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商务英语课后练习五翻译

P25页Chapter 1

Passage One

China's economy is driven not by exports but by investment, which accounts for over 40% of GDP. 中国的经济是由出口带动，而不是由投资，超过GDP的40％左右。This raises an additional concern: that weaker exports could lead to a sharp drop in investment because exporters would need to add less capacity. 这就提出了一个额外的担忧：出口疲软可能导致投资急剧下降，因为出口商需要增加的能力较弱。But Arthur Kroeber at Dragonomics, a Beijing-based research firm, argues that investment is not as closely tied to exports as is often assumed: over half of all investment is in infrastructure and property. 但是亚瑟在龙，北京的研究公司，克罗伯认为，投资不作为密切联系在一起的出口，这是常有假设：所有投资的一半以上的基础设施和财产。Mr Kroeber estimates that only 7% of total investment is directly linked to export production. 葛艺豪先生估计，总投资只有7％是直接关系到出口生产。Adding in the capital spending of local firms that produce inputs sold to exporters, he reckons that a still-modest 14% of investment is dependent on exports.在该产品出售给出口商投入当地企业资本支出增加，他估计，一个仍然适度投资的14％是依赖于出口。Total investment is unlikely to collapse while investment in infrastructure and residential construction remains firm. 总投资是不可能倒闭，而在基础设施和住宅建设投资依然坚定。

An American downturn will cause China's economy to slow. 美国经济一旦衰退将导致中国的经济放缓。But the likely impact is hugely exaggerated by the headline figures of exports as a share of GDP. 但可能产生的影响是严重夸大了，作为一个整体出口占GDP的比重数字。Dragonomics forecasts that in 2008 the contribution of net exports to China's growth will shrink by half. 龙预测，2008年对中国的净出口增长的贡献将缩减一半。If the impact on investment is also included, GDP growth will slow to about 10% from 11.5% in 2007.如果对投资的影响还包括，国内生产总值增长将放缓，从11.5％到2007年的10％左右。This is hardly catastrophic. 这是几乎是灾难性的。Indeed, given Beijing's worries about the economy overheating, it would be welcome. 事实上，由于北京对经济过热的忧虑，它会受到欢迎。

The American government frequently accuses China of relying excessively on exports. 美国政府经常指责中国过度依赖出口。But David Carbon, an economist at DBS, a Singaporean bank, suggests that America is starting to look like the pot that called the kettle black.但是大卫碳，一个在新加坡星展银行的经济学家认为，美国已经开始看起来像那个叫锅水壶黑。In the year to September, net exports accounted for more than 30% of America's total GDP growth in 2007. 在今年九月，净出口比重超过美国的国内生产总值2007年增长30％。Another popular belief looks ripe for reappraisal: it seems that domestic demand is a bigger driver of China's growth than it is of America's. 另一种流行的信念看起来成熟，再评价：看来，国内需求是中国经济增长比美国的更大的驱动程序。

Passage Two

A monopolistically competitive firm generally produces less output and charges a higher price than would be the case for a perfectly competitive industry. 一个垄断竞争企业普遍产生更少的输出和收费价格比将是一个完全竞争行业的案例。In particular, the price charged by a monopolistically competitive firm is greater than its marginal cost. 特别是，由一个垄断竞争企业收取的价格低于其边际成本。

The inequality of price and marginal cost violates the key condition for efficiency.价格和边际成本的不平等违背了效率的关键条件。Resources are NOT being used to generate the highest possible level of satisfaction. 资源没有被用来产生最高的满足程度。

The reason for this inefficiency is found with market control对于这种低效率的原因是发现市场的控制。. Because a monopolistically competitive firm has control over a small slice of the market, it faces a negatively-sloped demand curve and price is greater than marginal revenue, which is set equal to marginal cost when maximizing profit. 因为垄断竞争企业拥有了市场的一小片的控制，它面临着一个带负斜率需求曲线和边际收益的价格比，这是设置为等于边际成本时，利润最大化更大。

While monopolistic competition is technically inefficient, it tends to be less inefficient than other market structures, especially monopoly. 虽然在技术上是低效的垄断竞争，它往往要少效率比其他市场结构，特别是垄断。Even though price is greater than marginal revenue (and thus marginal cost), because the demand curve is relatively elastic, the difference is often relatively small. 虽然价格比边际收益更大（因此边际成本），因为需求曲线相对弹性，差异往往是相对较小。

For example, a monopoly that charges a $100 price while incurring a marginal cost of $20 creates a serious inefficiency problem例如，一个垄断收取100美元的价格，而同时也有20美元的边际成本造成严重的效率低下的问题。In contrast, the inefficiency created by a monopolistically competitive firm that charges a $50 price while incurring a marginal cost of $49.95 is substantially less. 与此相反，由一个垄断竞争企业的收费50元的价格，而同时也有49.95美元的边际成本创造了无效率的大幅度减少。

The closer marginal revenue is to price, the closer a monopolistically competitive firm comes to allocating resources according to the efficiency benchmark established by perfect competition. 越接近边际收益的价格，越接近一个垄断竞争企业来配置资源的效率基准，根据所建立的完全竞争。

In the grand scheme of economic problems, the inefficiency created by monopolistic competition seldom warrants much attention... and deservedly so. 在经济问题的宏伟计划，由垄断造成的低效率竞争非常值得关注的很少...和当之无愧的。

P75页Chapter 2

Passage One

The growth of international trade and investment has been stimulated partly by the steady decline of trade barriers since the Great Depression of the 1930s. 国际贸易和投资的增长刺激了部分由贸易壁垒自20世纪30年代大萧条的持续下降i n the post–World War II era, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,or GATT,was an agreement that prompted regular negotiations among a growing body of members to reciprocally reduce tariffs (import taxes) on imported goods on a reciprocal basis.在后二战时期，在关税与贸易总协定或总协定，是其中一项协议，促使越来越多的成员定期谈判，以减少对进口商品的相互对等的基础上关税（进口税）。During each of these regular negotiations (eight of these rounds were completed between 1948 and 1994), countries promised to reduce their tariffs on imports in exchange for concessions,or tariffs reductions,by other GATT members.在这些常规谈判每个（其中八轮1948年和1994年之间完成），各国承诺减少对进口的关税作出让步，关税削减或交换其他关贸总协定成员。When the most recently completed round, was finalized in 1994, the member countries succeeded in extending the agreement to include liberalization promises in a much

larger sphere of influence.当最近完成一轮，于1994年定稿，各成员国成功地扩大到包括在该协议的影响力更大范围的自由化承诺。Now countries not only would lower tariffs on goods trade but also would begin to liberalize the agriculture and services market.现在，国家不仅将降低货物贸易关税，但也将开始放开农业和服务市场。They would eliminate the many quota systems—like the multifiber agreement in clothing—that had sprouted up in previous decades.他们将取消配额制度的许多类似的服装，这已经在过去数十年发芽多纤维协定。And they would agree to adhere to certain minimum standards to protect intellectual property rights such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights. 而他们会同意遵守一些最起码的标准，以保护，如专利，商标，版权的知识产权。The WTO was created to manage this system of new agreements, to provide a forum for regular discussion of trade matters, and to implement a well-defined process for settling trade disputes that might arise among countries.世贸组织的成立是为了适应这种新的协议体系，提供一个贸易问题定期讨论论坛，并落实解决贸易争端的国家之间可能出现一个明确的过程。

As of 2006, 149 countries were members of the WTO “trade liberalization club,” and many more countries were still negotiating entry.截至2006年，149个国家对世界贸易组织“贸易自由化俱乐部”，和许多国家仍在谈判项目的成员。As the club grows to include more members—and if the latest round of trade liberalization discussion called the Doha round concludes with an agreement,world markets will become increasingly open to trade and investment.作为俱乐部的增长，包括更多的成员，而如果最新一轮贸易自由化的讨论所谓的多哈回合协议的结论是，世界市场将越来越开放的贸易和投资[Note:the Doha round of discussions was begun in 2001 and remains uncompleted as of August 2008.] [注：。多哈回合的讨论是在2001年开始并且仍然未完成2008年8月。]

Passage Two

Another international push for trade liberalization has come in the form of regional free trade agreements. 另一个推动贸易自由化的国际已经在区域自由贸易协定。Over two hundred regional trade agreements around the world have been notified, or announced, to the WTO. 在世界各地的二百区域贸易协定已通知，或宣布，世界贸易组织。Many countries have negotiated these agreements with neighboring countries or major trading partners to promote even faster trade liberalization. 许多国家已经通过谈判与邻国或主要贸易伙伴，促进贸易自由化的速度更快这些协议。In part, these have arisen because of the slow, plodding pace of liberalization under the GATT/WTO. 在某种程度上，这些都出现，因为缓慢，单调乏味根据关贸总协定/世贸组织贸易自由化的步伐。In part, the regional trade agreements have occurred because countries have wished to promote interdependence and connectedness with important economic or strategic trade partners. 在某种程度上，区域贸易协定的发生，因为国家有希望促进相互依存和具有重要经济或战略贸易伙伴的连通性。In any case, the phenomenon serves to open international markets even further than achieved in the WTO. 在任何情况下，这种现象旨在进一步打开国际市场比在世贸组织实现。

These changes in economic patterns and the trend toward ever-increasing openness are an important aspect of the more exhaustive phenomenon known as globalization. 这些经济格局的变化和对日益开放的趋势，称为全球化的一个更详尽的现象的一个重要方面。Globalization more formally refers to the economic, social, cultural, or environmental changes that tend to interconnect peoples around the world. 更正式，是指全球化的经济，社会，文化或环境变化，往往会在世界各地人民的互连。Since the economic aspects of globalization are certainly one of the most pervasive of these changes, it is increasingly

important to understand the implications of a global marketplace on consumers, businesses, and governments. 由于全球化的经济方面当然是其中最普遍的变化之一，是越来越重要了解一个对消费者，企业和政府全球市场的影响。That is where the study of international economics begins. 这就是国际经济学的研究开始。

P306页Chapter 7

Passage One

Whether you are flying high with savvy investments, rebounding from recent losses, or still struggling to get off the ground, you can save a bundle on your taxes if you make the right moves before the end of the year. 无论你是飞高，精明的投资，从近期跌势反弹，或仍挣扎着下车地面上，你可以节省你的税，如果你以前捆绑在今年年底采取正确的行动。Before you do anything, consider making income tax projections for this year and next (at least). 在你做任何事情之前，考虑今年和明年（至少）所得税预测。If your situation is complicated enough, you will need a software program or help from your tax preparer. 如果你的情况已经够复杂，你需要一个软件程序或帮助你报税。Once you have the numbers, however, you can see how any actions you take will affect your tax bill each year.一旦你拥有了数字,然而, 你可以看到你采取任何行动会影响你的税单每年。

Each year,Congress votes on anywhere from 90 to 100 new tax laws.每年，国会投票在任何地方从90到100个新税法。The tax loopholes and savings below,apply to each new tax year even if the amounts from year to year. 税收漏洞和储蓄下,适用于每一个新的纳税年度即使的金额,年复一年的。Most folks on salary don’t have much choice on when they get paid.大多数人靠工资没有多少选择,当他们得到报酬。But if you are one of the lucky ones in line for a year-end bonus, consider asking your employer to give it to you in January.但如果你是符合了年终奖金的幸运者之一，考虑要求雇主在一月给你。有些公司将能够帮助你，但由于严格的规则，其他人不能。Some companies will be able to help you out, but because of stringent rules, others can’t.有些公司将能够帮助你，但由于严格的规则，其他人不能。If you have consulting income, you might want to delay billing so that you will get paid next year. 如果你有咨询收入,你可能想要延迟帐单,这样你会得到支付的下个赛季。Of course, it only makes sense to defer income if you think you will be in the same or lower tax bracket next year. 当然，这只是推迟有意义的收入，如果你认为你会在相同或更低的税率是明年。You don’t want to be hit with a bigger tax bill next year if an extra chunk of income could push you into a higher income tax bracket. 你不想受到更大的税票明年如果额外的大块收入所能把你推向更高的所得税支架。

Contributing to charity is a noble way to get a deduction.捐款给慈善是一种高尚的方式得到一个推论。You can make the process easier on yourself if you donate appreciated stock or property rather than cash from the proceeds of a sale.你可以使这个过程更容易，如果你对自己从一个捐赠赞赏出售股票的收益或财产，而不是现金。You may be able to give more to the charity, and you avoid paying capital gains.您可能能够给更多的慈善机构，您避免支付资本收益。Be sure to give yourself plenty of time because it can take several weeks to transfer the stock or property.请务必给自己足够的时间，因为它可能需要几个星期的转让股票或财产。

Young taxpayers who may not have itemized deductions before should try bundling miscellaneous deductions such as tax preparation fees, job-hunting expenses, and professional dues to meet the IRS threshold of 2% of adjusted gross income.年轻的纳税人可能没有谁逐项扣除前应尽量准备捆绑收费，如税收，求职费用，杂项和专业费扣除，以满足调整后总收入的2％，美国国税局的门槛。Paying some of next year’s expenses in December might give you

enough expenses to put you over the line.Accelerating major deductions such as state income taxes, property taxes, and mortgage interest may help anyone, especially during a high-income year. 明年支付部分在12月费用可能给你足够的开支,立你在线催生重大扣除额如州所得税、财产税,抵押贷款利息可以帮助别人,尤其是在高收入的一年。

Passage Two

Lawmakers don't like to make waves during an election year, but as recession fears grow there may be just be some furious paddling ahead.议员们不喜欢让在大选之年的波浪，但随着经济衰退的担忧增长有可能仅仅是一些愤怒的划桨前进。

Congress returns from its holiday break next week, and the economy is clearly leading the agenda. 从假日休息下周返回国会，经济显然是领先的议程。Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke is scheduled to testify about the economic outlook at the House Budget Committee on Thursday, and Sen. Charles Schumer announced that a Joint Economic Committee hearing on Wednesday will be titled "What Should the Federal Government Do to Avoid a Recession?" 美国联邦储备委员会主席本伯南克定于作证在众议院预算委员会上周四的经济前景和参议员查尔斯舒默宣布，联合经济委员会听证会周三名为“联邦政府应怎样做才能避免经济衰退？“Clinton Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers will testify before the panel.克林顿的财政部长劳伦斯萨默斯将出庭作证前面板。Mr. Summers has been leading the call for fiscal stimulus from the government to head off a U.S. recession, and both parties have been warming to the idea. 萨默斯一直领先，从政府的财政刺激呼吁阻止美国经济衰退，双方已经变暖的想法。However, they remain divided over how to boost the economy, and the debate is likely to have major ramifications for the presidential elections.然而，他们依然在如何刺激经济分割，辩论可能对总统选举重大影响。

President Bush is considering a tax rebate of perhaps $500 for individuals to encourage spending and a change in tax laws that would allow companies to deduct from their taxes a substantial portion of investments in equipment, similar to moves made during his first term.美国总统布什正在考虑为个人，以鼓励消费500美元的退税可能，并在税收法律，允许公司从他们的税款中扣除了设备投资的很大一部分，类似于在其第一任期内做出动作的变化。In contrast, Democrats have floated proposals to extend unemployment benefits and increase food stamps, while favoring targeted tax rebates. 与此相反，民主党的建议，扩大浮动，增加失业救济食品券，而有利于针对性的退税。Of course any stimulus package also will face opposition from deficit hawks, who may oppose more spending even as the Treasury Department reported the budget deficit totaled $106 billion in the fiscal first quarter ended in December, 31% higher than the $80 billion deficit in the same period in fiscal year 2007.当然，任何经济刺激计划也将面临赤字鹰派，谁可能反对增加支出，尽管美国财政部公布的预算赤字总额为第一财政十二月止季度的1060亿美元，在同31％，比800亿美元的赤字较高的反对派在2007财年期间。

P346页Chapter 8

Passage One

The Human Resources Management (HRM) function includes a variety of activities, and key among them is deciding what staffing needs you have and whether to use independent contractors or hire employees to fill these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to various regulations. 人力资源管理职能包括多种行为，最关键的一点就是要决定你有什么必不可少的安置职工的方式，决定你是否用独立承包人或

者雇佣职工的方式来满足这些需求，招聘、培训最好的员工，确保他们的高层身份，处理绩效问题以及确保你的人事及管理习惯能符合各种规定。Activities also include managing your approach to employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies. 人力资源管理同样还包括对员工福利与赔偿、员工档案及人事政策的相关管理办法。Usually small businesses (for-profit or nonprofit) have to carry out these activities themselves because they can't yet afford part- or full-time help. 通常，一些小的企业（营利的或者非营利的）必须亲自执行这些行为，因为他们还支付不起那些全职或兼职人力资源服务的费用。However, they should always ensure that employees have -- and are aware of -- personnel policies which conform to current regulations. These policies are often in the form of employee manuals, which all employees have. 然而，他们应该确保员工知道那些符合当前规章制度的人事政策，这些政策一般应该写在员工手册上面，让每一个员工都能够看到。

Note that some people distinguish a difference between between HRM (a major management activity) and HRD (Human Resource Development, a profession). 注意，有些人将人力资源管理（一种主要的管理行为）与人力资源开发区别开来。Those people might include HRM in HRD, explaining that HRD includes the broader range of activities to develop personnel inside of organizations, including, eg, career development, training, organization development, etc. 他们将人力资源管理纳入到人力资源开发中，也就是说，他们对人力资源开发的解释更宽泛一点，包括发展组织内部人员，如职业发展，培训及组织发展等行为。There is a long-standing argument about where HR-related functions should be organized into large organizations. 关于与人事相关的职能中何处应组织到大组织中去，这个话题，是长期存在争论的。

The HRM function and HRD profession have undergone tremendous change over the past 20-30 years. 在过去二三十年里，人力资源管理职能和人力资源开发专业都经历了巨大的变化。Many years ago, large organizations looked to the "Personnel Department," mostly to manage the paperwork around hiring and paying people. More recently, organizations consider the "HR Department" as playing a major role in staffing, training and helping to manage people so that people and the organization are performing at maximum capability in a highly fulfilling manner.多年以前，大型组织指望“人事部门”主要是来管理聘用和支付员工的文书工作而已，但是近年来，组织视“人事部门”为一个很重要的部门，在员工安置、培训及促进人员管理方面发挥了重要的作用，使得公司和员工都能以高度满足的状态，发挥自己最大的能力去工作。

Passage Two

Telecommuting---substituting the computer for the trip to the job---has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work.远程办公---取代上班的往返到计算机---被作为对办公室工作相关的各种问题的解决方案欢呼。For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts. 对于工作者来说，它承诺不受办公室，更少的时间浪费在交通上的自由，帮助幼儿冲突。For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes tardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility.对管理者来说，电子交通有助于挽留高效率，最大限度地减少和消除上下班迟到旷工，允许高浓度的孤独时期的任务，并提供灵活的时间安排。In some areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, Washington, local governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour congestion and improve air quality. 在诸如南加利福尼亚和西雅图，华盛顿，一些地区，地方政府鼓励公司开始电子交通计划以减少交通高峰小时交通挤塞及改善空气质素。

But these benefits do not come easily.但这些益处也来之不易。Making a telecommuting program work requires careful planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular images.要使电子交通成功需要仔细的规划和对现实状况和流行之间的远程图像的差异的理解。Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter.许多工人都迷惑作为电子交通的美好幻想。A computer programmer from New York City moves to the tranquil Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer. 来自纽约市的电脑程序员移动接触了宁静的阿迪朗达克山脉和保持与她通过电脑办公。A manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at home the other two. 一位经理在他的办公室，每周三天在家里的其他两部作品。An accountant stays home to care for her sick child; she hooks up her telephone modern connections and does office work between calls to the doctor. 一位会计师在家照顾她生病的孩子，她接通她的电话的接头，并在同医生办公室电话工作。these are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality.这是强大的图像，但他们对现实有限的反映。Telecommuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time.电子交通者很快发现，这几乎是不可能的工作和照看集中在同一时间年轻的孩子。Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the necessary boundaries between work and family. 在某个年龄之前，小孩子不可能意识到，更不可能尊重工作与家庭之间的界限。Additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work done. 额外的子女抚养费是必要的，如果家长要完成工作。

Management too must separate the myth from the reality. 管理也必须分开现实的神话。Although the media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting in most cases it is the employee’s situation, not the availabili ty of technology that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement.That is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small.虽然媒体已付出了极大的关注，在大多数情况下，雇员的情况，而不是技术的可能性促成电子交通arrangement.That远程办公是为什么尽管有广泛的报导，公司与工号，在家中的方案或政策指引仍然很小。

P384页Chapter 9

Passage One

There are many different kinds of people, and they display about as many different buying patterns. 有许多不同类型的人，他们显示为许多不同的购买模式有关。That simple truth is well understood by those responsible for market research, product development, pricing, sales, and strategy. 这个简单的事实是由那些充分了解市场研究，产品开发，定价，销售和策略。But they haven’t been getting much help from a venerable technique—market segmentation—which, if properly applied, would guide companies in tailoring their product and service offerings to the groups most likely to purchase them.但他们并没有获得他们的产品从剪裁和服务的群体最有可能购买他们一个古老的技术，市场分割的，如果应用得当，将引导企业有很大帮助。Instead, market segmentation has become narrowly focused on the needs of advertising, which it serves mainly by populating commercials with characters that viewers can identify with—the marketing equivalent of central casting.相反，市场细分已成为狭隘地侧重于广告，它主要服务于通过填充的字符，观众可以认同，中央铸造相当于广告营销的需要。

This is hardly the state of affairs we anticipated 40 years ago when one of us introduced the concept of nondemographic segmentation in HBR as a corrective to the narrow reliance on

purely demographic ways of grouping consumers. 这是很难的事务，我们预计40年前，当我们一介绍了哈佛商业评论，作为对消费者的分组方式缩小纯粹依赖人口的nondemographic 纠正细分的概念状态。In 1964, in “New Criteria for Market Segmentation,” Daniel Yankelovich asserted that: 1964年，在“新市场区隔的标准，”丹尼尔扬克洛维奇断言：

1)Traditional demographic traits such as age, sex, education levels, and income no longer said enough to serve as a basis for marketing strategy. 如年龄，性别，教育程度，收入的传统人口统计特征不再说够了，作为市场营销战略的基础。

2)Nondemographic traits such as values, tastes, and preferences were more likely to influence consumers’ purchases than their demographic traits were. Nondemographic特征，如价值观，品味，喜好更可能影响消费者的购买超过其人口性状。

3)Sound marketing strategy depended on identifying segments that were potentially receptive to

a particular brand and product category. 完善的市场营销策略，依靠细分市场确定可能接受了某一品牌和产品类别。

The idea was to broaden the use of segmentation so that it could inform not just advertising but also product innovation, pricing, choice of distribution channels, and the like. 这个想法是扩大分割使用，因此，它可以告诉广告，而且不只是产品创新，定价，分销渠道的选择，等等。Yet today’s segmentations do very little of this, even though markets and media are, if anything, even more fragmented today than they were in 1964 and consumers even more diverse and accustomed to following their own tastes and impulses.然而，今天的这个区隔做得非常小，即使市场和媒体，如果有的话，更分散的今天比他们在1964年，消费者更多样化，习惯于按照自己的口味和冲动。

Segmentation can do vastly more than serve as a source of human types, which individually go by such colorful monikers as High-Tech Harry and Joe Six-Pack and are known collectively by the term “psychographics.”分割可以做的远远高于作为人类的类型，它们分别去为高新技术哈里和乔六包等丰富多彩的绰号，是已知的统称“消费心理。”Psychographics may capture some truth about real people’s lifestyles, at titudes, self-image, and aspirations, but it is very weak at predicting what any of these people is likely to purchase in any given product category. 源心理描绘可能捕捉一些真实的人的真理生活方式，态度，自我形象，和愿望，但它是非常弱的预测什么样的这些人很可能购买任何产品类别。It thus happens to be very poor at giving corporate decision makers any idea of how to keep the customers they have or gain new ones.因此，它正好是在任何给企业决策者如何保持客户，他们已经或获得新的想法非常差。

The failings of psychographics, however, and the disappointments it has produced in its users, should not cast doubt on the validity of careful segmentation overall.失败的心理描绘，然而，它在它的用户产生的失望，应该不会令人对精心分割的整体有效性产生了怀疑。Indeed, marketers continue to rely on it, and line executives increasingly demand segmentations that the whole enterprise can put into action.事实上，营销人员继续依靠它，一线经理的需求日益分割，整个企业能够付诸行动。Because of the technique’s underlying validity, and managers' continuing need for what it can do, there’s good reason to think that segmentation’s drift from its original purpose and potency can be halted. 由于技术的基础有效性，和经理的持续它能做什么需要，有很好的理由认为分割的从原来的目的和效力漂移可以停止。Good segmentations identify the groups most worth pursuing—the underserved, the dissatisfied, and those likely to make a first-time purchase, for example. 良好的分割识别群体最值得追求的，是低下的，不满意，和那些可能使例如一第一次购买。They are dynamic—they recognize that the first-time purchaser may become underserved or dissatisfied if his or her situation changes.它们是动态

的，他们认识到第一次购买者可以成为欠缺或不满意，如果他或她的情况的变化。And they tell companies what products to place before the most susceptible consumers.他们告诉企业什么产品放在最容易受到消费者的面前。

Passage Two

Philip Kotler is the Distinguished Professor of International Marketing at the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. Kellogg was voted the "Best Business School" for six years in Business Week's survey of US business schools. It is also rated as the "Best Business School for the Teaching of Marketing".菲利普科特勒是国际营销的管理，西北大学，埃文斯顿，白细胞介素凯洛格商学院特聘教授。凯洛格六年被评为商业周刊的调查，美国企业schools.It年的“最佳商学院”也被评为“最佳商学院市场营销教学”。Professor Kotler has significantly contributed to Kellogg's success through his many years of research and teaching there. 科特勒教授做出了重大贡献，通过研究和教学那里住着他的许多年，He received his master's Degree at the University of Chicago and his Ph.D.at MIT, both in economics. 凯洛格的成功上收到的芝加哥大学和他的Ph.D.at麻省理工学院经济学两个硕士学位。He did post-doctoral work in mathematics at Harvard University and in behavioral science at the University of Chicago. 他并在哈佛大学和芝加哥大学的行为科学博士后在数学的工作。

Professor Kotler is the author of : Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control, the most widely used marketing book in graduate business schools worldwide; Principles of Marketing; Marketing widely Models; Strategic Marketing for Non-Profit Organizations; The New Competition; High Visibility; Social Marketing; Marketing Places; Marketing for Congregations; Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism; The Marketing of Nations and Kotler on Marketing. 科特勒教授是作者：市场营销管理：分析，规划，实施和控制，在全球商学院研究生使用最广泛的营销书;市场营销原理，市场营销广泛的模式;战略为非营利组织的市场营销，新的竞争;高能见度，社会营销，市场营销额，市场营销为毕业典礼，为酒店和旅游市场营销; He has published over one hundred articles in leading journals,several of which have received best-article awards. 万国科特勒营销和对Marketing.He发表了超过一百篇的主要期刊，其中一些已收到最佳文章奖。

Professor Kotler was the first recipient of the American Marketing Association's (AMA) "Distinguished Marketing Educator Award" (1985). 科特勒教授是美国营销协会（AMA）的“杰出营销教育家奖”（1985年）的首位获得者。The European Association of Marketing Consultants and Sales Trainers awarded Kotler their prize for "Marketing Excellence," He was chosen as the "Leader in Marketing Thought" by the Academic Members of the AMA in a 1975 survey. 市场营销顾问和销售培训师协会颁发的欧洲科特勒为他们的奖“杰出市场策划，”他被选为“的营销思想领袖”由玛是1975年的学术调查员。He also received the 1978 "Paul Converse Award" of the AMA, honoring his original contribution to marketing. 他还获得了1978年的反垄断法“保罗匡威奖”，表彰他的原创性贡献marketing.In 1989 he received the Annual Charles Coolidge Parlin Marketing Research Award. In 1989年，他获得了年度查尔斯柯立芝帕林营销研究奖。1995, the Sales and Marketing Executives International (SMEI) named him "Marketer of the Year." 1995年，国际销售和市场专员（SMEI）评为“年度最佳销售商。”

Professor Kotler has consulted for such companies as IBM, General Electric, AT&T, Honeywell, Bank of America, Merck and others in the areas of marketing strategy and planning, marketing organization, and international marketing他科特勒教授曾征询作为

IBM，通用电气，AT＆T公司，霍尼韦尔，美国，默克公司和银行等其他公司的营销战略和规划，营销组织，国际营销等领域。.

He has been Chairman of the College of Marketing of the Institute of Management Sciences,a Director of the American Marketing Association,a Director of the MAC Group,a former member of the Yankelovich Advisory Board and a member of the Copernicus Advisory Board of the Drucker Foundation.He has received honorary doctoral degrees from the Stockholm University,University of Zurich,Athens University of Economics and Business,DePaul University,the Cracow School of Business and Economics and Business Administration in Vienna,Budapest University of Economic Science and Public Administration,and the Catholic University of Santo Domingo. 他一直在对管理科学研究所，是美国市场营销协会，一个MAC集团董事，扬克洛维奇咨询委员会的前成员和对哥白尼咨询委员会成员的董事的德鲁克营销本科主席Foundation.He已收到来自斯德哥尔摩大学，苏黎世大学，雅典经济与商业，德保罗大学，经济及工商管理学院和工商管理克拉科夫在维也纳，布达佩斯经济科学和公共管理，以及大学荣誉博士学位圣多明各的天主教大学。

He has traveled extensively throughout Europe, Asia, and South America, advising and lecturing to many companies about how to apply sound economic and marketing science principles in order to increase their competitiveness. He has also advised governments on how to develop and position the skill sets and resources of their companies for global competition. 他广泛游历遍及欧洲，亚洲，南美洲，咨询和讲授如何应用科学的良好的经济和市场原则，以提高他们的竞争力，许多公司。他还建议就如何发展和定位的技能和对全球的竞争，公司资金的政府。

P432 页Chapter 10

Passage One

In financial accounting, a balance sheet or statement of financial position is a summary of the financial balances of a sole proprietorship, a business partnership or a company. 财务会计，资产负债表或财务状况表是对一个独资企业，合伙企业或公司的财务结余摘要。Assets, liabilities and ownership equity are listed as of a specific date, such as the end of its financial year. 资产，负债和所有者权益被列为一个具体日期，如在其财政年度结束。 A balance sheet is often described as a snapshot of a company's financial condition. 资产负债表是经常被描述为一个公司的财务状况的快照。Of the four basic financial statements, the balance sheet is the only statement which applies to a single point in time. 在这四个基本财务报表，资产负债表是唯一的声明，适用于在单个时间点。

A company balance sheet has three parts: assets, liabilities and shareholders' equity. 一个公司的资产负债表三部分组成：资产，负债和股东权益。

The main categories of assets are usually listed first and are followed by the liabilities. 资产的主要类别通常是先列出，并由负债之后。The difference between the assets and the liabilities is known as equity or the net assets or the net assets or the net worth of the company:according to the accounting equation,net worth must equal assets minus liabilities. 之间的资产和负债的差额称为资产或净资产或净资产或公司的净资产：根据会计方程式，必须相等于资产净值减去负债。

Another way to look at the same equation is that assets equals liabilities plus net worth.This is how a balance sheet is presented,with assets in one section and liabilities and net worth in the other section The sum of these two sections must be equal:they

must"balance"另一种方式来看待相同的方程为资产等于负债加净worth.This资产负债表是如何提出，在一节中与负债及资产净值与在其他部分中的这两个部分的总和必须是平等的：他们必须“平衡”

Records of the values of each account or line in the balance sheet are usually maintained using a system of accounting known as the double-entry bookkeeping system. 对每个账户或在资产负债表行的值的记录，通常维持使用的会计作为复式簿记系统已知的系统。

A business operating entirely in cash can measure its profits by withdrawing the entire bank balance at the end of the period, plus any cash in hand. 一个企业的经营完全以现金可以衡量撤回在期末全行平衡其利润，加上手头现金。However, many businesses are not paid immediately; they build up inventories of goods and they acquire buildings and equipment. 然而，许多企业没有立即支付，他们建立的商品清单和他们取得的建筑物和设备。In other words: businesses have assets and so they can not, even if they want to, immediately turn these into cash at the end of each period换句话说：企业拥有资产，所以他们不能，即使他们想，马上变成现金的期末这些。Often, these businesses owe money to suppliers and to tax authorities, and the proprietors do not withdraw all their original capital and profits at the end of each period. 通常，这些企业欠的钱给供应商和税务机关，东主不撤回在每一期结束所有的原始资本和利润。In other words businesses also have liabilities. 也就是说在企业也有责任。

Psaage Two

The FASB’s objective for participating in international activities is to increase the international comparability and the quality of standards used in the United States. FASB的参与国际活动的目的是增加国际可比性和在美国使用的标准质量。This objective is consistent with the FASB’s obligation to its domestic constituents, who benefit from comparability of information across national borders. 这个目标是与FASB的国内选民的义务，谁从跨越国界的信息的可比性利益是一致的。The FASB pursues that objective in cooperation with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and national standard setters. FASB的追求与国际会计准则委员会（IASB）和国家标准制定机构的合作这一目标。

The FASB believes that the ideal outcome of cooperative international accounting standard-setting efforts would be the worldwide use of a single set of high-quality accounting standards for both domestic and cross-border financial reporting. 财务会计准则委员会认为，合作的国际会计标准制定工作理想的结果将是一个高质量的会计标准，单套为国内和跨国财务报告世界范围内使用。At present, a single set of high-quality international accounting standards that is accepted in all capital markets does not exist. 目前，高质量的国际会计标准的单集，在所有的资本市场接受不存在。In the United States, for example, domestic firms that are registrants with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) must file financial reports using U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). 在美国，例如，目前与证券及交易委员会登记的国内企业（SEC）的文件，必须使用美国公认会计原则（GAAP）的财务报告。Foreign firms filing with the SEC can use U.S. GAAP, their home country GAAP, or international standards—although if they use their home country GAAP or international standards, foreign issuers must provide a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP. 外国公司向证券交易委员会备案可以使用美国公认会计原则，其本国会计准则，或国际标准，但如果他们使用本国会计准则或国际标准，外国发行人必须

提供一个和解的美国公认会计准则

The FASB engages in a variety of activities in pursuit of the goals of high-quality international standards and increased convergence of the accounting standards used in different nations. 财务会计准则委员会从事了在高品质的国际标准为追求目标的各种活动，并增加了在不同国家所采用的会计准则趋同。Almost every FASB project is a matter of interest in some other country or with the IASB. 几乎每一个项目是财务会计准则委员会，在一些其他国家或国际会计准则委员会关注的问题。This section of the website provides information on the FASB’s international activities and its relationship with other standard setters around the globe. 网站的这一节提供的信息在财务会计准则委员会的国际活动，并与世界各地的其他标准制定机构的关系。

P470 页Chapter 11

Passage Two

Can the economic boom of the 1990s that has resulted in faster growth and lower inflation in the U.S. spread to other economies around the world? This technology-driven economy has been a result of a willingness to undertake risky investments in innovative information technology, combined with changes in U.S. financial markets, governments, and corporations to cut costs and increase flexibility and efficiency. The U.S. has been particularly successful in the ability to fund innovative companies at an early stage through venture capital. One dollar of venture capital produces 3-5 times more patents than a dollar of R&D spending. The major justification for spending money on information technology is that it supports restructuring and cost cutting. A global benefit is that it makes data available worldwide.经济繁荣90年代引起了快速的增长和较低的通胀在美国蔓延到其他的经济体在世界吗?该技术驱动的经济已经由于愿意承担风险投资信息技术创新的结合改良的美国金融市场、政府和企业削减成本,并增加灵活性和效率。美国一直是相当成功的能力基金富有创新精神的公司通过在早期风险资本。对风险资本的生产1美元2 ~ 5倍比一元更多的专利研发支出。主要的理由把钱花在信息技术支持体制改革和削减成本。全球的好处是,它使数据世界各地。

Can these changes be made in Europe and Asia? Certain factors are necessary to accommodate and support a climate of innovation and technology. For one, domestic markets must be open to foreign trade. This openness creates competition for domestic companies and the impetus to make changes or be left behind. Second, the infrastructure must support technology-driven change as it has in the U.S. However, it is a slower process in countries such as Europe and Asia where the culture has favored caution over risk. For example, the two largest central banks in Europe have adopted a policy of raising rates at the slightest hint of inflation, which cuts off the demand needed to justify business investment. On the other hand, some changes are beginning to take place such as corporate restructuring and financial market changes that support innovation. Still, Europe is two to three years behind the U.S., and Asia lags Europe.这些变更在欧洲和亚洲吗?某些因素是很有必要的,可以容纳和支持气候创新和科技。一、国内市场要对外开放贸易。这个开放可以产生竞争对国内公司和的动力修改或被甩在后面。第二,基础设施必须支持技术驱动的变化是在美国无论如何,这是一个缓慢的过程在一些国家如欧洲和亚洲各国文化偏爱谨慎在风险。例如,这两个最大的欧洲中央银行采取一种策略,提高利率的最轻微的暗示,通货膨胀的需求被自动切断找到合理的商业投资。另一方面,一些开始发生变化,如企业重组和金

融市场的变化,支持创新。然而,欧洲是两到三年内在美国和亚洲滞后于欧洲One limit to the spread of the new technology-driven economy worldwide is finding enough skilled and computer-literate workers. Technology-driven growth creates more jobs than it destroys. Currently, Indian universities graduate 122,000 engineers every year while the U.S. graduates 63,000. 40% of China's graduates are engineers. The high-tech industry in the U.S. has used immigrants and foreign students to fill the newly-created jobs. One estimate is that the demand for skilled workers will exceed supply by 20% in Western Europe in 2002. Thus, opening opportunities to foreign workers will also be key in Europe. 1个极限的传播全球经济的新技术,找到足够熟练使用电脑的工人。技术驱动的增长将创造出更多的工作机会破坏。目前,印度的大学每年12万2000工程师毕业当美国63000名毕业生,40%的中国的毕业生是工程师。高新技术产业在美国曾用移民和外国学生把新建的工作。有人估计,技术工人的需求将超过20%的供应在西欧的2002年。因此,打开机遇也会对外国工人关键在欧洲。

P511 页Chapter 12

Passage One

We touched on the issue of cultural controls in the previous section when we discussed organization culture as a means of facilitating cooperation. Cultural controls exist when employees "buy into" the norms and value systems of the firm. When this occurs, employees tend to control their own behavior, which reduces the need for direct supervision. In a firm with a strong culture, self-control can reduce the need for other control systems. 我们谈到了在上一节我们讨论时，作为促进合作的手段组织文化对文化的控制问题。当员工的文化控制存在的规范和价值体系的坚定“为买”。当发生这种情况，员工倾向于控制自己的行为，从而降低对直接监管的需要。在与一个强大的企业文化，自我控制可以减少对其他控制系统的需要。

McDonald's is a good example of a firm that actively promotes organizational norms and values. McDonald's refers to its franchisees and suppliers as partners and emphasizes its long-term commitment to them. This commitment is not just a public relations exercise; it is backed up by actions, including a willingness to help suppliers and franchisees improve their operations by providing capital and/or management assistance when needed. In response, McDonald's franchisees and suppliers are integrated into the firm's culture and become committed to helping McDonald's succeed. One result is that McDonald's can devote less time than would otherwise be necessary to controlling its franchisees and suppliers. 麦当劳是一个公司，积极推动组织规范和价值观的好例子。麦当劳的特许经营是指它的供应商作为合作伙伴，并强调其长期承诺给他们。这一承诺不仅是行使公共关系，它是后盾的行动，包括愿意帮助供应商和特许经营商通过提供资金和/或管理时，需要他们的援助行动。作为回应，麦当劳的特许经营商和供应商都融入了公司文化，成为致力于帮助麦当劳的成功。其结果之一是，麦当劳可以投入较少的时间比其他有必要控制其特许经营商和供应商。

Cultural control is very difficult to build. Substantial investments of time and money are required to cultivate organizationwide norms and value systems. As we saw earlier, this involves defining and clarifying the company mission or vision, disseminating the desired norms and value systems through management education programs, leading by example, and adopting appropriate human relations policies. Even with all these devices in place, it

may take years to establish a common, cohesive culture in an organization. 文化控制是非常难以建立。时间和大笔投资，需要培养组织内部的规范和价值体系。正如我们前面看到的，这涉及到界定和澄清公司的使命或愿景，传播所需的规范，并通过管理教育课程的价值体系，以身作则，并采取适当的政策人际关系。即使所有这些地方的设备，它可能需要数年时间建立一个共同的组织，有凝聚力的文化

Passage Two

Communication is a process of flowing information such as thoughts and ideas from senders to receivers. The information they shared should be understood by both the senders and the receivers. The process of communication beginning with senders, who encode ideas that can be sent in written, visual, or other forms to the receivers. Then, receivers will decode the messages and try to understand what the senders want to transfer. 沟通是一种流动，如从发送者的想法和思路接收信息的过程。他们共同的信息都应该被理解的发送者和接收者。沟通的过程的开始与发件人，谁编码，可以采取书面形式，视觉，或其他形式发送到接收器的想法。接着，接收器将解码的消息，并尝试了解发送者要转移。

However, this process may be interrupted by noise which hinders communication. As a result, there would be some changes and distortions of the original message. To check the effectiveness of communication, we should have feedback to see whether a message has been effectively encoded, transmitted, decoded and understood. 然而，这个过程可能会受到噪音干扰，阻碍沟通。因此，会有一些变化，原来的信息扭曲。要检查沟通的有效性，我们应该有一个反馈，看是否得到了有效的信息编码，传输，解码和理解

In an organization, managers need information for doing a good job, the information flow includes downward, upward and horizontal. 在组织中，管理者需要做好信息，信息流，包括向下，向上和水平。

Downward communication-- it means flowing information from people at the higher level to people at the lower level in an organization. Downward communication includes giving instruction, speeches, meetings, objectives or rules. 下行沟通- 这意味着从人民的信息流在较高的水平在一个组织中下级的人。下行沟通，包括提供教学，演讲，会议，目标或规则。

Upward communication— it means flowing information from people at the lower level to people at the higher level in an organization, subordinates may inform working progress or problems to their managers. This upward communication can help managers to recognize the feeling, the production performance of employees and marketing information, etc. 上行沟通，这意味着从人民的信息流在较低水平，在更高层次上组织的人，下属可通知工作进展或问题，他们的经理。这种向上的沟通可以帮助管理者认识到的感觉，员工的生产性能和市场信息等

Horizontal communication-- it means flowing of information among people on the same organizational level. This kind of communication helps speeding up information flow, improving understanding, coordinating efforts for the achievement of organization goals. 横向沟通- 这意味着信息流之间就同一组织层次的人。这种类型的沟通有助于加快信息流，提高认识，协调的组织目标的实现努力。

商务英语句子及翻译

1、The market leader is frequently able to lead other firms in the introduction of new products, in price changes, in the level or intensity of promotions, and so on. 市场领导者在引进新产品、调整价格、促销活动等方面能够领导其它企业。 2、Contrary to a common belief, wholly dominating a market, or having a monopoly, is seldom an advantage: competitors expand markets and find new uses and users for products, which enriches everyone in the field, but the market leader more than its competitors. 和普遍看法相反，完全控制市场，或者垄断，很难有优势：竞争者扩大市场，寻找产品的新用途和客户，从而使这个领域的人富有，但是市场领导者比竞争者得到更多。 3、In the car hire business, the challenger actually advertises this fact: for many years Avis used the slogan ‘We’re number two. We try harder.’ 在汽车市场，竞争者登广告的真相是：阿维斯多年来一直用这个标语“我们是第二，我们一直很努力。” 4、Although small companies are generally flexible, and can quickly respond to market conditions, their narrow range of customers causes problematic fluctuations in turnover and profit. 尽管一些小公司很灵活，能够迅速对市场情况做出反应，他们有限的范围内的客户们导致翻覆波动和利润的不确定。5、Although the market could understand data concerning companies’earnings, it was highly inefficient in valuing assets, including land, buildings and pension funds. 尽管市场能够获悉企业收入的资料，对价值资产的利用效率非常低，包括土地，建筑和养老基金。 6、The ideal targets for such buyouts were companies with huge cash reserves that enabled the buyer to pay the interest on the debt, or companies with successful subsidiaries that could be sold to repay the principal, or companies in fields that are not sensitive to a recession such as food and tobacco.

商务英语翻译试题(二)试卷及答案-2

商务英语翻译试题（二） Ⅰ词汇测试题：（2题，每题10分，共20分） 1．该组有10个商务英语英文词或词组，下面均有英文词或词组来进行解释。请将正确的选项标出，要求英英转换意义准确，符合商务英语规范。（10分） (1) promote A. to encourage the popularity, sale or development B. to change or vary C. to act as judge in an argument D. to speak or write to someone (2) to address A. to speak or write to someone, or to direct information at someone. B. to offer, supply C. to stipulate D. to come up with ideas (3) to indemnify A. to pay for the damage B. to state something officially C. to suggest an idea D. to use something instead of another (4) to cancel an order A. to confirm an order B. to deliver a letter C. to recommend a candidate D. to make void or of no effect (5) ceiling A. upper limit B. cancellation C. bottom D. the lowest point (6) tide over A. to help sb. during a period of difficulty B. to spend a lot of time doing C. to tie to sth. D. to try one’s best (7) carry out A. to take away B. to perform or complete C. to give or offer something D. to suggest an idea (8) to complicate A. to finish something B. to be dissatisfied with something C. to make something more difficult to deal with D. to compare with something (9) to put on an event A. to come up with ideas B. to come on for sth. 2

商务英语翻译：商务英语五大实用翻译技巧

商务英语翻译：商务英语五大实用翻译技巧商务英语是为国际商务活动这一特定的专业学科服务的专门用途英语，所涉及的专业范围很广，并具有独特的语言现象和表现内容、文体复杂。商务英语翻译要求翻译者具备丰富的商务理论和商务实践知识，为了提高翻译质量，翻译者必须具备一定的自身条件：第一，翻译者的汉语功底要好很多人容易忽视这一点，认为汉语是自己的母语，应付翻译中的问题应该是绰绰有余的。然而，在真正的翻译过程中，常常为了一个词语或者一个句型，冥思苦想了半天也得不到一个满意的结果。由此可见，汉语表达能力和对汉语理解能力的大小直接影响翻译的好坏。下功夫学好汉语，打好汉语基础对于翻译是十分重要的。第二，英语语言能力要强全面的语法知识和大量的词汇量缺一不可。如果只有大量的词汇量，而没有较好的英语语法知识，翻译过程中译者的理解肯定是错误百出，牛头不对马嘴。因此，我们要提高在英汉翻译中对于英文句子理解的准确性及汉英翻译中英文表达的准确性。第三，知识面要广商务英语翻译中要很好的做到这一点，就要掌握商务理论和贸易实务等理论知识及贸易实践经验。同时译者还要具有丰富的百科知识，对天文地理、古今中外不说通晓，至少也要了解其中的一些基本知识。没有一定的常识，即使语言水平再高，也是难以胜任翻译工作的。

以下介绍的是商务英语中主要的五大实用翻译技巧：一、一词多义同一个词，由于语境不同，其词义可千差万别。例： 1、They cannot obtain credit at all in the trade. 他们生意信誉已荡然无存。 2、They have opened the covering credit with the Bank of China,London. 他们已从伦敦中国银行开立了有关信用证。同一个词credit，而在不同的语境中，意思大有不同。二、词类转译词类转译是国际商务翻译中常见的译词技巧。常见的有名词与动词、介词与动词的互相转译。例： 1、Before the payment of these tariffs, the imported goods will bein the custody of the customs. 交关税前，进口货物由海关保管。( 由于语法限制，只有用名词形式，但译成汉语时，”payment”译作“交”) 2 、We should advise you to get in touch with them for your requirements. 建议你方与他们取得联系，洽购所需商品。三、词义引伸

商务英语句子翻译整理

1、我们愿与贵公司建立业务往来。 We are willing to establish trade relations with your company. 2、我们愿为发展双方贸易提供机会。 We wish to offer you an opportunity to develop bilateral trade. 3、我公司经营电子产品的进出口业务，希望与贵方建立商业关系。 This corporation specializes in importing and exporting electronic products and wishes to enter into business relations with you. 4、根据你公司1月20日来函要求，现附寄目录一份。 As requested in your letter of Jan.20, we enclose a copy of our catalogue. 5、对你努力为我公司开拓市场，深表感谢 We very much appreciate your efforts to explore the market for our products. 6、我们相信，我们双方的业务将随着时间的推移而得到发展。 We are sure that the business between us will be promoted in years to come. 7、我们保证对于贵方的询价给予充分的重视。 We assure you of our best attention to any inquiries from you. 8、殷切地盼望早日来函。We anticipate a prompt reply from you. 9、如果你方报价具有竞争性，交货期可接受的话，我们愿向你方订货。 We shall be very glad to place our order with you if your quotation is competitive and delivery date acceptable. 10、一旦收到你方具体询价，我们将电告报价。 As soon as we receive your specific inquiry, we will cable our quotation. 11、如果你方有兴趣，请电告我方，说明所需数量。 If you are interested, please cable us, indicating the quantity you require. 12、此发价为实盘，以你方在本月底前复到有效。 This offer is firm, subject to your reply which should reach us not later than the end of this month. 13、我们对贵方发盘颇感兴趣，几日内将给予明确答复。 We find your offer very interesting and shall give you a definite reply in a few days. 14、鉴于我们长期的贸易关系，特报此盘。 It is in view of our longstanding business relationship that we make you such an offer. 15、这是我方最新价格单，您会发现我们价格是具有竞争性的。 This is our latest price list. You will find our price is very competitive. 16、如果你方订货数量大，价格还可以进一步考虑。 We can reconsider our price if your order is big enough. 17、若你方愿降低价格，比方说百分之五，我们愿向你方试订此货。 Should you be prepared to reduce the price by, say 5%, we should place trial order with you. 18、鉴于我们已按此价与买主大量成交，我们不可能再降价了。 In view of the fact that we have done a lot of business with buyers at this price, we cannot reduce our price any further. 19、我们建议你方再次考虑发价，使之与国际市场价格一致起来。 We suggest that you reconsider your price, and bring it into line with the international market price. 20、我方决定再作百分之二的让步，希望这能有助于你方推销产品。 We have decided to make a further concession of 2% in the hope that this will help you push the sales of our

商务英语翻译测试题及答案

商务英语翻译测试题及答案集团档案编码：[YTTR-YTPT28-YTNTL98-UYTYNN08]

I. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meanings of words italicized.(15%) 1. The above quoted are the articles in great demand, which have won a high reputation in various markets. 2. The articles in this agreement must not be modified and ended

without the agreement by the both parties. 3. However, the tariff should not be greater in amount than the margin of price caused by dumping. 4. As usual, the lion’s share of the budget is for defense. 5. He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.

II. Translate the following sentences with extension.(15%) 1. There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of Hitler. 2.China, which posted its highest growth rate in a decade, is Asia’s new star performer. 3. John took to his studies eagerly, and proved an adept pupil.

商务英语翻译技巧

商务英语翻译技巧摘要商务英语(Business English)是一种含有商务理论和实用商务的理论。在经济信息日益发达的现代社会，随着国际贸易的发展，商务英语翻译的作用越来越明显。本文，大致分为五个部分对商务英语翻译技巧进行分析。文章第一部分概括了商务英语以及商务英语翻译；第二部分分别从商务英语的文体特征、语言特点对其进行分析；之后三个部分分别介绍了翻译的方法和翻译的原则。最后进行总结。得出商务英语的翻译机巧和方法。关键字：商务英语；翻译技巧；特点；文体特征前言商务英语是以国际间的商务往来为基础的语言交流，商务英语包括的范围比较广，例如：金融方面的英语、贸易英语、还有一些专业的英语等。这也说明了商务英语所涉及的范围比较广泛，涉及各行各业，这也就决定了从事商务英语翻译的人不仅仅需要有扎实的英语基本功，还有对其他方面的英语进行了解，这样一来才能使交易双方能够更好地沟通，完成交易。现如今，整个世界融为了一个整体，各个国家之间的贸易往来逐渐丰富，目前在国际间最通用的就是英语。商务英语要求翻译者更加的精确、对等，因为商务英语中会涉及到很多文件、条款等信息，所以必须要精确。只有这样才能达到双方活动的顺利进行。尤其在我国，中西方文化差异较大，更应该注意这方面的问题。一字之差就容易铸成大错。所以，做好商务英语的翻译工作尤为重要。本文针对这一问题展开讨论，分析了商务英语的翻译技巧。商务英语及商务英语翻译的概括商务英语涉及范围很广,包括的种类也十分多。大部分跟国际商务活动有关的例如：国际贸易、会计、金融等方面所用到的英语都属于商务英语的范围。它涉及的领域主要包括对外贸易、招商引资、国际旅游、海外投资以及国际运输等方面。除了领域广泛之外,它还包括许多专业的英语例如：广告英语、法律英语、应用文英语、包装英语等。因此，伴随着国际贸易的范围不断的扩大，越来越多的人，开始加入到翻译的这一事业之中。对商务英语的翻译,在很长时间以来备受关注,商务英语翻译工作也是一项十分复杂的工作,由于其用途的广泛性和特殊要性,就决定了商务英语的翻译工作不能仅仅局限于传统的翻译中务词汇和具有较好的商务语法基础,这些是一个翻译者应该具备的原则和技巧,不能仅仅依靠“信、达、雅”的翻译要求来完成商务英语的翻译工作,必须依照商务文件的愿意,把它翻译的既能清楚的表达意义,又能够符合商务双方的语言习惯。在翻译的过程中一定要从实际情况出发,做到具体问题具体分析。商务英语的特点 2.1商务英语的文体特征 2.1.1思维具有逻辑性，朴实无华正式体英语的从句层次复杂，句子长度通常高于非正式英语。长句分词、独立主格结构的频繁使用是书面语体的典型特征，它们适合于表达多层次的复杂的逻辑关系，可以充分完整地表达相互关联的意义，这种效果是短句无法达到的。由于商务函电常要表示某些条款相互成立、互为条件，或对某些一连串的具有因果关系的事件进行叙述，因此，这种语体就非常适合这种要求。例如： The work hereof shall be commenced in compliance with the construction work of Party A’s plant, and shall be completed within thirty days after the complet ion of Party A’s plant including the completion of inner part of the plant when the plant be in the condition that trial run for air conditioning mechanism is possible.

商务英语精读句子翻译

U1 1. 飞机乘务员应对所有旅客的安全负责。be responsible for The crew of an airliner should be responsible for the safety of all the passengers. 2. 请尽快把这些英文报纸和杂志分送给每位订阅者。distribute to Please distribute these English newspapers and magazines to every subscriber as soon as possible. 3. 学院决定举办系列讲座,商务英语专业的学生必须出席。decide on The college has decided on a lecture series and Business English majors must be present. 4. 若需进一步的补充解释,请参阅教师参考书第58页。refer to For additional explanation, please refer to page 58 of the teacher’s reference book. 5. 大多数人都会关注与自己有关的事。relate to Most people will be interested in what relates to themselves. 6. 最近,下海经商的人越来越多。go into business Recently, more and more people have gone into business. 一个大批量出售货物的商人被称作批发商。in bulk 7. A businessman who sells goods in bulk is called a wholesaler. 8. 据报道,目前工资水平在某种程度上仍稍稍领先于物价水平。to a certain extent, ahead of It’s reported that nowadays wages are, to a certain extent, still one step ahead U2 1. 总经理将重要文件分发给部门经理。hand out The general manager handed out the important documents to the department managers. 2. 欺骗顾客和逃税构成了他们那个时期的商业政策。make up Cheating customers and evading taxes made up their business policy in those days. 3. 在英语中,数学可以简称作maths或math。for short Mathematics can be called maths or math for short in English. 4. 这座城市被认为是此经济合作区的龙头。be known as This city is known as leading the economic cooperative zone. 5. 虽然这对夫妇对所要买的家具的价格没有异议,但对式样意见不一。agree on Although the couple agreed on the price of the furniture they wanted to buy, they disagreed about the style. 6. 我上个月买了台笔记本电脑,不过花了大价钱。at a price I bought a laptop last month but only at a price. 7. 一个大a批量出售货物的商人被称作批发商。pay for The parents work hard to pay for their children’s tuition. 8. 你的不诚实是我最终与你断绝往来的原因。in the end Your dishonesty was the reason why I had to break off our relationship in the end. 9. 他叔父决意在乡下定居, 而不住在城里。choose to

商务英语翻译技巧整理

一.翻译原则 1.忠实原则,即信息对等而不是语意对等 Eg.每年的两届交易会,把全国几乎所有的外贸公司和出口商品集中起来,统一到广州展出,成交,减少了我们到国外推销的支出,外商也可以只派少数人到会选购,不必花大人力到我各口岸寻找生意,节省了买卖双方的费用,深受国外经营各种商品的中小客商的欢迎. The biannual Guangzhou Fair is attended by almost all foreign trade companies in China and presents a great number of export commodities to buyers from abroad. Many transactions are concluded at the fair. As sellers and buyers can all gather in one place to conduct trade talks, the fair apparently saves them a great deal of time and money. This explains why the Guangzhou Fair has long been popular among overseas traders. 2. 准确原则---选词准确,概念表达准确,数码单位准确. 如: 保税区≠Free trade zone 保税仓库≠Tarriff-free warehouse Eg.客商从开发区企业分得的利润汇出境外时,免征所得税. Profits gained by the investors and businessmen from the Development Zone terprises will be exempted from tax when remitted out of China. Eg.如贵方能将尿素报价降至每吨1200美元,我们可以订购150至180吨. If you can reduce your price of Urea to 1,200 dollars per ton, we may consider placing an order of 150-180 tons. 3.统一原则译名,概念,术语应始终保持统一,不能随意改变译名. 如:基本建设≠basic construction 基本价格≠basic price 4.文化融入 A.注意文化因素---了解中西方文化差异 1)思维方式的不同中国文化重权威与历史,西方重现实与事实---偏实用. 中国文化重整体,西方偏分析性思维 2) 语言的不同中国语言重修饰,偏笼统与含糊,西方语言重具体和准确. 谦辞在许多场合被采用,体现了中国文化背景下语用特征之一.

商务英语精读句子翻译58598

Unit 1 翻译： 1、这位网络销售主管调查研究后开始实行自己的计划。(put ... into practice) The network sales executive began to put his plans into practice after research and investigation. 2、由于母亲没有养老金，姐妹俩每人每月出资500 美元赡养她。(contribute ... to) Because their mother didn't have her pension, the two sisters each contributed $500 a month to support her. 3、杰姆大叔认为市价上涨，他就可以赚到一笔钱。(cash in) Uncle Jim thought that a rise in the market would enable him to cash in. 4、罗宾逊奋斗多年，先后当过会计、代理商和项目经理。(in turn) For years Robinson struggled hard, working in turn as an accountant, an agent, and a project manager. 5、昨天，博物馆中一幅价值50万美元的绘画被盗窃。(worth of) Yesterday, a $500,000 worth of painting was stolen from the museum. 6、参加华交会的客商从全国各地纷至沓来。（roll in） The businessmen who came to take part in the East China Fair rolled in from all parts of the country. 7、他们很自然地把这件事与促销计划联系在一起。(associate ... with) They naturally associated the matter with the promotional plan. 8、这本书着重具体分析该规划的可行性(feasibility)。(focus on) The book focuses on concrete analysis of the feasibility of the program. 9、引进先进的技术以后，我们现在每月可生产20台机器。(put out) After introducing advanced technology, we can put out 20 machines every month now. 10、获得奖学金的学生占我校学生总数将近五分之三。(account for) Scholarship students account for nearly three fifths of the whole enrollment in our college. Unit 2 1、近来他们生意很糟糕,不久就得歇业。(close down) They will have to close down soon because business has been bad recently. 2、我们打字纸快用完了,让秘书尽快去买一些。(run out of) We are running out of typing paper, so let the secretary buy some as soon as possible. 3、该文化发展委员会是由来自全国8所大学的10位著名专家组成的。(consist of) The committee for cultural development consists of 10 famous experts from 8 universities of the country. 4、如果邮包未经保险(insure),邮局对其受损不负责任。(be liable for) The Post Office is not liable for damage to a parcel by mail if it is not insured. 5、这家超市由于经营不善而陷入债务。(go into debt) The supermarket goes into debt due to bad management.

经典商务英语句子翻译

经典商务英语句子翻译那些期待在网络销售大战中买到低价家用电器的顾客可要失望了，因为只有一部分的产品真正比之前降价了。总部位于的京东商城率先发难，承诺其价格会比头号竞争对手，中国最大的家电零售商宁电器，在实体店的售价还要低10%。 Customers expecting to cash in on a widely anticipated price war among online home appliance retailers were disappointed to find that only a limited number of products were cheaper yesterday. The war kicked off when Beijing-based 360Buy. promised to keep its prices at 10 percent below those sold at the offline retail outlets of its major rival, Suning, China's largest home appliance retailer. 1. It was the second most-visited online retailer in December, after eBay。它是12月份访问人数第二多的在线经销商，仅次于eBay。 2.Ecommerce continues to thrive on the Web, and no company is going to shut its Web site as an information resource. 电子商务继续在互联网上茁壮成长，作为信息资源没有哪个公司会把自己的关闭。 3. Now business organizations such as the Alliance for Electronic Business (AEB) are adding to the criticism. 如今，诸如电子商务联盟这样的商业机构也加入到了批评的队伍中。

商务英语翻译答案

Unit 1 1.从你的简历和应聘申请书来看，你对营销工作已有相当多的经验。 I see from your résumé and application that you’ve had quite a lot of experience in marketing already. 2.如果你处在我的位置，你希望你的雇员应具备哪些素质？ If you were in my shoes, what sort of qualities you’d look for in your employees? 3.部门经理应该能够主动处理很多事情。 A department manager has to be able to do a lot of things on your own initiative. 4.作为秘书，我做过大量的文字工作，如拟写报告、作会议记录等，而且似乎我的记忆力比一般人强。As a secretary, I’ve had to do quite a lot of paper work, such as handling report writing, keeping minutes at meetings, and I seem to have a better memory than average. 5.从秘书的角度看，我认为和上司共享一个办公室更好，这样对她的上司不太有可能忘记告诉她一些重要的事情。 From the secretary’s point of view I think it’s better to share an office room with her boss so that there’s not much chance of her superior forgetting to let her know about important matters. 6.我工作过的那家公司是一家做营销和公共关系的公司，主要是为在中国投资的外国公司提供咨询。The company where I worked is a marketing and public relations company and they do consultant work for foreign companies investing in China. 7.我想在贵公司会有更多个人发展的机会，而且这里的工作对于我来说更具挑战性。 I feel that I would have more scope and opportunity for personal development in your company and that the work will be more challenging for me. 8.我主要的工作是协助经理安排访问、会议及介绍，并且替他处理信件。 What I basically do is to assist the manager by arranging visits, setting up meetings and presentations and to deal with his correspondence. 9.申请书和简历一样重要，因为申请书通常是申请者和雇主之间第一次直接的接触。 The application letter can be as important as the CV in that it often provides the first direct contact between an applicant and an employer. 10.有效的申请书能说明你对具体单位兴趣的原因，并且辨认出你最相关的技能或经历。 Effective application letters explain the reasons for your interest in the specific organization and identify your most relevant skills or experiences. Unit2 1.本公司创建于1978年，现在已经成为我国主要的厨房用具出口商之一。 Our company, established in 1978, has now become one of the leading exporters of kitchen appliances in our country. 2.我们在国内有十家专业子公司，在国外有六家常驻办事处。我们在国内还建立了二十多家合资公司。 We have 10 specialist subsidiaries at home and 6 permanent offices abroad. We’ve also set up more than 20 joint ventures in the home market. 3.我们是多元化企业，主要是经营国际贸易、国际运输、劳务输出、房地产等。 We are a diversified company dealing mainly in international trade, international transportation, labor export, real estate and so on. 4.我们从事纺织品经营已经有30多年，并与当地纺织品大厂家及分销商保持密切的联系。 We have been handling textiles for more than 30 years and maintain close contact with large manufacturers and distributors in our area. 5.为了迅速发展，我们组成了多元化战略联盟，使我们能扩大到新的市场领域。 In order to grow rapidly, we’ve formed a diversifying strategic alliance which allows us to expand onto new market areas. 6.我们的目标主要是本地市场，但是我们也在研究进入欧洲市场的可能性。 We mainly target local markets, but we are looking at the possibility of entering the European market. 7.我们公司的领导体系是这样的：首先是合伙人；其次，直接在合伙人之下的是三位合作伙伴，也就是，最上层是两位合伙人和直接在合伙人之下的三个合作伙伴。在合作伙伴之下，我们有高级工程师、初级工程师、绘图员等，一直往下至办公室的勤杂工。 The system of command of our company is that we have the partners, and then we have three associates immediately below the partners, that is, two partners at the top and three associates directly below them. And then below the associate we have senior engineers, junior engineers, drafts-person and so on and so forth, down to the office boy. 8.我们是新成立的公司，只有大约五年的历史。公司共有四十名员工，分布在四个办事处中。 We’re a young company, only about five years old. There are only about 40 people in the company, split amongst four offices. 9. 谈到进口在中国畅销的美国产品，我们作为一家在中国的美国公司，感到比其他公司更有优势。 As an American company in China we find we have an advantage over other companies when it comes to importing American products that are marketable here in China.

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