2017-2018学年高中英语Unit2LanguageSectionⅠWelcometotheunit

Unit 2 Language Section Ⅰ Welcome to the unit & Reading

Pre reading

A website recently announced that the English language now has over 1 million words.Most Americans have a vocabulary of about 20,000 words.The most famous English speaker in history, William Shakespeare, used 30,000 words in his plays.That's a lot! But where do all these words come from? English likes to borrow words from other languages.For example, “fengshui”， the Chinese term, is now used by English speakers who want to arrange their furniture in harmony.In the age of the Internet, English language is growing more

quickly.Some experts believe that as many as 15 words join the English language every day.Now it is possible to share information quickly with people all over the world, and words from all languages are flying through a shared cyberspace.Speaking of cyberspace, it is a whole new vocabulary.The words like “cyber”，“blog”，“World Wide Web”，“WeChat” were rare ten years ago, but now we use them frequently in our daily life.Now it's hard to imagine the English language and the world without them!

Section_ⅠWelcome to the unit & Reading —Pre-reading

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English and its history All through① history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain.The English language is made up of②the grammar and vocabulary③these people brought to Britain.That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people④.

①all through 一直，从来就

②be made up of由……组成/构成

make up 编造；构成；弥补(for)；和解；化妆

③vocabulary/v?'k?bj?l?rI/n.词汇

these people brought to Britain是定语从句，修饰先行词the grammar and vocabulary，关系代词省略了。

④why引导表语从句，其中又包含that引导的定语从句。

英语及其历史

有史以来，在不列颠共同生活着来自许多不同国家和文化背景的人们。英语就是由这些人带到不列颠的语法和词汇构成的。那就是英语有如此多令人困惑不解的规则的原因。

Old English

Old English is very different from⑤ the English we speak nowadays⑥.In fact⑦， we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today.Before the middle of the 5th century, people in Britain all spoke a language called

Celtic⑧.Then two Germanic⑨ groups from the European mainland⑩— the Angles? and the Saxons?—occupied? Britain.Old English consisted of? a mixture? of their

⑤be different from ...与……不同

⑥nowadays/'na??deIz/adv.现在，如今

⑦in fact 事实上

⑧Celtic/'keltIk/n.凯尔特语

⑨Germanic/d???'m?nIk/adj.日耳曼语(族)的

⑩mainland/'meInl?nd/n.大陆

?Angle/'??ɡl/n.盎格鲁人?

Saxon/'s?ksn/n.撒克逊人

?occupy/'?kj?paI/vt.占领；占用(时间、空间等)

?consist of 由……组成/构成(＝be made up of)，无被动语态。

consist/k?n'sIst/vi.组成，构成

languages.(Both the English language and the English people are named after? the Angles; the word Angle was spelt Engle in Old English.) Aside from? place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of Old English.At the end of? the 9th century, the Vikings?， people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway ?， began to move to Britain.They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English○

21.By the 10th century, Old English had become the official○

22 language of England.

When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases○

23 to use.This is because English has many words and phrases from different

languages○24， but with similar meanings.For example○

25， the word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and the Saxons○26， while ill came from a word once used by the Norwegians○27.

?mixture/'mIkst??(r)/n.混合，混合体

?name after以……命名

?aside from除……之外

aside/?'saId/adv.除……之外

?at the end of ...在……末

?Viking/'vaIkI?/n.维京人，北欧海盗

?people from ...and Norway是the Vikings 的同位语。

○

21which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰languages。

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22official/?'fI?l/adj.官方的，正式的

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23phrase/freIz/n.词组，短语

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24This is because ...“这是因为……”，because引导表语从句。其中介词短语from different languages作定语，修饰words and phrases。

○

25for example 例如

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26过去分词短语once used by ...作后置定语，修饰a word。

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27while为并列连词，意为“而，然而”，表对比。

古英语

古英语和现在我们说的英语非常不同。事实上，如果我们今天听到古英语，会听不懂。公元5世纪中叶以前，不列颠所有的人都说一种叫凯尔特语的语言。后来，来自欧洲大陆的两个日耳曼部族——盎格鲁人和撒克逊人——占领了不列颠。古英语是由他们的语言混合而成的。(英语及英国人都是由盎格鲁人命名的；Angle这个词在古英语里拼作Engle。)除了

像London这样的地名外，极少数的凯尔特单词成了古英语的一部分。在9世纪末，来自北欧诸国例如丹麦和挪威的维京人开始向不列颠移居。他们带来了他们的语言，这些语言也与古英语交汇在了一起。到了10世纪，古英语已成为英格兰的官方语言。

现在，当我们讲英语时，我们有时会对用哪些单词或短语感到困惑。这是因为英语有着许多来自不同语言的单词和短语，但是这些单词和短语有着相似的意思。比如，sick一词就是来自盎格鲁人和撒克逊人曾经用过的一个词，而ill则来自曾经被挪威人用过的一个词。

Middle English

Middle English is the name given to the Englishused from around the 12th to the 15th centuries○28.Many things played a part in○

29 the development of this new type of English.The most important contribution○30 was from the Normans○

31， a

French-speaking people who defeated○

32 England and took control of○33 the country in 1066○

34.However○35，the Norman Conquest○

36 did not affect○37 English as much as the Angles and the Saxons' victory about 600 years earlier, which led to○

38 Old English replacing○39

Celtic○40.Even though the Normans spoke French for the entire○

41 250 years they ruled England○

42，French did not replace English as the first language.On the other hand○

43， the English language did borrow many words from

○

28given to ...是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰name。其中used from ...也是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰English。

○

29play a part in 在……中起作用，参与

○

30contribution/?k?ntrI'bju??n/n.贡献，促成因素；捐赠

make contributions to 为……做贡献

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31Norman/'n??m?n/n.&adj.诺曼人(的)

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32defeat/dI'fi?t/vt.击败，战胜

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33take control of控制，取得对……的控制

○

34who引导定语从句，修饰a French-speaking people。

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35however“然而”，可放在句首、句中或句末，但要注意标点。

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36the Norman Conquest/'k??kwest/诺曼征服(诺曼人对英格兰的军事征服)

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37affect vt.影响；感动；(疾病)侵袭effect n．影响

have an/no effect on对……有/没有影响

○

38lead to“导致”，其中to为介词。

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39replace/rI'pleIs/vt.替换，代替，取代

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40which引导非限制性定语从句。

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41entire/In'taI?(r)/adj.完全的，整个的

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42even though引导让步状语从句。

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43on the other hand 另一方面

French.This resulted in ○

44 even more words with similar meanings, such as ○

45answer (from Old English) and reply (from Old

French)．It is interesting to learn how the words for animals and meat developed.After the

Norman Conquest, many English

people worked as ○46servants ○47 who raised ○48 animals ○49.Therefore ○50， the words we use for most animals

raised for food ○51， such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old English.However, the words for

the meat of these animals, which

was served to the Normans ○52， came

from Old French ：beef, mutton ○53，

pork and bacon ○

54.

○44result in 造成，导致 ○45such as 诸如，比如

○46work as 担任，充当 ○47servant /'s ??v ?nt/n .仆人 ○

48raise /reIz/vt .养育，培养；举起；增加，提高；筹募；提及

○49who 引导定语从句，修饰servants 。 ○50therefore /'ee ?f ??(r)/adv .因此，所以 ○

51we use ...是定语从句修饰words ；raised for food 是过去分词短语作后置定语。 ○52which 引导非限制性定语从句。 ○

53mutton /'m ?tn/n .羊肉 ○54bacon /'beIk ?n/n .熏猪肉，咸猪肉

中古英语

中古英语是给大约12世纪到15世纪期间使用过的英语起的名字。在这一新型英语的发展中，许多事件起了作用。最重要的贡献来自讲法语的诺曼人，他们于1066年击败英格兰并控制了这个国家。然而，诺曼征服对英语的影响并不及约600年前盎格鲁人和撒克逊人的胜利对英语产生的影响，那场胜利导致古英语替代了凯尔特语。尽管诺曼人在统治英格兰的整整250年间一直讲法语，但是法语并没有取代英语成为第一语言。另一方面，英语也确实借用了许多法语单词。这造成了甚至更多意思相近的单词，比如answer(来自古英语)和reply(来自古法语)。了解有关动物和肉的词汇是怎样演变而来的是件挺有趣的事。诺曼征服之后，许多英国人以仆人的身份从事饲养动物的工作。因此，我们使用的表示专为食用而饲养的大多数动物的单词，比如cow(母牛)，sheep(绵羊)和pig(猪)，来自古英语。然而，由于这些动物的肉是供应给诺曼人的，所以指代这些动物的肉的词来自古法语，如beef(牛肉)，mutton(羊肉)，pork(猪肉)和bacon(熏猪肉，咸猪肉)。