(北京专版)2018年中考生物复习方案专项训练(五)

专项训练（五）生物的生殖、发育和遗传、变异

1．[2017·赤峰]下列个体通过有性生殖产生的是( )

A．嫁接的梨树 B．扦插的葡萄

C．试管婴儿 D．组织培养的月季

2．[2017·苏州]肆虐美洲的寨卡病毒病是由伊蚊传播的。伊蚊的发育会经过卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫四个时期，这样的发育过程称为( )

A．变异 B．无性生殖

C．完全变态发育 D．不完全变态发育

3．[2017·德州]关于人的生殖和发育过程，下列说法不正确的是( )

A．胚胎发育的主要场所是子宫

B．胎儿和母体交换物质的结构是胚盘

C．青春期在性激素的作用下出现明显的第二性征

D．生殖器官的发育和成熟是青春期发育最突出的特征

4．[2016·广元]下列性状中属于一对相对性状的是( )

A．绵羊的长毛与白毛

B．豌豆的黄粒与皱粒

C．人的单眼皮和双眼皮

D．菊花的红色和桃花的红色

5．[2017·呼和浩特]人的棕色眼睛和蓝色眼睛由一对基因控制，图Z5－1是一个家族眼睛颜色的遗传情况，下列相关分析错误的是( )

图Z5－1

A．眼睛颜色不同是由于虹膜色素的不同造成的，不管蓝色眼睛还是棕色眼睛，其角膜都是无色透明的

B．3和4都是棕色眼睛，10是蓝色眼睛，这是可遗传的变异

C．眼睛的棕色和蓝色是一对相对性状，棕色眼睛是显性性状

D．3和4的两个孩子分别是棕色眼睛和蓝色眼睛，第三胎是棕色眼睛的概率为25%

6．[2017·黄冈]下列各项中不符合图Z5－2所表示概念之间关系的是( )

图Z5－2

A．Ⅰ玉米种子Ⅱ胚Ⅲ胚乳

B．Ⅰ无脊椎动物Ⅱ节肢动物Ⅲ昆虫

C．Ⅰ泌尿系统Ⅱ肾脏Ⅲ肾单位

D．Ⅰ染色体ⅡDNAⅢ基因

7．[2017·宿迁]下列各项中能正确表示正常女性卵细胞染色体组成的是( )

A．22对＋XX B．22条＋Y

C．22条＋X D．X

8．[2016·石家庄]面颊上有酒窝与无酒窝是一对相对性状，有酒窝基因(B)是显性基因，无酒窝基因(b)是隐性基因。一对有酒窝的夫妇生了一个无酒窝的女儿，则这对夫妇的基因组成是( )

A．Bb和Bb B．BB和bb

C．BB和BB D．bb和bb

9．[2016·衡阳]番茄果皮红色(D)对黄色(d)为显性，若将红色番茄(Dd)的花粉授到黄色番茄(dd)的柱头上，则黄

色番茄上所结果实的颜色和种子中胚的基因组成分别是( )

A．黄色Dd、dd B．红色Dd

C．红色Dd、dd D．红色和黄色Dd、dd

10．2016·广元某对夫妇打算生第二胎，他们第一胎生的是个女孩，则他们第二胎生男孩的概率为( ) A．0 B．100%

C．50% D．75%

11．[2016·宿迁]我国《婚姻法》规定禁止近亲结婚，其医学依据是( )

A．其后代必患遗传病

B．近亲结婚与伦理道德不相符合

C．人类的疾病都是由隐性基因控制的

D．近亲结婚的后代患遗传病的机会增加

12．[2017·长沙]媒体报道称：麻雀的白化现象与人类白化病类似，是由遗传物质改变引起的。关于麻雀白化现象的叙述正确的是( )

A．有利于避敌

B．有利于觅食

C．是可遗传的

D．是不可遗传的

13．[2016·石家庄]在石家庄培育出的优质甘蓝品种，叶球最大的也只有3.5 kg。当引种到拉萨后，由于昼夜温差大，日照时间长，大多叶球可达7 kg左右，若引种回石家庄，大多叶球又只有3.5 kg。从上述甘蓝引种过程可以推测( )

A．甘蓝具有遗传性，而不具有变异性

B．仅由环境条件引起的变异是不遗传的

C．环境改变使生物产生定向的变异

D．甘蓝的形态发生变化不属于变异

14．学过达尔文的进化论后，小王、小张、小明、小红分别就其发表了自己的看法，你认为下列选项中不正确的是( )

A．生物的变异是不定向的，生物进化的方向也是不定向的

B．在自然界中，生物个体都有遗传和变异的特性

C．只有发生有利变异的个体才能在生存斗争中生存下来

D．变异的存在为自然选择提供了丰富的素材

15．[2017·遂宁]下列关于遗传和变异的说法不合理的是( )

A．遗传和变异现象在生物界普遍存在

B．“种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”“一树结果，酸甜各异”分别描述的是遗传和变异现象

C．兰兰和妈妈都是双眼皮，而爸爸是单眼皮，由此推断兰兰只接受了妈妈的遗传物质

D．袁隆平院士利用生物的可遗传变异培育出了杂交水稻

16．[2016·泉州]小莹对自己怎么来到这个世界感到困惑。请你参照图Z5－3，利用所学生物学知识帮她解惑：

图Z5－3

(1)小莹新生命的起点是②________，由①________和卵细胞在________内结合形成。

(2)②通过细胞分裂和③细胞________发育成胚胎。胚胎在妈妈的________内发育成胎儿，发育所需营养通过________和脐带从母体获得。

(3)小莹挑食偏食，患有贫血症，医生要求她多吃含________和蛋白质丰富的食物。

(4)全面二孩政策实施后，小莹想要个小弟弟。她爸妈再生一个孩子，是男孩的概率是________%。

17．[2017·庆阳]党的十八届五中全会允许实行普遍二孩政策，因此小李的父母准备再生一个孩子。得知这个消息后，小李同学很高兴，希望父母生一个妹妹。已知小李父母都是双眼皮，基因组成均为Aa；小李为单眼皮，基因组

成为aa。请据此分析回答下列问题。

(1)人的双眼皮和单眼皮在遗传学上称为__________。

(2)若父母给小李生了一个双眼皮妹妹，则妹妹的相关基因组成是__________；父母双方分别给妹妹提供了________条染色体。

(3)染色体主要是由DNA和蛋白质组成的，基因是有遗传效应的________。

(4)无论双眼皮还是单眼皮，都是由基因控制的；在有性生殖过程中，基因在亲子代间传递的“桥梁”是______________。

18．[2016·南充]人的双眼皮和单眼皮是一对相对性状(若控制性状的基因为A和a)，下表是某实验小组对该相对性状的抽样调查数据，分析回答下列问题：

(1)从

(2)写出乙组中双眼皮父亲的基因组成________。

(3)甲组子女中出现与父母不同的单眼皮性状的现象，称为________。

(4)乙组夫妇已有一个单眼皮男孩，他们想再生一个双眼皮女孩的概率是________。

参考答案

1．C [解析] 试管婴儿是由受精卵发育而来的，经过精子与卵细胞的结合，属于有性生殖。

2．C

3．B [解析] 胎儿与母体交换物质的结构是胎盘。

4．C [解析] 相对性状是指同种生物同一性状的不同表现形式。

5．D

6．A [解析] 胚乳不属于胚的结构，胚包括胚根、胚芽、胚轴和子叶。

7．C 8．A

9．A [解析] 番茄果实的颜色是指果皮的颜色，果皮是由子房壁发育而来的，与雌蕊的遗传物质一样；种子的胚是由受精卵发育而来的，与父本和母本有关。

10．C [解析] 生男生女的机会均等。

11．D

12．C [解析] 遗传物质发生改变的变异属于可遗传的变异。

13．B

14．A [解析] 生物的变异是不定向的，变异可能适应环境，也可能不适应环境，但是生物的进化方向却是定向的。

15．C [解析] 有性生殖产生的后代具有父母双方的遗传特性。

16．(1)受精卵精子输卵管

(2)分化子宫胎盘(3)铁(4)50

17．(1)相对性状(2)Aa或AA 23

(3)DNA片段

(4)精子和卵细胞

18．(1)甲(2)Aa

(3)变异(4)25%

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