毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译
信息商务学院
学
指导教师:
2010年06月
Development of Sensor New Technology
Meshkov
Sensor is one kind component which can tansform the physical quantity, chemistry qu antity and the biomass into electrical signal. The output signal has the different forms like the voltage, the electric current, the frequency, the pulse and so on, which can sati sfy the signal transmission, processing, recording, demonstration and control deman ds. So it is the automatic detection system and in the automatic control industry. If aut omatic Technology is used wider, then sensor is more important. In information age, t he information industry includs information gathering, transmission, process three pa rts, namely sensor technology, communication, computer technology. Because of ultr a large scale integrated circuit’s rapid development after having been developed ,Mod ern computer technology and communication, not only requests sensor precision, reli ability, speed of response and gain information content request more and more high, b ut also requests its cost to be inexpensive. The obvious traditional sensor is eliminated gradually because of the function, the characteristic, the volume, the cost and so on. As world develop many countries are speeding up to the sensor new technology’s res earch and the development, and all has obtained the enormous breakthrough. Now the sensor new technology development, mainly has following several aspects:
Firstly, discovering and using.
Using the physical phenomenon, the chemical reaction, the biological effect as the s ensor principle therefore the researches which discovered the new phenomenon and t he new effect are the sensor technological improving ways .it is importantstudies to de velope new sensor’s the foundation. Japanese Sharp Corporation uses the supercondu ctivity technology to develop successfully the high temperature superconductivity ma gnetic sensor and get the sensor technology significant breakthrough. Its sensitivity is so high and only inferior in the superconductivity quantum interference component. It s manufacture craft is far simpler than the superconductivity quantum interference co mponent. May use in magnetism image formation technology.So it has the widespread promoted value.
Using the immune body and the antigen meets one another compound when the elec trode surface.It can cause the electrode potential change and use this phenomenon to b e possible to generate the immunity sensor. The immunity sensor makes with this kind of immune body may to some organism in whether has this kind of anti- original wor k inspection. Like may inspect somebody with the hepatitis virus immune body wheth er contracts the hepatitis, plays to is fast, the accurate role. The US UC sixth branch h as developped this kind of sensor.
Secondly, using the new material.
The sensor material is the important foundation for sensor technology, because the materials science is progressive and the people may make each kind of new sensor. Fo r example making the temperature sensor with the high polymer thin film; The optical fiber can make the pressure, the current capacity, the temperature, the displacement a nd so on the many kinds of sensors; Making the pressure transmitter with the ceramics . The high polymer can become the proportion adsorption and the release hydrone alo ng with the environment relative humidity size. The high polymer electricity lies betw een the constant to be small, the hydrone can enhance the polymer the coefficient of d ielectrical loss. Making the capacitor the high polymer dielectric medium, determines the electric capacity capacity the change, then obtains the relative humidity. Making t he plasma using this principle to gather the legitimate polystyrene film temperature se nsor below, it has the characteristic:
Measured the wet scope is wide;
The temperature range is wide, may reach -400 ℃ ~ +1,500 ℃;
The speed of response is quick, is smaller than 1S;
The size is small, may use in the small space measuring wet;
The temperature coefficient is small.
The ceramic electric capacity type pressure transmitter is one kind does not have th e intermediary fluid the dry type pressure transmitter. Uses the advanced ceramic tech nology, the heavy film electronic technology, its technical performance is stable, the y ear drifting quantity is smaller than 0.1%F.S, warm floats is smaller than ±0.15%/10K , anti- overloads strongly, may reach the measuring range several hundred times. The
survey scope may from 0 to 60mpa. German E+H Corporation and the American Kavlio Corporation product is at the leading position.
The optical fiber application is send the material significant breakthrough, its uses i n most early the optical communication techniques. In the optical communication use discovered works as environmental condition change and so on the temperature, press ure, electric field, magnetic field, causes the fiber optic transmission light wave intens ity, the phase, the frequency, change and so on the polarization condition, the survey li ght wave quantity change, may know causes these light wave physical quantity the an d so on quantitative change temperature, pressure, electric field, magnetic field size, u ses these principles to be possible to develop the optical fiber sensor. The optical fiber sensor and the traditional sensor compare has many characteristics: Sensitivity high, t he structure simple, the volume small, anti-corrosive, the electric insulation good, the path of rays may be curving, be advantageous for the realization telemetering and so o n. Optical fiber sensor Japan is in the advanced level. Like Idec Izumi Corporation an d Sunx Corporation. The optical fiber send receiver and the integrated path of rays tec hnology unify, accelerates the optical fiber sensor technology development. Will integ rate the path of rays component to replace the original optics part and the passive light component, enable the optical fiber sensor to have the high band width, the low signa l processing voltage, the reliability high, the cost will be low.
Third, micro machine-finishing technology
In semiconductor technology processing method oxygenation, the photoetching, the proliferation, the deposition, the plane electron craft, various guides corrosion and ste ams plates, the sputtering thin film and so on, these have all introduced to the sensor manufacture. Thus has produced each kind of new sensor, like makes the silicon micr o sensor using the semiconductor technology, makes the fast response using the thin fi lm craft the gas to be sensitive, the wet sensitive sensor, the use sputtering thin film cr aft system pressure transmitterand soon.
The Japanese horizontal river company uses various guides corrosiontechnology to carry on the high accuracy three dimensional processing, the system helps the silicon r esonance type pressure transmitter. The core partially presses two resonant Liang by t
he feeling which above the silicon diaphragm and the silicon diaphragm manufactures to form, two resonant Liang's frequency difference correspondence different pressure, measures the pressure with the frequency difference method, may eliminate the error which factor and so on ambient temperature brings. When ambient temperature chang e, two resonant Liang frequency and the amplitude variation are same, after two frequ ency differences, its same change quantity can counterbalance mutually. Its survey mo st high accuracy may reach 0.01%FS.
American Silicon Microstructure Inc.(SMI) the company develops a series of low end s, linear in 0.1% to 0.In 65% scope silicon micro pressure transmitter, the lowest full measuring range is 0.15psi (1KPa), it makes take the silicon as the material, has the u nique three dimensional structure, the light slight machine-finishing, makes the wheat stone bridge many times with the etching on the silicon diaphragm, when above silico n chip stress, it has the distortion, the resistance produces presses the anti- effect but t o lose the bridge balance, the output and the pressure becomes the proportion the elect rical signal
Such silicon micro sensor is the front technology which now the sensor develops,Its e ssential feature is the sensitive unit volume is a micron magnitude,Is the traditional se nsor several dozens, several 1%. In aspect and so on industry control, aerospace doma in, biomedicine has the vital role, like on the airplane the use may reduce theairplane weight, reduces the energy. Another characteristic is can besensitive is small surveyed , may make the blood pressure pressure transmitter.
The Chinese aviation main corporation Beijing observation and control technical rese arch institute, the development CYJ series splashes thanks the membrane pressure tra nsmitter is uses the ion sputtering craft to process the metal strain gauge, it has overco me the nonmetallic strain gauge easily the temperature influence insufficiency, has the high stability, is suitable in each kind of situation, is measured the medium scope wid ely, but also overcame the tradition lowly to glue the precision which the type brought , sluggish big, shortcoming and so on slow change, had the precision high, the reliabili ty is high, the volume small characteristic, widely used in domain and so on aviation, petroleum, chemical industry, medical service.
Fourth, integrates the sensor
Integrates the sensor the superiority is the traditional sensor is unable to achieve, it is a simple sensor not merely, it in at the same time the auxiliary circuit part and send th e part will integrate on together the chip, will cause it to have the calibration, to comp ensate, from the diagnosis and the network correspondence function, it might reduce t he cost, the gain in yield, this kind of blood pressure sensor which American LUCAS, NOV ASENSOR Corporation will develop, each week will be able to produce 10,000. Fifth, intellectualized sensor
The intellectualized sensor is one kind of belt microprocessor sensor, is achievement which the microcomputer and the sensor unifies, it has at the same time the examinati on, the judgment and the information processing function, compares with the tradition al sensor has very many characteristics:
Has the judgment and the information processing function, can carry on the revision, t he error to the observed value compensates, thus enhancement measuring accuracy; May realize the multi-sensor multi parameters survey;
Has from the diagnosis and from the calibration function, enhances the reliability; The survey data may deposit and withdraw, easy to operate;
Has the data communication interface dci, can and the microcomputer direct communi cation.
The sensor, the signal adjustment electric circuit, the monolithic integrated circuit inte gration forms ultra large-scale integrated on a chip the senior intelligence sensor. Ame rican HONY WELL Corporation ST-3000 intelligence sensor, the chip size only then has 3×4×2mm3, uses the semiconductor craft, makes CPU, EPROM, the static pressur e, the differential pressure, the temperature on the identical chip and so on three kind of sensitive units.
The intellectualized sensor research and the development, US is at the leading positio n. American Space Agency when development spaceship called this kind of sensor for the clever sensor (Smart Sensor), on the spaceship this kind of sensor is extremely im portant. Our country in this aspect research and development also very backward, mai nly is because our country semiconductor integrated circuit technological level is limit
ed.
The sensor’s development is changing day after day since specially the 80's humanitie s have entered into the high industrialization the information age, sensor technology t o renewal, higher technological development. US, Japan and so on developed country sensor technological development quickest, our country because the foundation is wea k, the sensor technology compares with these developed countries has the big disparit y. Therefore, we should enlarge to the sensor engineering research, the development i nvestment, causes our country sensor technology and the foreign disparity reduces, pr omotes our country instrument measuring appliance industry and from the technical d evelopment.
References:
[1] Wlekinski,J,M,Studying Goodle
Scholar:Wallcoverage .Online(Weston,Conn),2005,(29);6-22
[2]Jacso,P.Google Scholar: The pros and the cons,Onlineinformation
Review.2005,29(2):32-45
传感器新技术的发展
Meshkov
传感器是一种能将物理量、化学量、生物量等转换成电信号的器件。输出信号有不同形式,如电压、电流、频率、脉冲等,能满足信息传输、处理、记录、显示、控制要求,是自动检测系统和自动控制系统中不可缺少的元件。如果把计算机比作大脑,那么传感器则相当于五官,传感器能正确感受被测量并转换成相应输出量,对系统的质量起决定性作用。自动化程度越高,系统对传感器要求越高。在今天的信息时代里,信息产业包括信息采集、传输、处理三部分,即传感技术、通信技术、计算机技术。现代的计算机技术和通信技术由于超大规模集成电路的飞速发展,而已经充分发达后,不仅对传感器的精度、可靠性、响应速度、获取的信息量要求越来越高,还要求其成本低廉且使用方便。显然传统传感器因功能、特性、体积、成本等已难以满足而逐渐被淘汰。世界许多发达国家都在加快对传感器新技术的研究与开发,并且都已取得极大的突破。如今传感器新技术的发展,主要有以下几个方面:
一、发现并利用新现象
利用物理现象、化学反应、生物效应作为传感器原理,所以研究发现新现象与新效应是传感器技术发展的重要工作,是研究开发新型传感器的基础。日本夏普公司利用超导技术研制成功高温超导磁性传感器,是传感器技术的重大突破,其灵敏度高,仅次于超导量子干涉器件。它的制造工艺远比超导量子干涉器件简单。可用于磁成像技术,有广泛推广价值。
利用抗体和抗原在电极表面上相遇复合时,会引起电极电位的变化,利用这一现象可制出免疫传感器。用这种抗体制成的免疫传感器可对某生物体内是否有这种抗原作检查。如用肝炎病毒抗体可检查某人是否患有肝炎,起到快速、准确作用。美国加州大学巳研制出这类传感器。
二、利用新材料
传感器材料是传感器技术的重要基础,由于材料科学进步,人们可制造出各种新型传感器。例如用高分子聚合物薄膜制成温度传感器;光导纤维能制成压力、流量、温度、位移等多种传感器;用陶瓷制成压力传感器。高分子聚合物能随周围环境的相对湿度大小成比例地吸附和释放水分子。高分子电介常数小,水分子能提高聚合物的介电常数。将高分子电介质做成电容器,测定电容容量的
变化,即可得出相对湿度。利用这个原理制成等离子聚合法聚苯乙烯薄膜温度传感器,其有以下特点:
测湿范围宽:
温度范围宽,可达-400℃~+1500℃;
响应速度快,小于1S;
尺寸小,可用于小空间测湿;
温度系数小。
陶瓷电容式压力传感器是一种无中介液的干式压力传感器。采用先进的陶瓷技术,厚膜电子技术,其技术性能稳定,年漂移量小于0.1%F.S,温漂小于±0.15%/10K,抗过载强,可达量程的数百倍。测量范围可从0到60mpa。德国E+H 公司和美国Kavlio公司产品处于领先地位。
光导纤维的应用是传感材料的重大突破,其最早用于光通信技术。在光通信利用中发现当温度、压力、电场、磁场等环境条件变化时,引起光纤传输的光波强度、相位、频率、偏振态等变化,测量光波量的变化,就可知道导致这些光波量变化的温度、压力、电场、磁场等物理量的大小,利用这些原理可研制出光导纤维传感器。光纤传感器与传统传感器相比有许多特点:灵敏度高,结构简单、体积小、耐腐蚀、电绝缘性好、光路可弯曲、便于实现遥测等。光纤传感器日本处于先进水平。如Idec Izumi公司和Sunx公司。光纤传感受器与集成光路技术相结合,加速光纤传感器技术的发展。将集成光路器件代替原有光学元件和无源光器件,使光纤传感器有高的带宽、低的信号处理电压,可靠性高,成本低。
三、微机械加工技术
半导体技术中的加工方法有氧化、光刻、扩散、沉积、平面电子工艺,各向导性腐蚀及蒸镀,溅射薄膜等,这些都已引进到传感器制造。因而产生了各种新型传感器,如利用半导体技术制造出硅微传感器,利用薄膜工艺制造出快速响应的气敏、湿敏传感器,利用溅射薄膜工艺制压力传感器等。
日本横河公司利用各向导性腐蚀技术进行高精度三维加工,制成全硅谐振式压力传感器。核心部分由感压硅膜片和硅膜片上面制作的两个谐振梁结成,两个谐振梁的频差对应不同的压力,用频率差的方法测压力,可消除环境温度等因素带来的误差。当环境温度变化时,两个谐振梁频率和幅度变化相同,将两个频率
差后,其相同变化量就能够相互抵消。其测量最高精度可达0.01%FS。
美国Silicon Microstructure Inc.(SMI)公司开发一系列低价位,线性度在0.1%到0.65%范围内的硅微压力传感器,最低满量程为0.15psi(1KPa),其以硅为材料制成,具有独特的三维结构,轻细微机械加工,和多次蚀刻制成惠斯登电桥于硅膜片上,当硅片上方受力时,其产生变形,电阻产生压阻效应而失去电桥平衡,输出与压力成比例的电信号.象这样的硅微传感器是当今传感器发展的前沿技术,其基本特点是敏感元件体积为微米量级,是传统传感器的几十、几百分之一。在工业控制、航空航天领域、生物医学等方面有重要的作用,如飞机上利用可减轻飞机重量,减少能源。另一特点是能敏感微小被测量,可制成血压压力传感器。
中国航空总公司北京测控技术研究所,研制的CYJ系列溅谢膜压力传感器是采用离子溅射工艺加工成金属应变计,它克服了非金属式应变计易受温度影响的不足,具有高稳定性,适用于各种场合,被测介质范围宽,还克服了传统粘贴式带来的精度低、迟滞大、蠕变等缺点,具有精度高、可靠性高、体积小的特点,广泛用于航空、石油、化工、医疗等领域。
四、集成传感器
集成传感器的优势是传统传感器无法达到的,它不仅仅是一个简单的传感器,其将辅助电路中的元件与传感元件同时集成在一块芯片上,使之具有校准、补偿、自诊断和网络通信的功能,它可降低成本、增加产量,美国LUCAS、NOVASENSOR公司开发的这种血压传感器,每星期能生产1万只。
五、智能化传感器
智能化传感器是一种带微处理器的传感器,是微型计算机和传感器相结合的成果,它兼有检测、判断和信息处理功能,与传统传感器相比有很多特点:具有判断和信息处理功能,能对测量值进行修正、误差补偿,因而提高测量精度;
可实现多传感器多参数测量;
有自诊断和自校准功能,提高可靠性;
测量数据可存取,使用方便;
有数据通信接口,能与微型计算机直接通信。
把传感器、信号调节电路、单片机集成在一芯片上形成超大规模集成化的高级智能传感器。美国HONY WELL公司ST-3000型智能传感器,芯片尺寸才有3×4×2mm3,采用半导体工艺,在同一芯片上制成CPU、EPROM、静压、压差、温度等三种敏感元件。
智能化传感器的研究与开发,美国处于领先地位。美国宇航局在开发宇宙飞船时称这种传感器为灵巧传感器(Smart Sensor),在宇宙飞船上这种传感器是非常重要的。我国在这方面的研究与开发还很落后,主要是因为我国半导体集成电路工艺水平有限。
传感器的发展日新月异,特别是80年代人类由高度工业化进入信息时代以来,传感器技术向更新、更高的技术发展。美国、日本等发达国家的传感器技术发展最快,我国由于基础薄弱,传感器技术与这些发达国家相比有较大的差距。因此,我们应该加大对传感器技术研究、开发的投入,使我国传感器技术与外国差距缩短,促进我国仪器仪表工业和自化化技术的发展。
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离,该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好,但是其需要消耗大量的时间,并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时,这些问题显得更加突出。近年来,几种制备系统已经进行了改进,能将分离时间减少到1-3h,并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥(使用薄层色谱分析进行分析)。在这些方法中,在我们的实验室中,媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近,我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术,可用于反应产物的常规提纯,我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等(ΔR f≥),而且构建这个系统花费非常低,并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础,专门针对快速分离,介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的,优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本,放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内,使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间(r)和峰宽(w,w/2)的比率进行测定的(Figure 1),结果如图2-4所示,图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
The smart grid Smart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advanced control method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently. The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow. China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power. Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communication
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
Computer Program 1 Introduction Computer Program, set of instructions that directs a computer to perform someprocessing function or combination of functions. For the instructions to be carried out, a computer must execute a program, that is, the computer reads the program, and then follow the steps encoded in the program in a precise order until completion. A program can be executed many different times, with each execution yielding a potentially different result depending upon the options and data that the user gives the computer. Programs fall into two major classes: application programs and operating systems. An application program is one that carries out somefunction directly for a user, such as word processing or game-playing. An operating system is a program that manages the computer and the various resources and devices connected to it, such as RAM,hard drives, monitors, keyboards, printers, and modems,so that they maybe used by other programs. Examples of operating systems are DOS, Windows 95, OS\2, and UNIX. 2 Program Development Software designers create new programs by using special applications programs, often called utility programs or development programs. A programmer uses another type of program called a text editor to write the new program in a special notation called a programming language. With the text editor, the programmer creates a text file, which is an ordered list of instructions, also called the program source file. The individual instructions that make up the program source file are called source code. At this point, a special applications program translates the source code into machine language, or object code— a format that the operating system
五分钟搞定5000字-外文文献翻译 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节,许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献,借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多,慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器:Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸(完整版本)和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下: 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能,然后阅读文献; 2.遇到无法理解的长句时,可以交给Google处理,处理后的结果猛一看,不堪入目,可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了; 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解,感觉就是不同,那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误,因为某些单词看似很简单,但是在文献中有特殊的意思,这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思,由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献,所以它的吻合率很高。 另外,在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位,这样才不会造成“只见树木,不见森林”的误导。 注: 1、Google翻译:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3213543926.html,/language_tools google,众所周知,谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文,当然这方面的帖子很多,大家可以搜索,在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译, 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的,根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做,一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧,按中国人的办法,把一个一个词分着查出来,敲到google里,你的这种翻译一般不太准,当然你需要验证是否准确了,这下看着吧,把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索,你能看到许多相关的文献或资料,大家都不是笨蛋,看看,也就能找到最精确的翻译了,纯西式的!我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3213543926.html, CNKI翻译助手,这个网站不需要介绍太多,可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点,你进去看看就能发现:搜索的肯定是专业词汇,而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应(因为它是CNKI检索提供的,它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的),很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧,它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用,当然省事了。网址告诉大家,有兴趣的进去看看,你们就会发现其乐无穷!还是很值得用的。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3213543926.html, 3、网路版金山词霸(不到1M):https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3213543926.html,/6946901637944806 翻译时的速度: 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度,按个人翻译速度看,打印版的快些,因为看电子版本一是费眼睛,二是如果我们用电脑,可能还经常时不时玩点游戏,或者整点别的,导致最终SPPEED变慢,再之电脑上一些词典(金山词霸等)在专业翻译方面也不是特别好,所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本《英汉科学技术词典》,基本上挺好用。再加上网站如:google CNKI翻译助手,这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。 具体翻译时的一些技巧(主要是写论文和看论文方面) 大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人,在这里我强烈建议大家仔
快速外文文献翻译 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节,许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献,借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多,慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器:Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸(完整版本)和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下: 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能,然后阅读文献; 2.遇到无法理解的长句时,可以交给Google处理,处理后的结果猛一看,不堪入目,可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了; 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解,感觉就是不同,那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误,因为某些单词看似很简单,但是在文献中有特殊的意思,这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思,由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献,所以它的吻合率很高。 另外,在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位,这样才不会造成“只见树木,不见森林”的误导。 注: 1、Google翻译:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3213543926.html,/language_tools google,众所周知,谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文,当然这方面的帖子很多,大家可以搜索,在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译, 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的,根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做,一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧,按中国人的办法,把一个一个词分着查出来,敲到google里,你的这种翻译一般不太准,当然你需要验证是否准确了,这下看着吧,把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索,你能看到许多相关的文献或资料,大家都不是笨蛋,看看,也就能找到最精确的翻译了,纯西式的!我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3213543926.html, CNKI翻译助手,这个网站不需要介绍太多,可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点,你进去看看就能发现:搜索的肯定是专业词汇,而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应(因为它是CNKI检索提供的,它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的),很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧,它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用,当然省事了。网址告诉大家,有兴趣的进去看看,你们就会发现其乐无穷!还是很值得用的。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3213543926.html, 3、网路版金山词霸(不到1M):https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3213543926.html,/6946901637944806 翻译时的速度: 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度,按个人翻译速度看,打印版的快些,因为看电子版本一是费眼睛,二是如果我们用电脑,可能还经常时不时玩点游戏,或者整点别的,导致最终SPPEED变慢,再之电脑上一些词典(金山词霸等)在专业翻译方面也不是特别好,所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
第一篇: 航空博物馆与航空展示公园 巴特罗米耶杰·基谢列夫斯基 飞翔的概念、场所的精神、老机场的建筑---克拉科夫新航空博物馆理性地吸取了这些元素,并将它们整合到一座建筑当中。Rakowice-Czyzyny机场之前的旧飞机修理库为新建筑的平面和高度设定了模数比例。在此基本形态上进一步发展,如同裁切和折叠一架纸飞机,生成了一座巨大的建筑。其三角形机翼是由混凝土制成,却如同风动螺旋桨一样轻盈。这个机翼宽大通透,向各个方向开敞。它们的形态与组织都是依据内部功能来设计的。机翼部分为3个不平衡的平面,使内外景观在不断变化中形成空间的延续性,并且联系了建筑内的视觉焦点和室外的展览区。 新航空展示公园的设计连接了博物馆的8栋建筑和户外展览区,并与历史体验建立联系。从前的视觉轴线与通道得到尊重,旧的道路得到了完善,朝向飞机场和跑道的空间被限定出来。每栋建筑展示了一个主题或是一段飞行史。建筑周围伸展出巨大的平台,为特殊主题的室外展览提供了空间。博物馆容纳了超过150架飞机、引擎、飞行复制品、成套的技术档案和历史图片。这里的特色收藏是飞机起源开始的各种飞行器,如Jatho1903、Grade1909、莱特兄弟1909年的飞机模型和1911年的鸽式单翼机。 The first passage: Museum for aviation and aviation exhibition park Bartiomiej Kislelewski The idea of flying, the spirit of place, the structure of the historic airfield – the new Museum of Aviation in Krakow takes up these references intellectually and synthesizes them into a building. The old hangars of the former airport Rakowice Czyzyny set the modular scale for the footprint and the height of the new building. Developed from this basic shape, as if cut out and folded like a paper airplane, a large structure has been generated, with triangular wings made of concrete and yet as light as a wind-vane propeller. The wings are generously glazed and open in all directions. Their form and arrangement depend on the interior uses. In the floor plans of the wings, the three offset
盛年不重来,一日难再晨。及时宜自勉,岁月不待人。 机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域,主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思,还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性,还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉,机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处,只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而,应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前,必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面,应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如,即使将一个小数点的位置放错,也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法,而且愿意承担一定的风险,当新的方法不适用时,就使用原来的方法。因此,设计人员必须要有耐心,因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计,要求屏弃许多陈旧的,为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规,这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法,在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理,将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生,只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后,才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此,一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时,也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是,如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法,就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段,应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性,不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法,也会在设计的早期,即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样,才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常,要提出几套设计方案,然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中,采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
外文文献翻译 1 中文翻译 1.1钢筋混凝土 素混凝土是由水泥、水、细骨料、粗骨料(碎石或;卵石)、空气,通常还有其他外加剂等经过凝固硬化而成。将可塑的混凝土拌合物注入到模板内,并将其捣实,然后进行养护,以加速水泥与水的水化反应,最后获得硬化的混凝土。其最终制成品具有较高的抗压强度和较低的抗拉强度。其抗拉强度约为抗压强度的十分之一。因此,截面的受拉区必须配置抗拉钢筋和抗剪钢筋以增加钢筋混凝土构件中较弱的受拉区的强度。 由于钢筋混凝土截面在均质性上与标准的木材或钢的截面存在着差异,因此,需要对结构设计的基本原理进行修改。将钢筋混凝土这种非均质截面的两种组成部分按一定比例适当布置,可以最好的利用这两种材料。这一要求是可以达到的。因混凝土由配料搅拌成湿拌合物,经过振捣并凝固硬化,可以做成任何一种需要的形状。如果拌制混凝土的各种材料配合比恰当,则混凝土制成品的强度较高,经久耐用,配置钢筋后,可以作为任何结构体系的主要构件。 浇筑混凝土所需要的技术取决于即将浇筑的构件类型,诸如:柱、梁、墙、板、基础,大体积混凝土水坝或者继续延长已浇筑完毕并且已经凝固的混凝土等。对于梁、柱、墙等构件,当模板清理干净后应该在其上涂油,钢筋表面的锈及其他有害物质也应该被清除干净。浇筑基础前,应将坑底土夯实并用水浸湿6英寸,以免土壤从新浇的混凝土中吸收水分。一般情况下,除使用混凝土泵浇筑外,混凝土都应在水平方向分层浇筑,并使用插入式或表面式高频电动振捣器捣实。必须记住,过分的振捣将导致骨料离析和混凝土泌浆等现象,因而是有害的。 水泥的水化作用发生在有水分存在,而且气温在50°F以上的条件下。为了保证水泥的水化作用得以进行,必须具备上述条件。如果干燥过快则会出现表面裂缝,这将有损与混凝土的强度,同时也会影响到水泥水化作用的充分进行。 设计钢筋混凝土构件时显然需要处理大量的参数,诸如宽度、高度等几何尺寸,配筋的面积,钢筋的应变和混凝土的应变,钢筋的应力等等。因此,在选择混凝土截面时需要进行试算并作调整,根据施工现场条件、混凝土原材料的供应情况、业主提出的特殊要求、对建筑和净空高度的要求、所用的设计规范以及建筑物周围环
文献综述怎么写 1) 什么是文献综述? 文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后,经过理解、整理、融会贯通,综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。 2) 文献综述的写作要求 1、文献综述的格式 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果,而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样,但总的来说,一般都包含以下四部分:即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲,再根据提纲进行撰写工作。 前言,要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的目的、必要性、有关概念的定义,综述的范围,阐述有关问题的现状和动态,以及目前对主要问题争论的焦点等。前言一般200-300字为宜,不宜超过500字。 正文,是综述的重点,写法上没有固定的格式,只要能较好地表达综合的内容,作者可创造性采用诸多形式。正文主要包括论据和论证两个部分,通过提出问题、分析问题和解决问题,比较不同学者对同一问题的看法及其理论依据,进一步阐明问题的来龙去脉和作者自己的见解。当然,作者也可从问题发生的历史背景、目前现状、发展方向等提出文献的不同观点。正文部分可根据内容的多少可分为若干个小标题分别论述。 小结,是结综述正文部分作扼要的总结,作者应对各种观点进行综合评价,提出自己的看法,指出存在的问题及今后发展的方向和展望。内容单纯的综述也可不写小结。 参考文献,是综述的重要组成部分。一般参考文献的多少可体现作者阅读文献的广度和深度。对综述类论文参考文献的数量不同杂志有不同的要求,一般以30条以内为宜,以最近3-5年内的最新文献为主。 2、文献综述规定 1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据,要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。 2. 在文献综述时,研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。通常阅读文献不少于30篇,且文献搜集要客观全面 3. 在文献综述中,研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史,前人的主要研究成果,存在的问题及发展趋势等。 4. 文献综述要条理清晰,文字通顺简练。 5. 资料运用恰当、合理。文献引用用方括号[ ]括起来置于引用词的右上角。 6. 文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。不能混淆作者与文献的观点。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径,针对性强。 7. 文献综述不少于3000字。 3、注意事项 ⒈搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。 ⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。 ⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。引用文献不过多。文献综述的作者引用间接文献的现象时有所见。如果综述作者从他人引用的参考文献转引过来,这些文献在他人