功发射“神州十号”飞船，并开创了中国载人应用型飞行的先河。火箭升空120秒后，逃逸塔与箭体分离，在分离的瞬间，下列关于逃逸塔的说法正确的是 A ．失去重力 B ．速度为零 C ．仍有向上的速度 D ．速度反向

14.LED 灯带在装饰材料中被广泛应用。芳芳同学在研究其内部结构时发现，灯带中的LED 灯串联后经电流适配器接入照明电路，如图6所示。她取下一只LED 灯接在电池两端，灯不亮，对调电池正负极后灯亮了，但用手触摸几乎不发热。以下推断符合上述事实的是 A ．一只LED 灯正常工作的电压为220V B ．灯带中一只LED 灯断路后其他灯还亮 C ．LED 灯工作时主要是将电能转化为内能 D ．LED 灯具有单向导电性

15.如图7所示，用轻质材料制成的吊桥搭在河对岸。一个人从桥的左端匀速走到桥的右端，

桥面始终是水平的，不计吊桥和绳的重力，人从吊桥左端出发时开始计时。则人在吊桥上行走过程中，吊桥右端所受地面支持力F 与人行走时间t 的关系图像是

A

B

C

D

图

5

图 6

A B C

D

图7

二、多项选择题（下列各小题均有四个选项，其中符合题意的选项均多于一个。共8分，每小题2分。每小题选项全选对的得2分，选对但不全的得1分，有错选的不得分）

16．下列说法正确的是

A．石凳被太阳晒热，属于用热传递的方式改变了石凳的内能

B．物体的内能就是物体动能与势能的总和

C．长时间压在一起的铅板和金板互相渗入，这种现象是扩散现象

D．锯木板时锯片变热，是因为木板向锯片传递了热量

17．如图8所示，一个足球沿着凸凹不平的草地从a点向d点运动，其中b和d两点在同一

18．如图9所示，弹簧测力计下挂着铁块P，其正下方的水平地面上放着一块条形磁铁Q，P和Q均处于静止状态。已知P和Q的重力分别为G和3G，若弹簧测力计的示数为2G，则下列说法正确的是

A.P对弹簧测力计的拉力大小为2G

B.P对Q的吸引力和地面对Q的支持力大小分别为G和2G

C.P对Q的吸引力和Q对P的吸引力是一对平衡力，大小均为G

D.弹簧测力计对P的拉力和Q对P的吸引力是一对平衡力，

大小分别均为2G

19.关于电磁现象，下列说法中正确的是

A．定向移动的电荷周围一定存在磁场

B．磁场中某点的磁场方向是由放在该点的小磁针的N极指向决定的

C．利用通电线圈在磁场中受力转动，科学家研制出电动机

D．闭合电路的部分导体在磁场中做切割磁感线运动时，电能转化为机械能

三、实验与探究题（共48分）

20．根据要求作图

（1）请画出图8中物体A所受重力G的示意图。

（2）图9中标出通电螺线管的N极。

（3）请根据光的反射定律，在图10中画出入射光线AO的反射光线OB。

图9 图10

图8

图9

21.观察并记录下列数据

（1） 图11所示，温度计的示数是 ℃。 （2）图12所示，物块的长度是 cm 。 （3

Ω。

22.小亮用天平和量筒测量酱油的密度。先将天平放在水平桌面上，把游码调至标尺的零刻度线处，调节天平平衡后开始测量。

用天平测得酱油瓶和酱油的总质量为 140g ，图(15 甲)显示的是将酱油瓶中一部分酱油倒入量筒后，酱油瓶和剩余酱油的总质量为 m ，则

m ＝_______g ，从酱油瓶中倒入量筒内的酱油的体积为V ，如图(15乙)所示，则酱油的密度 ρ＝_______g /cm 3。

23.小明用托盘天平、量筒、细线、铁块测量一块实心复合材料的密度。他在调节天平时，发现指针偏向分度盘中央刻度线的右侧，如图16甲所示。为使天平横梁水平平衡，他应将平衡螺母向 端调。然后用调节好的天平测量该复合材料块的质量，天平平衡时右盘中的砝码质量、游码在标尺上的位置如图16乙所示，则该物块的质量为 g 。因复合材料的密度小于水，小明在该物块的下方悬挂了一个铁块，按照如图丙所示的顺序，测出了该物块的体积是 cm 3，则这种复合材料的密度是 kg/m 3

20

10 图 11

图12

甲 乙

24.在探究“二力平衡条件”的实验中：

(1)甲、乙两组同学分别选择器材后，设计组装的实验装置如图17所示。老师指出乙组同学选择的器材更加合理，其原因是：________________________________。

(2)保持两盘的砝码质量相等，用手将小车扭转，松手后，小车将无法在此位置平衡。实验中设计这一步骤的目的是为了探究二力平衡时，两个力必须满足哪个条件？___________________________

25．如图15所示为“探究平面镜成像特点”的装置：在水平桌面上放一把刻度尺，将一透明薄玻璃板竖直放在刻度尺上，并使玻璃板与刻度尺垂直；两支相同的蜡烛A 、B 竖直立于玻璃板两侧的刻度尺上。

（1）该实验选取透明薄玻璃板作为代替平面镜，是为了能在观察到A 蜡烛经透明薄玻璃板所成像的同时，也能观察到 ，从而巧妙的解决了对蜡烛A 的像进行观察与测量的问题。

（2）实验中选择两根完全一样的蜡烛A 和B ，是为了比较 的关系。

26.小明探究凸透镜成像规律的实验装置如图18所示。其中焦距为10cm 的凸透镜固定在光具座上50cm 刻度线处，光屏和点燃的蜡烛位于凸透镜两侧。小明将蜡烛移至35cm 刻度线处时，光屏移到如图18所示的位置接收到烛焰清晰的像，则该像是倒

立、 的实像。在照相机、幻灯机、放大镜中， 用到了这个原理。如果蜡烛的位置不动，用焦距为5cm 的凸透镜替换光具座上的焦距为10cm 凸透镜，为使光屏接收到烛焰清晰的像，光屏应从图示的位置向 移动。（选填“左”或“右”）

图17

27.如图19甲所示是小刚“测小灯泡电功率”的实验电路。其中电源电压为6V ，小灯泡额定电压为

A 规格“l 0Ω 2A”、

B 规格“50Ω lA”可选。

(1)本实验应该选择_________规格的滑动变阻器，你这样选择的原因是 。 (2)请用笔画线代替导线将图19甲的实验电路连接完整。

(3)闭合开关后，小刚发现电流表和电压表有示数但都很小，且看不到小灯泡发光，其原因是

。

(4)当变阻器滑片P 移到某一位置时，电压表示数如图19乙所示，为_________V 。要测小灯

泡的额定功率，应将滑片

P 向_________ (选填“A”或“B”)端移动，使电压表示数为2.5V 。 28．用弹簧测力计两次拉动重为G 的物体竖直向上运动，两次运动的路程随时间变化的图像如图20所示，其对应的弹簧测力计的示数分别为F 1和F 2，则F 1 F 2（选填：“大于”、“等于”或“小于”）

29．在探究“滑动摩擦力的大小跟哪些因素有关”的实验中，小军同学根据生活经验发现：鞋底都有花纹，而穿时间久了的鞋子花纹磨平了，脚底下会打滑，由此他猜想滑动摩擦力的大小可能与物体间接触面的 有关。

为了检验上述有关猜想是否正确，小军同学选用了一块长方体木块、一个一端装有定滑轮的长木板和已调零的弹簧测力计等器材，设计并进行了如下实验：

（1）如图16甲，用弹簧测力计竖直向上拉动，使木块水平匀速直线运动，读出这时弹簧测力计的读数F 1；

（2）如图16乙，用弹簧测力计竖直向上拉动，使砝码与木块一起水平匀速直线运动，读出这时弹簧测力计的读数F 2； 请继续回答下列问题：

（1）根据以上实验步骤可知，小军实际探究的是滑动摩擦力的大小与 的关系； （2）针对小军计划探究的问题，在实验步骤（2）中，应改变 。

乙 图19 图20 2 4 6 s

木板

图16

甲

木块

测力计 定滑轮

30．一次课外活动小组的同学们研究甲、乙两辆玩具车沿直线向一同方向运动的情况，实验测试中记录了相关数据。根据实验数据绘制了如图18所示的路程-时间图像。由此可知：甲车全程的平均速度是???????m/s ；前20s 内，甲车比乙车多运动了?????m 。

31．为了测定额定电压为2.5V 小灯泡正常发光时灯丝的

电阻，小明同学设计了如图19所示的实验电路，图中R 0为已知阻值的定值电阻。

（1）闭合开关，发现小灯泡不亮，电压表V 1无示数，V 2有示数，若电路中只有一处故障，则电路的故障可能是 。

（2）排除故障后，再闭合开关，看到小灯泡发光很暗，要想测出小灯泡正常发光时灯丝的电阻，应把滑动变阻器的滑片P 向 端移动（填“左”或“右”），使电压表V 1的示数U 1＝2.5V 。若此时电压表V 2的示数为U 2，则小灯泡正常发光时灯丝电阻的测量值R l ＝ （用测量量和已知量的符号表示）。 32．如图13甲所示，是探究萘熔化过程中温度变化规律的实验。请回答下列问题：（4分） （1）将装有萘的试管放入水中加热，而不是用酒精灯直接对试管加热，在加热过程中还进行搅拌，这样做是为了使试管中的萘受热 ，而且萘的温度上升较 （选填“快”或“慢”），便于及时记录各个时刻的温度。 （2）除图13甲所示实验器材外，还需要的实验器材有火柴和 。

（3）萘的温度随加热时间变化的图像如图13乙所示，由图可知，给萘加热到8min 末，试管中的萘所处的物态是 态。

时间

/min

乙

甲

图13

图

16

图18

33.如图16所示，在“测滑轮组机械效率”实验中，若物体重6N 。

（1）实验时沿 方向匀速拉绳子自由端最省力。若物体上升高度为10cm ，此时弹簧测力计的示数如图中所示，则滑轮组的机械效率是

（2）若仅增加物体的重量，该滑轮组的机械效率将 （选填“增大”、“减小”或“不变

34．神奇的铜盘：将一个圆形铜盘放置在一个马蹄形磁铁两极的中间，并从铜盘的中心和位于磁铁两极之间的铜盘边缘处各引出一根导线，如图20所示，当快速转动铜盘时，电路中的灵敏电流计就就会偏转。 （1）铜盘的工作原理与图21的哪一个装置原理一样？

（2）下列哪些圆盘还可以达到铜盘的作用

A.铁盘

B.塑料盘

C.木盘

D.铝盘 35．如图22是小明制作的神奇滚筒。制作过程如下：他用曲别针将拧上螺母的螺栓挂在两股橡皮筋上、然后将橡皮筋固定在透明塑料筒的顶部和底部，使螺栓平行于塑料桶的轴线，神奇的滚筒

就做好了。沿某一方向推动滚筒，吊着的螺栓在滚筒运动过程中会不断扭紧，滚筒滚到一定时刻就会停下来，然后向回运动，滚筒反复滚动过程中是橡皮筋的 能和滚筒的 能相互转化。

36.小磊同学学习了电阻的知识后，知道电阻大小由导体的长度、横截面积和材料决定，他想探究电阻大小和导体的长度是什么关系，选择了材料和横截面积都相同，而长度不同的一些金属丝，在相同条件下，测出了这些金属丝的电阻，记录在表中，分析表中数据可以得出电阻大小与长度的关系式为：R ＝ 。

37.探究“物体的动能与质量和速度是否有关”实验中，小明先探究“物体的动能与质量是否有关”，所用的器材有：一个用长木板搭成的斜面，三个质量不同的实心铁球，一个木块。各器材的组装示意图如图18所示。

（1）每次实验时，都要将铁球从斜面的 由静止释放，其目的是 ，铁球动能的大小是通过 来间接反映的。

（2）某同学对小明的实验方案进行改进：不用木块，在木块的位置上固定一个面积较大的挡板，在挡板前面贴上足够厚的长方体橡皮泥，如图18所示，每次实验后都要换上另一块相同的橡皮泥。此实验中铁球动能的大小是通过观察 来间接反映的。此外，还需要对小明的方案进行怎样相应的调整？ 。（如果需要，可增加其他器材） 38.实验台上有如下实验器材：一个带支架的杠杠、一个量程为0~5N 的弹簧测力计、六个质量均为100g 的钩码和两段细绳。请利用上述实验器材设计一个实验，证明“在杠杆平衡时，如果动力臂和阻力臂保持不变，则动力跟阻力成正比”。

（1）在你所测量的实验中，如果用点A 表示钩码作用在杠杆上的位置，用点B 表示弹簧测力计作用在杠杆上的位置，请在图19中的杠杆上标出A 点和B 点。

（2）设计记录实验数据的表格。

四、科普阅读题题（阅读以下材料，回答下列问题。每题4分，共8分）

39．2015年3月9日，全球最大太阳能飞机“阳光动力2号”（如图28所示）从阿联酋首都阿布扎比起程，开始环球飞行。将用时四到五个月穿越海洋陆地，完成人类史上首次太阳能环球飞行计划。

“阳光动力2号”的机身和机翼均采用极轻的碳纤维材料。它的翼展达到72m ，比波音747-8型的翼展还要宽3.5m ；机长22.4m ，接近一个篮球场的长度；而质量仅有2300kg ，跟一辆中型轿车相差无几。它的起飞速度为35km/h ，最大速度约140km/h 。

“阳光动力2号”的机翼、机身和水平尾翼上共贴敷了17248片135μm 厚的单晶硅薄膜太阳能电池。这些电池可以产生最大70kW 的功率，这些电力可以输出给四台单台功率13.5kW 的电动机带动四扇4m 直径的双叶螺旋桨给飞机提供

甲

乙

图18

图19

动力。

“阳光动力2号”白天会爬升到9000m的高度以避开气流并最大化利用太阳能，此时的温度急剧升高，而夜晚则半滑翔飞行，逐渐降低到1500m高度，其速度并不大，因此夜里对能源的需求也大大减少。

（1）“阳光动力2号”的机身和机翼均采用极轻的碳纤维材料。“极轻”的物理含义是（2）“阳光动力2号”吸收能转化为电能，电能转化为飞机需要的其他形式能。（3）在狭小的机舱内，两名瑞士飞行员将轮流驾驶，每次连续飞行5个昼夜，速度按80km/h 计算，每次连续飞行的距离是km。

（4）阳光动力2号从夜晚航行转为白天航行过程中，飞机的重力势能逐渐。40.半导体材料有P型半导体和N型半导体两种，除了可以用于各种电子元器件外，还可以用作制冷材料．如图19是一个半导体制冷单元的原理图，P型半导体和N型半导体的上端和铜片A连接，下端分别与铜片B连接后接到直流电源的两端，此时电路的电路流方向是从N型半导体经铜片A流向P型半导体，铜片A会从空气吸收热量，铜片B会向空气放出热量；反之，改变直流电源的正负极方向，使电流方向从P型半导体经铜片A流向N型半导体，这时铜片A会向空气释放热量，铜片B会从空气吸收热量．由于半个制冷单元制冷量小，为了满足实际需要，需要多个制冷单元同时工作。

请回答下列问题

（1）如图19，若要使一个电冰箱箱内的温度下降，铜片A置于电冰箱的，铜片B置于电冰箱（前两空选填“箱内”、“箱外”），这就是半导体冰箱的工作原理，若将图中的电源换成交流电源，此时电冰箱能否正常制冷？答：。

（2）若将图19中P型半导体与N型半导体位置互换，其它条件不变，则铜片A上表面空气的温度将。

图19

五、计算题（共6分，每小题3分）

41．如图20是家庭、宾馆常用的电热水壶，下表中列出了这只电热水壶部分技术参数。假设电热水壶电阻丝电阻不变。求：

（1）电热水壶正常工作的电流；

（2）电热水壶正常工作6min 烧开一壶水所消耗的电能；

（3）用电高峰时，家庭电路的实际电压为198V ，电热水壶的实际功率。

42. 4、用如图24所示的滑轮组提升物体A 。在匀速竖直提升A 的过程中，卷扬机加在绳子

自由端竖直向下的拉力F 为400N ，物体A 上升的速度v A 为0.1m/s ，滑轮组的机械效率为90%，不计绳重和滑轮与轴的摩擦。 求：（1）拉力F 做功的功率P ； （2）物体A 所受的重力G A ； （3）动滑轮所受的重力G 动。

图20

北京市第四十四中学初三物理模拟答题纸 2016.4.18

班级 学号 姓名 成绩

三、实验与探究题（共48分） 20.

21.观察并记录下列数据

（1） 图9所示，温度计的示数是 ℃。（2）图11所示，物块的长度是 cm 。 （3）图14所示的电阻箱的示数为 Ω。

22. m ＝_______g ，ρ＝_______g /cm 3。

23. 端调。 g 。 cm 3， kg/m 3

24. (1)原因是：________________________________。

(2) _______________ ____________ 25． （1） ， （2）

的关系。

26.

。 。 移动。（选填“左”或“右”）

27.

(1) _________，

。

(2)请用笔画线代替导线将图19甲的实验电路连接完整。

(3) 。

(4) _________V 。_________ (选填“A”或“B”)端移动，使电压表示数为2.5V 。 28． 29 有关。（1） 的关系；（2） 。

30． ???????m/s ； ?????m 。

图9

图10 图8

31．

（1） （2） ， 。

32． ， （2） 。（3） 态。 33.

（1） 。 （2） （选填“增大”、“减小”或“不变

34．（1） （2） 35． 能相互转化。 36. R ＝ 。 37.

（1） ， ， 。（2） 。（ 38.

（1）在你所测量的实验中，如果用点A 表示钩码作用在杠杆上的位置，用点B 表示弹簧测力计作用在杠杆上的位置，请在图19中的杠杆上标出A 点和B 点。

（2）设计记录实验数据的表格。

五、科普阅读题题（阅读以下材料，回答下列问题。每题4分，共8分）

39．

（1） （2） 。（3） km 。（4） 。 40.

（1） （前两空选填“箱内”、“箱外”），答： 。

（2） 。

图19

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