ASTM D3359中文翻译
Designation: D 3359 – 02
名称： D 3359-02
Standard Test Methods for
Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test1
用胶带测量附着力的检测标准
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
这个标准是D 3359确定了以后发行的。数字代表名称最初通过的时间，或者修订情况，和最新版本。括号内的数字代表最新重新审批时间。上标代表最新版本的变化或重新审批。
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
该标准已经被国防机构部门批准使用。
1. Scope 范围
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for assessing the adhesion of coating films to metallic substrates by applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in the film.
这些试验方法覆盖了对金属涂层片附着力的评估。附着性通过在涂层切口处施加和去除透明压敏胶带来评估。
1.2 Test Method A is primarily intended for use at job sites while Test Method B is more suitable for use in the laboratory. Also, Test Method B is not considered suitable for films thicker than 5 mils (125μm).
试验方法A主要用于工作场所，而试验方法B更适用与实验室。试验方法B不适宜
在涂层厚度大于125微米时使用。
NOTE 1—Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the seller,Test Method B can be used for thicker films if wider spaced cuts are employed.
在买方和卖方之间的协议，如果允许更宽的切口，方法B可以用在更厚的涂层上。
1.3 These test methods are used to establish whether the adhesion of a coati ng to a substrate
is at a generally adequate level. They do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measurement are required.
这些试验方法被用来确定涂层对底材是否有足够的附着力。不区分层次,以服从需要更先进的测量方法。
NOTE 2—It should be recognized that differences in adherability of the coating surface can affect the results obtained with coatings having the same inherent adhesion.
备注2：应该承认，涂层表面附着力的差异影响涂相同附着性的涂层得到的结果。
1.4 In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur between coats so that the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.
多层系统的失效发生涂层之间，以致使涂层与基层之间的粘附性无法确定。
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
SID单位价值被视为标准，括号内的价值是仅供参考.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 这个标准不打算讨论安全问题,如果有的话,再加上使用. 用户有责任建立适当的安全标准和卫生管理办法和确定适用前使用限制.
2. Referenced Documents 参考文件
2.1 ASTM Standards: 美国材料与试验协会标准
D 609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panelsfor Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and Related Coating Products2
D609实际编写冷轧钢板测试油漆、油光漆、转换材料、涂料及相关产品2
D 823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels2
D823方法制作影片制服油漆厚度、油光漆及相关产品测试板2
D 1000 Test Method For Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive-Coated Tapes Used for Electrical and Electronic Applications3
D1000测试方法压力敏感粘合剂镀磁带用于电器及电子应用3
D 1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for
Painting4
D1730方法编制铝和铝的合金表面油漆4
D 2092 Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Surfaces for Painting5 D2092锌编制指南在钢表面(镀锌)。
D 2370 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coatings2
D2370测试方法为有机涂层2的拉力特性。
D 3330 Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape 6
D3330测试方法：压敏胶带6
D 3924 Specification for Standard Environment for Conditioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials2
D3924标准规格的环境试验条件和油漆,油光漆、漆器、副产品2
D 4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser2 D4060测试方法：用泰伯耐磨性测定仪测定有机涂层的抗磨损。
3. Summary of Test Methods 试验方法摘要
3.1 Test Method A—An X-cut is made through the film to the substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the cut and then removed, and adhesion is assessed qualitatively on the 0 to 5 scale.
试验方法A：一个X-槽贯通涂层和底材，在切口上放置和移除胶带，粘附力按照0-5质量等级进行评估。
3.2 Test Method B—A lattice pattern with either six or eleven cuts in each direction is made in the film to the substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the lattice and then removed, and adhesion is evaluated by comparison with descriptions and illustrations.
试验方法B：在涂层与底材之间切割六或十一晶格形态的截割切片，在晶格之间施加和移动胶带，粘附力通过图表描述对比来做评估。
4. Significance and Use 意义和用途
4.1 If a coating is to fulfill its function of protecting or decorating a substrate, it must adhere to it for the expected service life. Because the substrate and its surface preparation (or lack of it) have a drastic effect on the adhesion of coatings,
a method to evaluate adhesion of a coating to different substrates or surface treatments,
or of different coatings to the same substrate and treatment, is of considerable usefulness in the industry.
如果涂层是满足保护或装饰底材，必须要达到预期的服务寿命。因为底材和其表面处理（或缺乏）对涂层的附着性有强烈的影响，评价方法加入了不同涂层表面处理、沼气、各种材料的原子相同的待遇,是相当有用的产业。
1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.
测试方法在美国材料与试验协会D01关于油漆和有关涂层、材料、应用软件和关于油漆涂层的物理性能D01.23的权限下进行的。
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2002. Published October 2002. Originally published as D 3359 – 74. Last previous edition D 3359 – 97.
2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.
4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05.
5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02.
6 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
最新版本在2002年8月10号被认可。2002年10月出版。最初出版是D3359-74，上一个版本是D3359-97。
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4.2 The limitations of all adhesion methods and the specific limitation of this test method to lower levels of adhesion (see1.3) should be recognized before using it. The intra- and inter-laboratory precision of this test method is similar to other widely-accepted tests for coated substrates (for example, Test Method D 2370 and Test Method D 4060), but this is
partly the result of it being insensitive to all but large differences in adhesion. The limited scale of 0 to 5 was selected deliberately to avoid a false impression of being sensitive.
使用前应承认，所有附着力方法的局限性和这个试验方法对下一级附着力（见
1.3）的特殊的限制。内部和跨实验室精密这种测试方法类似其他广泛接受测试动听基质(如测试方法D2370及测试方法D4060),但大部分结果是不敏感的，除了附着力的不同。在有限的范围内选择0-5刻意避免在敏感的假象。
TEST METHOD A—X-CUT TAPE TEST试验方法A：X截割（X切片）
5. Apparatus and Materials 仪器和材料
5.1 Cutting Tool—Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife or other cutting devices. It is of particular importance that the cutting edges be in good condition.
切削刀具：——整刀片、手术刀、刀或者其他切削设备。
5.2 Cutting Guide—Steel or other hard metal straightedge to ensure straight cuts.
引导切割——钢的或其他金属画直线用尺来保证直线切削。
5.3 Tape—25-mm (1.0-in.) wide semitransparent pressure sensitive tape7 with an adhesion strength agreed upon by the supplier and the user is needed. Because of the variability in adhesion strength from batch-to-batch and with time, it is essential that tape from the same batch be used when tests are to be run in different laboratories. If this is not possible the test method should be used only for ranking a series of test coatings.
胶带——25mm宽的半透明的透明压敏胶粘带和被供应商和用户同意的粘合力是需要的。因为粘合力是随着时间和批次变化的，重要的是当试验在不同的实验室进行时使用的带要是同一批次的。如果无法做到这一点，测试方法应仅用于一系列测试涂层排名。
5.4 Rubber Eraser, on the end of a pencil.
橡胶橡皮
5.5 Illumination—A light source is helpful in determining whether the cuts have been made through the film to the substrate.
照明——当在切片和基体之间开有切口时，光源是有很有帮助的。
6. Test Specimens 试样
6.1 When this test method is used in the field, the specimen is the coated structure or article on which the adhesion is to be evaluated.
当这个试验方法在这个领域使用时，试样的结构或物品上的粘附力都将要被评估。
6.2 For laboratory use apply the materials to be tested to panels of the composition and surface conditions on which it is desired to determine the adhesion.
实验室使用的申请材料进行试验,以面板的成份的和表面状况的需要来确定附着
力。
NOTE 3—Applicable test panel description and surface preparation methods are given
in Practice D 609 and Practices D 1730 and D 2092.
备注3：——可适用的测试板的描述和表面准备方法见D 609和D 1730、D 2092。NOTE 4—Coatings should be applied in accordance with Practice D 823, or as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.
备注4：——涂层的应用按照D 823，或者买方和卖方之间达成协议。
NOTE 5—If desired or specified, the coated test panels may be subjected to a preliminary exposure such as water immersion, salt spray, or high humidity before conducting the tape test. The conditions and time of exposure will be governed by ultimate coating use
or shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and seller.
备注4：——规定，涂层测试板在试验前最初应浸在水中，盐雾或高湿度中。浸泡的时间和条件应由最终用涂层决定或者买方和卖方之间达成协议。
7. Procedure 程序
7.1 Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections. For tests in the field, ensure that the surface is clean and dry. Extremes in temperature or relative humidity may affect the adhesion of the tape or the coating.
选有瑕疵和表面缺陷的区域，在这个区域中做试验，确保表面是干净的和干燥的。极端的温度和相对湿度可能影响粘贴带或涂层。
7.1.1 For specimens which have been immersed: After immersion, clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating. Then dry or prepare the surface, or both, as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.
对于被浸泡的样件，浸泡完以后用适当的溶剂（不能破坏涂层的完整性）擦净表
面。然后准备或表面干燥,或在买方和卖方之间双方达成的协议,。
7.2 Make two cuts in the film each about 40 mm (1.5 in.) long that intersect near their middle with a smaller angle of between 30 and 45°. When making the incisions, use the straightedge and cut through the coating to the substrate in one steady motion.
在涂层上切2个切口，每个40mm长，两切口在中间位置交叉成30-45°夹角。当切割切口时，用直线尺在涂层与底材之间做恒稳运动。
7.3 Inspect the incisions for reflection of light from the metal substrate to establish that the coating film has been penetrated. If the substrate has not been reached make another X in a different location. Do not attempt to deepen a previous cut as this may affect adhesion along the incision.
检查切口处，从金属表面的反射光来确定涂层已经被穿透。如果底材没有达到，在不同位置再用X槽。不要试图加深以前切口的深度，这样可能影响切口处的附着性。
7.4 Remove two complete laps of the pressure-sensitive tape from the roll and discard. Remove an additional length at a steady (that is, not jerked) rate and cut a piece about 75 mm (3 in.) long.
移动两个完全重叠的压敏粘胶带。按均匀的速度拉出一段胶带，除去最前面的一段，然后剪下长约75mm胶带。
7.5 Place the center of the tape at the intersection of the cuts with the tape running in the same direction as the smaller angles. Smooth the tape into place by finger in the area of the incisions and then rub firmly with the eraser on the end of a pencil. The color under the transparent tape is a useful indication of when good contact has been made.
把胶带的中心放在网格上方，用手指把胶带在网格区上方的部位压平，为了保证胶带与涂层接触良好，用橡皮用力摩擦胶带。透过胶带看到涂层颜色全面接触是有效的显示。
7.6 Within 90 ±30 s of application, remove the tape by seizing the free end and pulling it off rapidly (not jerked) back upon itself at as close to an angle of 180° as possible.
在贴上胶带90±30 秒时间内，拿住胶带悬空的一端，并在尽可能接近180度，快速地（不是颠簸的）撕离胶带。
7.7 Inspect the X-cut area for removal of coating from the substrate or previous coating and rate the adhesion in accordance with the following scale:
检查X切口面积减少拆除或涂层的基材上涂层和粘贴率按照下列范围:
5A No peeling or removal,没有脱皮或移动
4A Trace peeling or removal along incisions or at their intersection,
在交叉点追踪或随着切口移动
3A Jagged removal along incisions up to 1.6 mm (1/16 in.) on either side,
在切口的任意一侧移动1.6mm
2A Jagged removal along most of incisions up to 3.2 mm (1/8 in.) on either side,
沿着大部分切口的任一侧锯齿状移动3.2mm
1A Removal from most of the area of the X under the tape,
在胶带下面大部分X区域移动。
and 0A Removal beyond the area of the X.
移动超出X区域。
7.8 Repeat the test in two other locations on each test panel. For large structures make sufficient tests to ensure that the adhesion evaluation is representative of the whole surface.
在另外两个地点重复测试每个测试小组。大型结构试验充分保证了粘合力评估代表整个表面。
7.9 After making several cuts examine the cutting edge and, if necessary, remove any flat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on a fine oil stone before using again. Discard cutting tools that develop nicks or other defects that tear the film.
切割了几个切口以后，检查切口边，如果需要，去除尖角（使用以前用油石去除）如果刀具损伤了涂层表面或刀具有缺口，丢弃刀具。
Report 报告
8.1 Report the number of tests, their mean and range, and for coating systems, where the failure occurred that is, between first coat and substrate, between first and second coat, etc.
汇报试验的数量，平均和范围，对于涂层系统，失效发生在哪里，发生在第一个涂
层和基体之间，还是在第一与第二涂层之间。
8.2 For field tests report the structure or article tested, the location and the environmental conditions at the time of testing.
报告测试的组织或项目，和试验时的环境情况。
8.3 For test panels report the substrate employed, the type of coating, the method of cure, and the environmental conditions at the time of testing.
测试板报告所用的底材，涂层的类型，治愈的方法，和试验时的环境情况。
8.4 If the adhesion strength of the tape has been determined in accordance with Test Methods D 1000 or D 3330, report the results with the adhesion rating(s). If the adhesion strength of the tape has not been determined, report the specific tape used and its manufacturer.
如果胶带的附着力符合D 1000 或者 D 3330，记录附着力级别的结果。如果胶带附着力的大小没有确定，记录使用胶带的生产厂家和使用的型号。
7 Permacel 99, manufactured by Permacel, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, and available from various Permacel tape distributors, is reported to be suitable for this purpose. The manufacturer of this tape and the manufacturer of the tape used in the interlaboratory study (see RR: D01-1008), have advised this subcommittee that the properties of these tapes were changed. Users of it should, therefore, check whether current material gives comparable results to previous supplied material.
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未经IHS允许，不允许复制或网络传播。
8.5 If the test is performed after immersion, report immersion
conditions and method of sample preparation.
如果试验在浸泡以后再进行，记录浸泡的条件和试样准备方法。
9. Precision and Bias 8 精度和偏差
9.1 In an interlaboratory study of this test method in which operators in six laboratories
made one adhesion measurement on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion, the within-laboratories standard deviation was found to be 0.33 and the between-laboratories 0.44. Based on these standard deviations, the following criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence
level:
在多个实验室进行的测试方法。操作者在6个实验室的3个平板上的涂层上覆盖一系列附着力，做同一个附着力测试。在同一个实验室的标准偏差为0.33,在不同实验室发现偏差为0.44.以这些标准偏差为基础，以下标准应该用来确定结果的可行性有95%的可信度。
9.1.1 Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a large surface, results obtained by the same operator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than 1 rating unit for two measurements.
重复性：假定在一个大表面的附着力是一致的，同一个操作者两次测量得到的结果差异超过一个单位等级，那麽将被认为是不可信的。
9.1.2 Reproducibility—Two results, each the mean of triplicates, obtained by different operators should be considered suspect if they differ by more than 1.5 rating units.
再现性：取每个操作者3次测量的均值，如果得到的两个结果超过1.5个单位等级，那麽将被认为是不可信的。
9.2 Bias cannot be established for these test methods.
用这些测试方法不能确定偏差。
TEST METHOD B—CROSS-CUT TAPE TEST 测试方法B：交叉切口胶带测试10. Apparatus and Materials 器具和材料
10.1 Cutting Tool9—Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife or other cutting device having a cutting edge angle between 15 and 30° that will make either a single cut or several cuts at once. It is of particular importance that the cutting edge or edges be in good condition. 切割刀具：——锋利的刀刃、手术刀、刀或者其他切削设备的切削刃在15-30度之间，切削一个切口或着几个。切割刀具的刀刃和边缘情况良好是特别重要的。10.2 Cutting Guide—If cuts are made manually (as opposed to a mechanical apparatus) a steel or other hard metal straightedge or template to ensure straight cuts.
切割指导：如果是手动切削钢制或其他金属直棱或模板要确保直线切割。
10.3 Rule—Tempered steel rule graduated in 0.5 mm for measuring individual cuts.
规则：用刻度为0.5锻钢尺测量每个槽。
10.4 Tape, as described in 5.3.
胶带：见5.3
10.5 Rubber Eraser, on the end of a pencil.
铅笔末端的橡胶橡皮搽
10.6 Illumination, as described in 5.5.
照明描述见5.5
10.7 Magnifying Glass—An illuminated magnifier to be
used while making individual cuts and examining the test area.
放大镜——当切割单个的切口和在研究试验区时用一个照明放大器。
11. Test Specimens 试样
11.1 Test specimens shall be as described in Section 6. It should be noted, however, that multitip cutters10 provide good results only on test areas sufficiently plane that all cutting edges contact the substrate to the same degree. Check for flatness with a straight edge such as that of the tempered steel rule(10.3).
试样将在第6部分描述。应当记录，只有当试验区域足够平使切口在同一程度接触底材时，得到好的结果。
12. Procedure程序
12.1 Where required or when agreed upon, subject the specimens to a preliminary test before conducting the tape test (see Note 3). After drying or testing the coating, conduct the tape test at room temperature as defined in Specification D 3924, unless D 3924 standard temperature is required or agreed.
或在必要时达成协议,进行试验以前样本要经过初步测试。经过烘干、涂层检验，按照D3924中要求的室温或者按照协商好的要求进行胶带试验。
12.1.1 For specimens which have been immersed: After immersion, clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating. Then dry or prepare the surface, or both, as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller. 样本要进行浸泡：浸泡完以后要用适当的溶剂把表面清理干净，不要破坏涂层的完
整性。或按照买方和卖方的约定来清理表面。
12.2 Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections, place on a firm base, and under the illuminated magnifier, make parallel cuts as follows:
选择一个区域没有瑕疵和表面缺陷小的区域，在照明放大镜下检查涂层的切割区如下所示：
12.2.1 For coatings having a dry film thickness up to and including 2.0 mils (50 μm) space the cuts 1 mm apart and make eleven cuts unless otherwise agreed upon.
使涂层表面干燥，包括50um的空间切口距离1mm，有11个切口，或者协商确定。
12.2.2 For coatings having a dry film thickness between 2.0 mils (50 μm) and 5 mils (125 μm), space the cuts 2 mm apart and make six cuts. For films thicker than 5 mils use Test Method A.11
在涂层上切割6个切口，每个切口间隔2mm，涂层的膜层厚度在50-125um之间保持干燥。125um厚度以上用测试方法A11.
12.2.3 Make all cuts about 20 mm (3.4 in.) long. Cut through the film to the substrate in one steady motion using just sufficient pressure on the cutting tool to have the cutting edge reach the substrate. When making successive single cuts with the aid of a guide, place the guide on the uncut area.
切口切割20mm长。用足够的压力在切削刀具上以确保切口能到达底材上。在帮助指南下进行连续的单切口切割，在不切削区域做一个标志。
12.3 After making the required cuts brush the film lightly with a soft brush or tissue to remove any detached flakes or ribbons of coatings.
切割完要求的切口以后用一个软的刷子或薄纸去去除剥落的薄片或剥落的涂层。12.4 Examine the cutting edge and, if necessary, remove any flat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on a fine oil stone. Make the additional number of cuts at 90° to and centered on the original cuts.
检查切口边，如果需要，用油石去除尖角。与原先切割线成90度相交，以形成网格图形。
12.5 Brush the area as before and inspect the incisions for reflection of light from the substrate. If the metal has not been reached make another grid in a different location.
像以前一样用刷子轻刷表面，检查切口处从底材反射的光。如果没到达金属，在不
同的方向切割另一个栅格。
12.6 Remove two complete laps of tape and discard. Remove an additional length at a steady (that is, not jerked) rate and cut a piece about 75 mm (3 in.) long.
移开完全重叠部分的胶带，并丢弃。以稳定的速度去除前面的一段，然后剪下约75mm的胶带。
12.7 Place the center of the tape over the grid and in the area of the grid smooth into place by a finger. To ensure good contact with the film rub the tape firmly with the eraser on the end of a pencil. The color under the tape is a useful indication of when good contact has been made.
把胶带的中心放在网格上方，用手指把胶带在网格区上方的部位压平，为了保证胶带与涂层接触良好，用橡皮用力摩擦胶带。透过胶带看到涂层颜色全面接触是有效的显示。
12.8 Within 90±30 s of application, remove the tape by seizing the free end and rapidly (not jerked) back upon itself at as close to an angle of 180° as possible.
在贴上胶带90±30 秒时间内，拿住胶带悬空的一端，并在尽可能接近180度，快速地（不是颠簸的）撕离胶带。
12.9 Inspect the grid area for removal of coating from the substrate or from a previous coating using the illuminated magnifier. Rate the adhesion in accordance with the following scale illustrated in Fig. 1:
用照明放大镜检查栅格区域从底材或以前涂层到涂层的分离。按照图1对比评估附着力
8 Supporting data are available from ASTM International Headquarters. Request RR:
D01–1008.
支持数据是从美国材料实验协会国际总部得到的。要求RR: D01–1008.
9 Multiblade cutters are available from a few sources that specialize in testing equipment for the paint industry. One supplier that has assisted in the refinement of these methods is given in footnote 10.
从一些原始资料得到，多刃的刀具可专用在油漆工业。一个供应商帮助在这些方法中改进，见脚注10。
10 The sole source of supply of the multitip cutter for coated pipe surfaces known to the committee at this time is Paul N. Gardner Co., 316 NE First St., Pompano Beach, FL 33060. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.
11 Test Method B has been used successfully by some people on coatings greater
than 5 mils (0.13 mm) by spacing the cuts 5 mm apart. However, the precision
values given in 14.1 do not apply as they are based on coatings less than 5 mm (0.13 mm) in thickness.
方法B已经成功地被一些人在涂层上切口大于0.13mm,间距5mm。但是精度评估在14.1中不适用。他们是以涂层厚度少于0.13mm为基础的。
Copyright ASTM International
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5B The edges of the cuts are completely smooth; none of the squares of the lattice is detached.
切口的边缘很光滑，没有方格分离
4B Small flakes of the coating are detached at intersections; less than 5 % of the area is affected.
在方格交叉处有很小的涂层分离，少于5%的区域被影响。
3B Small flakes of the coating are detached along edges and at intersections of cuts. The area affected is 5 to 15 % of the lattice.
沿着方格边缘部分和方格交叉处有一小部分的薄片分离。有5%-15%区域的方格被影响。
2B The coating has flaked along the edges and on parts of the squares. The area affected is 15 to 35 % of the lattice.
沿着方格边缘和一部分的方格区域有一小部分薄片分离。有15-35%区域的方格被
影响。
1B The coating has flaked along the edges of cuts in large ribbons and whole squares have detached. The area affected is 35 to 65 % of the lattice.
涂层沿着方格的边缘部分有很大的带状分离，整个方格被分离了。有35-65%区域的方格被影响。
0B Flaking and detachment worse than Grade 1.
分离比等级1更严重。
12.10 Repeat the test in two other locations on each test panel.
在每个测试面板上两个不同的位置重复试验。
13. Report 报告
13.1 Report the number of tests, their mean and range, and for coating systems, where the failure occurred, that is,between first coat and substrate, between first and second coat, etc.
报告试验的数量，计划和范围，涂层系统失效发生在哪，第一涂层与底材之间还是第一涂层与第二涂层之间等等。
13.2 Report the substrate employed, the type of coating and the method of cure.
报告使用的底材，涂层的类型和处理的方法。
13.3 If the adhesion strength has been determined in accordance with Test Methods D 1000 or D 3330, report the results with the adhesion rating(s). If the adhesion strength of the tape has not been determined, report the specific tape used and its manufacturer.
如果附着力已经根据D1000或D3330被确定，报告附着力的等级。如果胶带附着力已经被确定，报告胶带的类型和生产厂家。
13.4 If the test is performed after immersion, report immersion conditions and method of sample preparation.
如果试验在浸泡以后再进行，记录浸泡的条件和试样准备方法。
14. Precision and Bias 8 精度和偏差
14.1 On the basis of two interlaboratory tests of this test method in one of which operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion and in the other operators in six
laboratories made three measurements on two panels each of four different coatings applied over two other coatings, the pooled standard deviations for within and between laboratories were found to be 0.37 and 0.7. Based on these standard deviations, the following criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence level:
在多个实验室进行的测试方法。操作者在6个实验室的3个平板上的涂层上覆盖一系列附着力，做同一个附着力测试。在两块板上的4个不同涂层试用2个其他的涂层，汇集试验室之间的标准偏差为0.37和0.7。以这些标准偏差为基础，以下标准应该用来确定结果的可行性有95%的可信度。
14.1.1 Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a large surface, results obtained by the same operator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than one rating unit for two measurements.
重复性：——重复性：假定在一个大表面的附着力是一致的，同一个操作者两次测量得到的结果差异超过一个单位等级，那麽将被认为是不可信的。
14.1.2 Reproducibility—Two results, each the mean of duplicates or triplicates, obtained by different operators should be considered suspect if they differ by more than two rating units.
再现性：取每个操作者3次或2次测量的均值，如果得到的两个结果超过2个单位等级，那麽将被认为是不可信的。
14.2 Bias cannot be established for these test methods.
用这些测试方法不能确定偏差。
15. Keywords 关键字
15.1 adhesion; crosscut adhesion test method; tape; tape adhesion test method; X-cut adhesion test method
附着力、交叉切口附着力试验方法、胶带-胶带附着力试验方法、X切片、附着力试验方法
FIG. 1 Classification of Adhesion Test Results 图表1：附着力试验结果的分级
D 3359 – 02
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APPENDIX 附录
(Nonmandatory Information) 非强制信息
X1. COMMENTARY 注释
X1.1 Introduction 介绍
X1.1.1 Given the complexities of the adhesion process, can adhesion be measured? As Mittal (1)12 has pointed out, the answer is both yes and no. It is reasonable to state that at the present time no test exists that can precisely assess the actual physical strength of an adhesive bond. But it can also be said that it is possible to obtain an indication of relative adhesion performance.
粘合过程很复杂。附着力能被测量吗？Mittal指出答案既是肯定的又是否定的。很合理的指出现阶段没有试验可以评估物理粘合剂的大小，但是可以得到相对粘附性能。
X1.1.2 Practical adhesion test methods are generally of two types: “implied” and “direct.” “Implied” tests include indentation or scribe techniques, rub testing, and wear testing. Criticism of these tests arises when they are used to quantify the strength of adhesive bonding. But this, in fact, is not their purpose. An “implied” test should be used to assess coating performance under actual service conditions. “Direct” measurements, on the other hand, are intended expressly to measure adhesion. Meaningful tests of this type are highly sought after, primarily because the results are expressed by a single discrete quantity, the force required to rupture the coating/substrate bond under prescribed conditions. Direct tests include the Hesiometer and the Adherometer (2). Common methods which approach the direct tests are peel, lapshear, and tensile tests.
实用的试验方法一般可以分为：含蓄的和直接的。含蓄方法包括刻痕法或画线法、摩擦试验和磨损试验。当这些试验被用来量化铰接力时，关于这些试验的批评就会出现。但实际上这并不是他们的目的。暗示的试验应当被用来评估实际情况下涂层的性能。另一方面，直接测量用来测量附着力。这些类型试验的重要意义值得探
索，主要因为结果是一个离散量，涂层在指定的压力条件下割裂。直接试验包括
常用的方法接近直接测试方法，拉力测试。
X1.2 Test Methods 测试方法
X1.2.1 In practice, numerous types of tests have been used to attempt to evaluate adhesion by inducing bond rupture by different modes. Criteria deemed essential for a test to warrant large-scale acceptance are: use of a straightforward and unambiguous procedure; relevance to its intended application; repeatability and reproducibility; and quantifiability, including a meaningful rating scale for assessing performance.
在实践中，无数的试验方法试图评估附着力用不同的模式，其中包括附着力破坏。标准认为试验的本质大部分是可被接受的，运用明确的程序，预定相关应用，重复性和在线性，可定量的状态，对于评估性能包括一个有意义的评分表。
X1.2.2 Test methods used for coatings on metals are: peel adhesion or “tape testing;” Gardner impact flexibility testing; and adhesive joint testing including shear (lap joint) and direct tensile (butt joint) testing. These tests do not strictly meet all the criteria listed, but an appealing aspect of these tests is that in most cases the equipment/instrumentation is readily available or can be obtained at reasonable cost.
测试方法用在金属涂层上的有：附着力的剥落或胶带测试。加德纳影响测试的弹性和附着力结合测试，包括剪切力和拉伸试验。这些试验并不是严格的满足所列出的准则，但这些试验是一个有吸引力的方面,在大多数情况下,设备/仪器是现成或可在合理的成本。
X1.2.3 A wide diversity of tests methods have been developed over the years that measure aspects of adhesion (1-5).
品种繁多的测试方法已发展多年,衡量方面遵守(1-5).
There generally is difficulty, however, in relating these tests to basic adhesion phenomena. 一般很难，但是和基本的附着力现象有关的。
X1.3 The Tape Test 胶带试验
X1.3.1 By far the most prevalent test for evaluating coating “adhesion” is the tape-and-peel test, which has been used since the 1930’s. In its simplest version a piece of adhesive tape is pressed against the paint film and the resistance to and degree of film removal
observed when the tape is pulled off. Since an intact film with appreciable adhesion is frequently not removed at all, the severity of the test is usually enhanced by cutting into the film a figure X or a cross hatched pattern, before applying and removing the tape. Adhesion is then rated by comparing film removed against an established rating scale. If an intact film is peeled cleanly by the tape, or if it debonds just by cutting into it without applying tape, then the adhesion is rated simply as poor or very poor, a more precise evaluation of such films not being within the capability of this test.
到目前为止，评估涂层附着力最普遍的试验是胶带——涂层脱落试验，从1930年就开始应用。最简单的胶带测试是在涂层上加压，当胶带被移走以后，观察涂层的抵抗程度。在涂层表面加可评估的附着力，在使用胶带前，在切X槽或者交叉的槽在工件表面。附着力根据评估等级评估。如果完整的涂层被胶带干净的脱落，这样附着力被评定很弱，在这个试验中没有更精确的评估方法。
X1.3.2 The current widely-used version was first published in 1974; two test methods are covered in this standard. Both test methods are used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is at an adequate level; however they do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measurement are required. Major limitations of the tape test are its low sensitivity, applicability only to coatings of relatively low bond strengths, and non-determination of adhesion to the substrate where failure occurs within a single coat, as when testing primers alone, or within or between coats in multicoat systems. For multicoat systems where adhesion failure may occur between or within coats, the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.
当前广泛运用的版本是1974年第一次出版的。在这个标准中包括两种测试方法。两种方法用来确定涂层对底材的附着力是否足够，但是不能测量那种附着力更精密。胶带测试的局限是低灵敏度，只适用于相对低的附着力。当只用初级试验，不能确定对底材的附着力失效在涂层上，或者在涂层之间。对于多层系统，附着力失效发生在涂层之间或涂层与底材之间是不能确定的。
X1.3.3 Repeatability within one rating unit is generally observed for coatings on metals for both methods, with reproducibility of one to two units. The tape test enjoys
Wide spread popularity and is viewed as “simple” as well as low in cost. Applied to metals, it is economical to perform, lends itself to job site application, and most importantly, after decades of use, people feel comfortable with it.
金属涂层在同一级别的重复性有两种方法。两个级别用再现性。胶带试验使用范围很广，被认为是唯一的低成本。适用于金属，很经济，用了十年以后，人们觉得很舒适。
X1.3.4 When a flexible adhesive tape is applied to a coated rigid substrate surface and then removed, the removal process has been described in terms of the “peel phenomenon,” as illustrated in Fig. X1.1.
当弹性的胶带粘在刚硬的涂层表面然后再去除，移动的过程已经在剥落现象中描述过，见X1.1插图。
X1.3.5 Peeling begins at the “toothed” leading edge (at the right) and proceeds along the coating adhesive/interface or the coating/substrate interface, depending on the relative bond strengths. It is assumed that coating removal occurs when the tensile force generated along the latter interface, which is a function of the theological properties of the backing and adhesive layer materials, is greater than the bond strength at the coating-substrate interface (or cohesive strength of the coating). In actuality, however, this force is distributed over a discrete distance (O-A) in Fig. X1.1, which relates directly to the properties described, not concentrated at a point (O) in Fig.
剥落从锯齿状的前沿开始，延续到涂层相交处或底材相交处，这要依靠相对附着力的大小。假定当拉力沿着后面的分界面时，涂层表面就要分离，附着力层的材料要比涂层与底材的附着力大。实际上，压力分布在不连续的距离（O-A），见图X1.1,图中相对直接地描述性能，没有集中在图中的O点。
X1.1 as in the theoretical case—though the tensile force is greatest at the origin for both.
A significant compressive force arises from the response of the tape backing material to being stretched. Thus both tensile and compressive forces are involved in adhesion tape testing.
在理论中，在两种方法中胶带拉力最初是最大的。当胶带被拉伸时，会产生压力。拉力和压力都被包括在胶带附着力试验中。
X1.3.6 Close scrutiny of the tape test with respect to the nature of the tape employed and
古代晋灵公不君、齐晋鞌之战原文及译文
晋灵公不君（宣公二年） 原文： 晋灵公不君。厚敛以雕墙。从台上弹人，而观其辟丸也。宰夫胹熊蹯不熟，杀之，寘诸畚，使妇人载以过朝。赵盾、士季见其手，问其故而患之。将谏，士季曰：“谏而不入，则莫之继也。会请先，不入，则子继之。”三进及溜，而后视之，曰：“吾知所过矣，将改之。”稽首而对曰：“人谁无过？过而能改，善莫大焉。诗曰：‘靡不有初，鲜克有终。’夫如是，则能补过者鲜矣。君能有终，则社稷之固也，岂惟群臣赖之。又曰：‘衮职有阙，惟仲山甫补之。’能补过也。君能补过，衮不废矣。” 犹不改。宣子骤谏，公患之，使鉏麑贼之。晨往，寝门辟矣，盛服将朝。尚早，坐而假寐。麑退，叹而言曰：“不忘恭敬，民之主也。贼民之主，不忠；弃君之命，不信。有一于此，不如死也！”触槐而死。 秋九月，晋侯饮赵盾酒，伏甲将攻之。其右提弥明知之，趋登曰：“臣侍君宴，过三爵，非礼也。”遂扶以下。公嗾夫獒焉。明搏而杀之。盾曰：“弃人用犬，虽猛何为！”斗且出。提弥明死之。 初，宣子田于首山，舍于翳桑。见灵辄饿，问其病。曰：“不食三日矣！”食之，舍其半。问之，曰：“宦三年矣，未知母之存否。今近焉，请以遗之。”使尽之，而为之箪食与肉，寘诸橐以与之。既而与为公介，倒戟以御公徒，而免之。问何故，对曰：“翳桑之饿人也。”问其名居，不告而退。——遂自亡也。 乙丑，赵穿①攻灵公于桃园。宣子未出山而复。大史书曰：“赵盾弑其君。”以示于朝。宣子曰：“不然。”对曰：“子为正卿，亡不越竟，反不讨贼，非子而谁？”宣子曰：“呜呼!‘我之怀矣，自诒伊戚。’其我之谓矣。” 孔子曰：“董狐，古之良史也，书法不隐。赵宣子，古之良大夫也，为法受恶。惜也，越竞乃免。” 译文： 晋灵公不行君王之道。他向人民收取沉重的税赋以雕饰宫墙。他从高台上用弹弓弹人，然后观赏他们躲避弹丸的样子。他的厨子做熊掌，没有炖熟，晋灵公就把他杀了，把他的尸体装在草筐中，让宫女用车载着经过朝廷。赵盾和士季看到露出来的手臂，询问原由后感到很忧虑。他们准备向晋灵公进谏，士季说：“如果您去进谏而君王不听，那就没有人能够再接着进谏了。还请让我先来吧，不行的话，您再接着来。”士季往前走了三回，行了三回礼，一直到屋檐下，晋灵公才抬头看他。晋灵公说：“我知道我的过错了，我会改过的。”士季叩头回答道：“谁能没有过错呢？有过错而能改掉，这就是最大的善事了。《诗经》说：‘没有人向善没有一个开始的，但却很少有坚持到底的。’如果是这样，那么能弥补过失的人是很少的。您如能坚持向善，那么江山就稳固了，不只是大臣们有所依靠啊。
英语全课文中文翻译
Unit1 Section A 公交司机和乘客一起救护老人 昨天上午9点钟，当26路公交车在中华路行驶的途中，司机看到一位老人正躺在路中，一位妇女正在老人身边大声呼救。 这位24岁的公交司机王平，没有丝毫的犹豫就停下了车。他从车上下来，询问那位妇女发生了什么事。她说这位老人有心脏病，需要送往医院。王先生知道他必须马上行动起来。他告诉（车上的）乘客他必须送老人去医院。他希望大多数或者全部乘客下车等下一班车。但令他惊讶的是，所有的乘客都同意和他一起去（医院）。部分乘客帮助王先生把老人搬到车上。 多亏了王先生和乘客们，医生们及时挽救了那位老人。一位乘客说：“许多人不想帮助别人是令人痛心的，因为他们不想惹上麻烦。但是这位公交车司机没有考虑自己，他只考虑去救人。” SectionB 他失去了胳膊但是仍然登山 阿伦罗尔斯顿是一位对登山感兴趣的美国人。作为一名登山者，阿伦习惯于冒险。这是他做的刺激的危险运动之一。有好多次因为事故，阿伦险些丢掉性命。在2003年的4月26日，当他在尤他州登山的时候，他发现自己陷入了非常危险的境地。 在那一天，当阿伦独自在山里登山时，他的胳膊被一块2000千克的石头压在了下面。因为他的胳膊拿不出来，所以他在那里困了五天，希望有人能够发现他。但是当他的水喝光以后，他知道他将不得不做点事情来挽救自己的生命。那时他还不准备死。所以他用刀子切除了自己一半的右臂。然后，用左胳膊对自己进行了包扎，以至于不会失血过多。完成这些以后，他爬下山，寻求帮助。 失去胳膊以后，他写了一本书《在顽石与绝境之间》。这就意味着你在一个艰难的似乎无法走出的境地中。在这本书中，阿伦讲述了做正确决定的重要性，以及掌握命运的重要性。他对登山的挚爱如此的强烈以至于经过这次经历后，他仍然继续登山。 我们有和阿伦一样的勇气吗？让我们在发现自己处在一个“顽石与绝地间”的境地前考虑一下，在我们不得不做出生与死的选择前考虑一下。 Unit2 SectionA 学生志愿者 来自河畔高中的马里奥格林和玛丽布朗每周拿出几小时去帮忙朋友。 马里奥喜欢动物，想成为一名兽医。每周六的上午，他在一家动物医院做义工。马里奥相信通过做义工能够帮助他得到将来梦想的工作。他说：“做义工是一项艰苦的工作，但是我想了解更多关于如何照顾动物的知识。当我看到动物们变得健康以及它们的主人脸上的快乐表情时，我就有一种强烈的满足感。” 玛丽是一位读书爱好者。在她四岁的时候，就能够自己读书。去年，她决定尝试做一个课后读书活动的志愿者。她仍然在那里一周一次帮助儿童们学习读书。“儿童们坐在图书馆里，但是你能在他们眼睛里看到，通过每一本新书，他们正在踏上不同的旅途。在这里做义工，对我来说实现了梦想。我能做我喜欢做的事情并且同时可以帮助比尔呢。”
牛津英语必修二课文原文及中文翻译
M1U2Home alone Act One Mom and Dad arrive back from vacation a day earlier than expected. The curtains are closed and the living room is dark when Mom and Dad enter. Dad: It’s so nice to be home! Mom: Yes, I can’t wait to surprise the boys! Suddenly the door opens and a soccer ball flies through the room. Eric runs in after it, followed by a big dog, walking very slowly. Eric: Mom! Dad! You’re back early! (looking around room, sounding frightened) But, but … you weren’t supposed to come home until tomorrow! The dog slowly walks to Mom and Dad. Mom: (bending to touch dog) Eric, he’s so tired and hungry! (looking at table) The money for dog food is gone, but Spot looks like he is starving! What did you do with the cash we left? Dad: And look at this room—garbage all over the place! Where is your brother? (shouting angrily) Daniel! Daniel: (running into room) Mom, Dad, I can explain … Dad opens the curtains and light comes into the room. The room is in a mess, with pizza boxes on the floor and dirty dishes in the sink. In the corner, there is a garbage can around which are pieces of garbage and waste paper. Mom and Dad both turn towards Daniel. Dad: (sounding very angry) Listen to me, young man—we left you in charge! We thought you could act like an adult, but look at the mess! I don’t know why the house is so dirty ... Mom: Daniel, we thought you were an adult, a person who would make good decisions ... Dad: How can we trust you any mo re? We won’t tolerate such behavior in our house! Daniel: (shouting) Stop shouting at me. I’m still a teenager! Why is everything always my fault? Daniel runs into his bedroom and shuts the door angrily. Mom and Dad look at each other as lights go out. End of Act One Act Two, Scene One Daniel and Eric’s bedroom. Eric sits on his bed. Daniel has his arms crossed and looks upset. Daniel: They never even gave me a chance to defend myself. I hate them! Eric: You don’t h ate them. I can tell them we had an emergency. Then they won’t be mad any more. Daniel: No, don’t tell them anything. Anyhow, they didn’t trust me. They don’t deserve an explanation. Let them think what they want. Eric: But Daniel, if they knew that Spot was sick and we used the money to take him to the clinic ... Daniel: And that we spent all of yesterday waiting there for him, and that is why we had no time to clean the house ... but no, Eric, why didn’t they ask me what happened instead of shouting at me? Act Two, Scene Two
如何翻译古文
如何翻译古文 学习古代汉语，需要经常把古文译成现代汉语。因为古文今译的过程是加深理解和全面运用古汉语知识解决实际问题的过程，也是综合考察古代汉语水平的过程。学习古代汉语，应该重视古文翻译的训练。 古文翻译的要求一般归纳为信、达、雅三项。“信”是指译文要准确地反映原作的含义，避免曲解原文内容。“达”是指译文应该通顺、晓畅，符合现代汉语语法规范。“信”和“达”是紧密相关的。脱离了“信”而求“达”，不能称为翻译；只求“信”而不顾“达”，也不是好的译文。因此“信”和“达”是文言文翻译的基本要求。“雅”是指译文不仅准确、通顺，而且生动、优美，能再现原作的风格神韵。这是很高的要求，在目前学习阶段，我们只要能做到“信”和“达”就可以了。 做好古文翻译，重要的问题是准确地理解古文，这是翻译的基础。但翻译方法也很重要。这里主要谈谈翻译方法方面的问题。 一、直译和意译 直译和意译是古文今译的两大类型，也是两种不同的今译方法。 1．关于直译。所谓直译，是指紧扣原文，按原文的字词和句子进行对等翻译的今译方法。它要求忠实于原文，一丝不苟，确切表达原意，保持原文的本来面貌。例如： 原文：樊迟请学稼，子曰：“吾不如老农。”请学为圃。子曰：“吾不如老圃。”（《论语?子路》） 译文：樊迟请求学种庄稼。孔子道：“我不如老农民。”又请求学种菜蔬。孔子道：“我不如老菜农。”（杨伯峻《论语译注》） 原文：齐宣王问曰：“汤放桀，武王伐纣，有诸？”（《孟子?梁惠王下》） 译文：齐宣王问道：“商汤流放夏桀，武王讨伐殷纣，真有这回事吗？（杨伯峻《孟子译注》） 上面两段译文紧扣原文，字词落实，句法结构基本上与原文对等，属于直译。 但对直译又不能作简单化理解。由于古今汉语在文字、词汇、语法等方面的差异，今译时对原文作一些适当的调整，是必要的，并不破坏直译。例如： 原文：逐之，三周华不注。（《齐晋鞌之战》） 译文：〔晋军〕追赶齐军，围着华不注山绕了三圈。
英语课文中文翻译
四年级下学期英语课文中文翻译 Lesson 1: Sara：你喜欢音乐吗，阳阳？ 阳阳：是的，我喜欢。我非常喜欢音乐。我听各种各样的音乐。但我最喜欢流行歌曲。 Sara：我也喜欢流行歌曲。但我最喜欢高雅音乐。我会钢琴。 阳阳：我会小提琴。有时间我们一起玩。 Lesson 2： 果果：你养宠物吗，玲玲？ 玲玲：不，我不养。但我喜欢猫。猫都很安静。猫也很可爱。 果果：我喜欢狗。狗是我们的好朋友。狗对我们帮助很大。 玲玲：是的。但狗太吵了。狗见了陌生人会叫。 Lesson 3： 爸爸：放学后你喜欢做什么，麦克？ 麦克：我喜欢做飞机模型。 爸爸：将来你想做什么? 麦克：我长大后想开真飞机。有朝一日我想飞到月球和火星。 爸爸：那也就是说你想当宇航员。你真棒！ Lesson 5： 妈妈：你怎么了，宝宝？ 宝宝：我觉得不舒服。我头很疼，妈妈。 妈妈：恐怕你是病了。你需要去看病。 宝宝：今天我不能上学了，太糟糕了。 Lesson 6： 宝宝：医生，我觉得不舒服。我头疼得厉害。 医生：唉！你发高烧了。张开嘴说“啊---”。 宝宝：你需要给我验血吗？ 医生：恐怕需要。你得了流感。这种药每天吃三次。你很快就会康复的。Lesson 7： 医生：你怎么了？ 麦克：我的右腿伤得很严重，医生。 医生：我来看看。哪疼啊？ 麦克：膝盖附近疼。 医生：恐怕我们需要拍一个X光片。
Lesson 9： 麦克：对不起，你能告诉我去图书馆的路吗？ 男人：哦，好的。就在那栋棕色楼的五层。 麦克：是在楼梯的右边还是左边呢？ 男人：在右边的第三个房间。 麦克：太谢谢你了。 男人；我很乐意。 Lesson 10： 女人：对不起。我正在找医院。我怎么才能到那呢？ 毛毛：就在附近。你看到那座有一个白色十字的灰色大楼了吗？ 女人：看到了。在那座红色大楼的右边。 毛毛：我正好顺路。我带你去吧。 女人：你太好了。真谢谢你。 毛毛：不客气。 Lesson 11： 女人：对不起，请问车站在哪啊？远吗？ 果果：不远。继续往前开车然后左转。你会在你的右边看见一个标志。 女人：我看到了。我应该先往前开然后左转。我会在我的右边看见一个标志。果果：是的。那个标志是红色和黄色的。你一定能看见。 女人：多谢。祝你一天过得愉快。 果果：你也是。 Lesson 15： 果果：五一就要到了。我们也叫它劳动节。在五月一日。 Sara：但是在美国劳动节是在九月的第一个星期一。 果果：在中国，劳动节是一个劳动人民的节日。那天你要干什么？ Sara：我们要去参观长城。 Lesson 16： 玲玲：儿童节就要到了。在六月一号。 麦克：儿童节你干什么？ 玲玲：全国的孩子们都庆祝这个节日。在那一天我们去电影院，公园，和博物馆。我们也会收到父母送的礼物。 麦克：我们学校每年都举办聚会吗？ 玲玲：是的。你们肯定会过得很愉快的。 Lesson 17：
齐晋鞌之战原文和译文
鞌之战选自《左传》又名《鞍之战》原文：楚癸酉，师陈于鞌(1)。邴夏御侯，逢丑父为右②。晋解张御克，郑丘缓为右(3)。侯日：“余姑翦灭此而朝食(4)”。不介马而驰之⑤。克伤于矢，流血及屦2 未尽∧6)，曰：“余病矣(7)！”张侯曰：“自始合(8)，而矢贯余手及肘(9)，余折以御，左轮朱殷(10)，岂敢言病吾子忍之！”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险，余必下推车，子岂＿识之(11)然子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之。此车一人殿之(12)，可以集事(13)，若之何其以病败君之大事也擐甲执兵(14)，固即死也(15)；病未及死，吾子勉之(16)！”左并辔(17) ，右援拐鼓(18)。马逸不能止(19)，师从之，师败绩。逐之，三周华不注(20) 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰：“旦辟左右！”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰：“射其御者，君子也。”公曰：“谓之君子而射之，非礼也。”射其左，越于车下；射其右，毙于车中。綦毋张丧车，从韩厥，曰：“请寓乘。”从左右，皆肘之，使立于后。韩厥俛，定其右。逢丑父与公易位。将及华泉，骖絓于木而止。丑父寝于轏中，蛇出于其下，以肱击之，伤而匿之，故不能推车而及。韩厥执絷马前，再拜稽首，奉觞加璧以进，曰：“寡君使群臣为鲁、卫请，曰：‘无令舆师陷入君地。’下臣不幸，属当戎行，无所逃隐。且惧奔辟而忝两君，臣辱戎士，敢告不敏，摄官承乏。” 丑父使公下，如华泉取饮。郑周父御佐车，宛茷为右，载齐侯以免。韩厥献丑父，郤献子将戮之。呼曰：“自今无有代其君任患者，有一于此，将为戮乎”郤子曰：“人不难以死免其君，我戮之不祥。赦之，以劝事君者。”乃免之。译文1：在癸酉这天，双方的军队在鞌这个地方摆开了阵势。齐国一方是邴夏为齐侯赶车，逢丑父当车右。晋军一方是解张为主帅郤克赶车，郑丘缓当车右。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭了这些人再吃早饭。”不给马披甲就冲向了晋军。郤克被箭射伤，血流到了鞋上，但是仍不停止擂鼓继续指挥战斗。他说:“我受重伤了。”解张说:“从一开始接战，一只箭就射穿了我的手和肘，左边的车轮都被我的血染成了黑红色，我哪敢说受伤您忍着点吧！”郑丘缓说:“从一开始接战，如果遇到道路不平的地方，我必定（冒着生命危险）下去推车，您难道了解这些吗不过，您真是受重伤了。”daier 解张说:“军队的耳朵和眼睛，都集中在我们的战旗和鼓声，前进后退都要听从它。这辆车上还有一个人镇守住它，战事就可以成功。为什么为了伤痛而败坏国君的大事呢身披盔甲，手执武器，本来就是去走向死亡，伤痛还没到死的地步，您还是尽力而为吧。”一边说，一边用左手把右手的缰绳攥在一起，用空出的右手抓过郤克手中的鼓棰就擂起鼓来。（由于一手控马，）马飞快奔跑而不能停止，晋军队伍跟着指挥车冲上去，把齐军打得打败。晋军随即追赶齐军，三次围绕着华不注山奔跑。韩厥梦见他去世的父亲对他说:“明天早晨作战时要避开战车左边和右边的位置。”因此韩厥就站在中间担任赶车的来追赶齐侯的战车。邴夏说:“射那个赶车的，他是个君子。”齐侯说: “称他为君子却又去射他，这不合于礼。”daier 于是射车左，车左中箭掉下了车。又射右边的，车右也中箭倒在了车里。（晋军的）将军綦毋张损坏了自己的战车，跟在韩厥的车后说: “请允许我搭乗你的战车。”他上车后，无论是站在车的左边，还是站在车的右边，韩厥都用肘推他，让他站在自己身后——战车的中间。韩厥又低下头安定了一下受伤倒在车中的那位自己的车右。于是逢丑父和齐侯（乘韩厥低头之机）互相调换了位置。将要到达华泉时，齐侯战车的骖马被树木绊住而不能继续逃跑而停了下来。（头天晚上）逢丑父睡在栈车里，有一条蛇从他身子底下爬出来，他用小臂去打蛇，小臂受伤，但他（为了能当车右）隐瞒了这件事。由于这样，他不能用臂推车前进，因而被韩厥追上了。韩厥拿着拴马绳走到齐侯的马前，两次下拜并行稽首礼，捧着一杯酒并加上一块玉璧给齐侯送上去，
人教版英语七年级上册全册课文中文翻译
人教版七年级上册英语课文翻译 P4 Daming and I’ｍin Class One. I’ｍfrom China and I’ｍChinese. I’ｍfrom Beiji My name’ｓ my friend. ng. Beijing is a big city. Lingling’ｓ in my class. She’ｓ Lingling. I’ｍnot from England and I’ｍnot English. I’ｍChinese. I’ｍin Class O My name’ｓ in my class. W from Beijing and he’ｓ ne. Daming is my friend. We’re twelve years old. He’ｓ e’re good friends. Wang Hui and I’ｍChinese. I’ｍfrom Shanghai. I’ｍthirteen years old. I’ｍin Cl My name’ｓ ass One with Daming and Lingling. They are my friends. 我的名字叫大明，和我在一班。我来自中国，和我是中国人。我来自北京。北京是个大城市。 玲玲在我的班。她是我的朋友。 我的名字叫玲玲。我不是来自英国，和我也不是英国人。我是中国人。我在一班。大明是我 的朋友。我们12岁了。他来自北京，和他在我的班。我们是好朋友。 我的名字叫王辉，和我是中国人。我不是来自北京。我来自上海。我13岁了。我在一班和大明、玲玲。他们是我的朋友。 P8 Miss Li: Please welcome Betty and Tony to our school. They are from Beijing International School. This is Betty. Betty. I’ｍfrom America. I’ｍ13 years old and I’ｍ a student. I ca Betty: Hello. My name’ｓ speak Chinese. Th n play football and I can play basketball. I can speak English but I can’ｔ my friend. is is Tony. He’ｓ Tony. I’ｍ11 years old. I’ｍfrom England and I can speak English Tony: Hello. My name’ｓ . I can play football and table tennis, and I can ride a bike. Lingling: Can you swim? speak Chinese! Tony: No, I can’t. And I can’ｔ 李小姐：请欢迎贝蒂和托尼来我们学校。他们来自北京国际学校。这是贝蒂。 贝蒂：你好。我的名字叫贝蒂。我来自美国。我十三岁，和我是一个学生。我能踢足球，和 我能打篮球。我能说英语但是我不能说汉语。这是托尼。他是我的朋友 托尼：你好。我的名字叫托尼。我十一岁了。我来自英国，和我能说英语。我能踢足球和打 乒乓球，和我能骑一辆车。
《鞌之战》阅读答案(附翻译)原文及翻译
《鞌之战》阅读答案（附翻译）原文及翻 译 鞌之战[1] 选自《左传成公二年（即公元前589年）》 【原文】 癸酉，师陈于鞌[2]。邴夏御齐侯[3]，逢丑父为右[4]。晋解张御郤克，郑丘缓为右[5]。齐侯曰：余姑翦灭此而朝食[6]。不介马而驰之[7]。郤克伤于矢，流血及屦，未绝鼓音[8]，曰：余病[9]矣！张侯[10]曰：自始合，而矢贯余手及肘[11]，余折以御，左轮朱殷[12]，岂敢言病。吾子[13]忍之！缓曰：自始合，苟有险[14]，余必下推车，子岂识之[15]？然子病矣！张侯曰：师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之[16]。此车一人殿之[17]，可以集事[18]，若之何其以病败君之大事也[19]？擐甲执兵，固即死也[20]。病未及死，吾子勉之[21]！左并辔[22]，右援枹而鼓[23]，马逸不能止[24]，师从之。齐师败绩[25]。逐之，三周华不注[26]。 【注释】 [1]鞌之战：春秋时期的著名战役之一。战争的实质是齐、晋争霸。由于齐侯骄傲轻敌，而晋军同仇敌忾、士气旺盛，战役以齐败晋胜而告终。鞌：通鞍，齐国地名，在今山东济南西北。 [2]癸酉：成公二年的六月十七日。师，指齐晋两国军队。陈，
列阵，摆开阵势。 [3]邴夏：齐国大夫。御，动词，驾车。御齐侯，给齐侯驾车。齐侯，齐国国君，指齐顷公。 [4]逢丑父：齐国大夫。右：车右。 [5]解张、郑丘缓：都是晋臣，郑丘是复姓。郤（x ）克，晋国大夫，是这次战争中晋军的主帅。又称郤献子、郤子等。 [6]姑：副词，姑且。翦灭：消灭，灭掉。朝食：早饭。这里是吃早饭的意思。这句话是成语灭此朝食的出处。 [7]不介马：不给马披甲。介：甲。这里用作动词，披甲。驰之：驱马追击敌人。之：代词，指晋军。 [8] 未绝鼓音：鼓声不断。古代车战，主帅居中，亲掌旗鼓，指挥军队。兵以鼓进，击鼓是进军的号令。 [9] 病：负伤。 [10]张侯，即解张。张是字，侯是名，人名、字连用，先字后名。 [11]合：交战。贯：穿。肘：胳膊。 [12]朱：大红色。殷：深红色、黑红色。 [13]吾子：您，尊敬。比说子更亲切。 [14]苟：连词，表示假设。险：险阻，指难走的路。 [15]识：知道。之，代词，代苟有险，余必下推车这件事，可不译。 [16]师之耳目：军队的耳、目（指注意力）。在吾旗鼓：在我们
人教版七年级上册英语课文中文翻译完整版
人教版七年级上册英语课文中文翻译完整版 预习单元1—3 Starter Unit 1 Section A 1a 早上好，海伦！嗨，鲍勃！早上好，艾丽斯！喂，弗兰克！喂，埃里克！早上好，戴尔！ Section B 1 下午好，戴尔！嗨，辛蒂！你好吗？我很好，多谢。你好吗？我很好。 Self Check 1 嗨喂上午下午晚上好的好谢谢好的 4 年龄手他床Just for Fun 晚上好！ Starter Unit 2 Section A 1b 这用英语怎么说？一张地图。一个橙子。 Section B 1a 用英语说这是什么？一把钥匙。请拼一下。 Self Check 3夹克衫艾丽斯地图钥匙橙子戴尔海伦格雷斯辛蒂鲍勃钢笔弗兰克被子埃里克尺子 4 名字能他腿美好的牛奶去狗 Starter Unit 3 Section A 1a 这是什么？它是字母V。它是什么颜色的？它是红色的。这是什么？它是字母Z。它是黑白相间的。 Section B 1b 这把钥匙是黄色的。这把尺子是蓝色的。这支钢笔是红色的。Self Check 它是绿色的。 字母意思（铅笔芯）硬黑激光唱片英国广播公司停车（美国）全国篮球协会千克小号/中号/大号不明飞行物中央电视台联合国
一单元 Section A 1a 我是吉娜。见到你真高兴。 Grammer Foucs 你的名字是什么？我的名字是詹妮。我是詹妮。他的名字是什么？他的名字是托尼。她的名字是什么？她的名字是吉娜。 Section B 1c 你的电话号码是什么，李欣？是281-6926。 3b 她的电话号码是什么？她的姓氏是什么？她的名字是什么？ Self Check 1 我她是身份证什么我的喂你的他的她的名姓电话号码 Just for Fun你的名是什么？ZIG。你的姓是什么？ZAG。 二单元 Section A 1a 那是你的双肩背包吗？不，不是。它是他的双肩背包。这是你的铅笔吗？是的，它是。它是我的铅笔。这是你的尺子吗？不，不是。它是她的尺子。铅笔钢笔书橡皮擦尺子铅笔盒书包卷笔刀词典 2b 请原谅，索尼亚。这是你的铅笔吗？是的，谢谢。那是我的橡皮。简，这是你的尺子吗？不，不是。它是她的尺子。好的，这是我的书。这是你的铅笔盒，简。 Section B 1a 棒球手表电子游戏机身份证钥匙笔记本戒指钢笔 1b 这是什么？一块手表。你怎样拼写它？…… 3a 这是你的手表吗？给艾伦打电话495—3539。艾伦，失物招领箱中的电子游戏是你的吗？尼克招领：笔记本这是你的笔记本吗？请给玛丽打电话。电话#235—0285。寻物：我的学生证。我的名字是托尼。请打电话685
《鞌之战》阅读答案附翻译
《鞌之战》阅读答案（附翻译） 《鞌之战》阅读答案（附翻译） 鞌之战[1] 选自《左传·成公二年（即公元前589年）》 【原文】 癸酉，师陈于鞌[2]。邴夏御齐侯[3]，逢丑父为右[4]。晋解张御郤克，郑丘缓为右[5]。齐侯曰：“余姑 翦灭此而朝食[6]。”不介马而驰之[7]。郤克伤于矢， 流血及屦，未绝鼓音[8]，曰：“余病[9]矣！”张侯[10]曰：“自始合，而矢贯余手及肘[11]，余折以御，左轮 朱殷[12]，岂敢言病。吾子[13]忍之！”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险[14]，余必下推车，子岂识之[15]？——然 子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之[16]。此车一人殿之[17]，可以集事[18]，若之何其以 病败君之大事也[19]？擐甲执兵，固即死也[20]。病未 及死，吾子勉之[21]！”左并辔[22]，右援枹而鼓[23]，马逸不能止[24]，师从之。齐师败绩[25]。逐之，三周 华不注[26]。 【注释】 [1]鞌之战：春秋时期的著名战役之一。战争的实质是齐、晋争霸。由于齐侯骄傲轻敌，而晋军同仇敌忾、 士气旺盛，战役以齐败晋胜而告终。鞌：通“鞍”，齐
国地名，在今山东济南西北。 [2]癸酉：成公二年的六月十七日。师，指齐晋两国军队。陈，列阵，摆开阵势。 [3]邴夏：齐国大夫。御，动词，驾车。御齐侯，给齐侯驾车。齐侯，齐国国君，指齐顷公。 [4]逢丑父：齐国大夫。右：车右。 [5]解张、郑丘缓：都是晋臣，“郑丘”是复姓。郤（xì）克，晋国大夫，是这次战争中晋军的主帅。又称郤献子、郤子等。 [6]姑：副词，姑且。翦灭：消灭，灭掉。朝食：早饭。这里是“吃早饭”的意思。这句话是成语“灭此朝食”的出处。 [7]不介马：不给马披甲。介：甲。这里用作动词，披甲。驰之：驱马追击敌人。之：代词，指晋军。 [8]未绝鼓音：鼓声不断。古代车战，主帅居中，亲掌旗鼓，指挥军队。“兵以鼓进”，击鼓是进军的号令。 [9]病：负伤。 [10]张侯，即解张。“张”是字，“侯”是名，人名、字连用，先字后名。 [11]合：交战。贯：穿。肘：胳膊。 [12]朱：大红色。殷：深红色、黑红色。 [13]吾子：您，尊敬。比说“子”更亲切。
牛津高中英语模块15全部英语课文及中文翻译
搜索代码：短语1分词2 不定式完成时 3 with结构 4 句型 5 M1U1 SCHOOL life in the UK Going to a British high school for one year was a very enjoyable and exciting experience for me. I was very happy with the school hours in Britain because school starts around 9 a.m. and ends about 3.30 p.m. This means I could get up an hour later than usual as schools in China begin before 8 a.m. On the first day, all of the new students attended an assembly in the school hall. I sat next to a girl whose name is Diane. We soon became best friends. During the assembly, the headmaster told us about the rules of the school. He also told us that the best way to earn respect was to devote oneself to study and achieve high grades. This sounded like my school in China. I had many teachers in the past year. Mr. Heywood , my class teacher, was very helpful. My favorite teacher was Miss Burke—I loved the lessons that she gave in English Literature. In our class there were 28 students. This is about the average size for British schools. We had to move to different classrooms for different classes. We also had different students in some classes, so it was a struggle for me to remember all the faces and names. I found the homework was not as heavy as what I used to get in my old school, but it was a bit challenging for me at firs t because all the homework was in English. I felt lucky as all my teachers gave me much encouragement and I enjoyed all my subjects: English, History, English Literature, Computer Science, Maths, Science, PE, Art, Cooking and French. My English improved a lot as I used English every day and spent an hour each day reading English books in the library.I usually went to the Computer Club during the lunch break, so I could send e-mails to my family and friends back home for free. I also had an extra French class on Tuesday evenings. Cooking was really fun as I learned how to buy, prepare and cook food. At the end of term we held a class party and we all had to cook something. I was glad that all my classmates were fond of the cake that I made. Students at that school have to study Maths, English and Science, but can stop studying some and French. They can choose other subjects subjects if they don’t like them, for example, History like Art and Computer Science or Languages such as Spanish and German. In the Art class that I very beautiful when it was finished, I still took, I made a small sculpture. Though it didn’t look liked it very much. I missed Chinese food a lot at lunch. British food is very different. British people like eating dessert at the end of their main meal. After lunch, we usually played on the school field. Sometimes I played football with the boys. Sometimes I just relaxed under a tree or sat on the grass. I was very lucky to experience this different way of life. I look back on my time in the UK with satisfaction, and I really hope to go back and study in Manchester again. 在英国的学校生活 在英国上了一年的中学对我来说是一段非常令人愉快和兴奋的经历。我很喜欢英国中学的作息时间，因为学校每天上午大约9点上课，下午大约3点半放学。这意味着我每天可以比以往 晚一个小时起床，因为在中国学校每天上午8点之前就开始上课了。
人教新版英语级上册课文中文翻译完整版
人教新版英语级上册课 文中文翻译 Document serial number【NL89WT-NY98YT-NC8CB-NNUUT-NUT108】
五年级英语课文 第一单元 第1课 1、刘老师：你们好，孩子们。我们班来了两个新朋友。鲍勃和周培， 到这儿来。到前面来。 2、鲍勃：大家好！我是鲍勃。我11岁。我来自英国。 3、周：上午好！我是周培。我10岁了。我来自北京。 4、同学们：欢迎来到我们班！ 5、两人：谢谢你们！ 6、刘老师：鲍勃和周培，请你们回到座位。现在，让我们开始上课 吧。
第2课 1、我是鲍勃。我11岁。我来自英国。 2、我是本，10岁。来自英国。 3、贝蒂，11岁，来自澳大利亚。 4、比尔，12岁，来自新西兰 5、
1、周：你好，我叫周培。你叫什么名字？ 2、 3、帕特里克：我叫格林。帕特里克。 4、周：你在哪班？ 5、帕特里克：我再五年三班。你呢？ 6、周：我再五年一班。 7、帕特里克：哦，我们在同一年级。让我们成为朋友吧。 8、周：好的！你住哪？ 9、帕特里克：我住在格林路。 10、周：格林路你家门牌号是多少 11、 12、帕特里克：23号。你呢？ 13、周：噢，我们住在紫色大街46号。 14、帕特里克：噢，我们彼此住的很近！让我们一起回家吧。 13、周：好的。我们走吧！
1、你叫什么名字？ 2、我叫周培。 3、你在几班？ 4、我在五年一班。 5、你住哪儿？ 6、我住在格林路。 7、我住在紫色大街46号。 8、我叫鲍勃。 9、我在五年一班。 10、我住格林路34号 11、我叫琳达。 12、我在五年二班。 13、我住苹果大街48号。 14、你呢？
左传《齐晋鞌之战》原文+翻译+注释
左传《齐晋鞌之战》原文+翻译+注释 楚癸酉，师陈于鞌(1)。邴夏御侯，逢丑父为右②。晋解张御克，郑丘缓 为右(3)。侯日：“余姑翦灭此而朝食(4)”。不介马而驰之⑤。克伤于矢， 流血及屦2未尽∧?6)，曰：“余病矣(7)！”张侯曰：“自始合(8)，而矢贯余手 及肘(9)，余折以御，左轮朱殷(10)，岂敢言病？吾子忍之！”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险，余必下推车，子岂＿识之(11)？然子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在 吾旗鼓，进退从之。此车一人殿之(12)，可以集事(13)，若之何其以病败君之大事也？擐甲执兵(14)，固即死也(15)；病未及死，吾子勉之(16)！”左并辔(17) ，右援拐?鼓(18)。马逸不能止(19)，师从之，师败绩。逐之，三周华不注(20) 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰：“旦辟左右！”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰：“射其御者，君子也。”公曰：“谓之君子而射之，非礼也。”射其左，越于车下；射其右，毙于车中。綦毋张丧车，从韩厥，曰：“请寓乘。”从左右，皆肘之，使立于后。韩厥俛，定其右。逢丑父与公易位。将及华泉，骖絓于木而止。丑父寝于轏中，蛇出于其下，以肱击之，伤而匿之，故不能推车而及。韩厥执絷马前，再拜稽首，奉觞加璧以进，曰：“寡君使群臣为鲁、卫请，曰：‘无令舆师陷入君地。’下臣不幸，属当戎行，无所逃隐。且惧奔辟而忝两君，臣辱戎士，敢告不敏，摄官承乏。”丑父使公下，如华泉取饮。郑周父御佐车，宛茷为右，载齐侯以免。韩厥献丑父，郤献子将戮之。呼曰：“自今无有代其君任患者，有一于此，将为戮乎？”郤子曰：“人不难以死免其君，我戮之不祥。赦之，以劝事君者。”乃免之。 在癸酉这天，双方的军队在鞌这个地方摆开了阵势。齐国一方是邴夏为齐侯赶车，逢丑父当车右。晋军一方是解张为主帅郤克赶车，郑丘缓当车右。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭了这些人再吃早饭。”不给马披甲就冲向了晋军。郤克被箭射伤，血流到了鞋上，但是仍不停止擂鼓继续指挥战斗。他说:“我受重伤了。”解张说:“从一开始接战，一只箭就射穿了我的手和肘，左边的车轮都被我的血染成了黑红色，我哪敢说受伤？您忍着点吧！”郑丘缓说:“从一开始接战，如果遇到道路不平的地方，我必定（冒着生命危险）下去推车，您难道了解这些吗？不过，您真是受重伤了。”daier解张说:“军队的耳朵和眼睛，都集中在我们的战旗和鼓声，前进后退都要听从它。这辆车上还有一个人镇守住它，战事就可以成功。为什么为了伤痛而败坏国君的大事呢？身披盔甲，手执武器，本来就是去走向死亡，伤痛还没到死的地步，您还是尽力而为吧。”一边说，一边用左手把右手的缰绳攥在一起，用空出的右手抓过郤克手中的鼓棰就擂起鼓来。（由于一手控马，）马飞快奔跑而不能停止，晋军队伍跟着指挥车冲上去，把齐军打得打败。晋军随即追赶齐军，三次围绕着华不注山奔跑。
高中英语必修全部单元课文翻译外研版
必修二Module 1 Zhou Kai (1) 周凯（1） 周凯的妈妈看到他没有穿夹克衫就往前门走去时，她担心地盯着周凯，问道 "周凯，上哪儿去呀" "去公园踢球，"周凯说。 "下着雨呢!会得重感冒的，"妈妈说。 "不会的，没事，"周凯边说边开门。 "周凯，你会生病的，肯定会的。你至少可以去拿上你的夹克衫。 "好吧，好吧，"周凯听话地带了件夹克，走了出去。 Zhou Kai (2) 周凯（2） 我妈妈总是想方设法让我们吃得健康，新鲜水果和蔬菜是我们食谱中很重要的一部分。我们家靠近大海，一周吃四次鱼。脂肪和糖分的摄取不是很多。学校里很多同学每天都吃:甜食，我很幸运我不喜好甜食,我宁愿吃一块 (一片)美味的水果。我不是很胖，所以;我不必节食，也不必做其他类似的事情。 我很健康。很少感冒。不过很少见的是上周得了重感冒还有点发烧。但那是因为我真是够蠢的，居然在雨中踢足球。我也不常染上流感。去年冬天全班同学儿乎都得了流感---我却幸免了。我认为我不会得这些病，因为我经常锻炼，很健康。两年前我在踢球时胳膊骨折了。伤口疼得厉害，胳膊一个月不能动，太讨厌了。 从我上面的话你可以看出，我是个普通的人。不过有一件事我非常喜爱-----我对足球太着迷了。我是班上足球队的队长，也是高中球队的球员。正因为如此，我确保自己的合理膳食，我早就说过，这没问题，妈妈照顾我们吃得真是太好了。
必修二Module 2 Article 1文章一 我叫亚当?鲁斯，19岁。我曾经是个瘾君子， 15岁时我开始尝试毒品。我从街上一个男人手中购买大麻，大约有六个月我一直从这个人手里买大麻。一天他给了我一些纯可卡因。 Article 2文章二 可卡因是一种极容易使人上瘾的毒品。有些毒品使用者注射可卡因，有些则吸人体内。两种途径都很危险。如果那些注射毒品的人和其他吸毒者共用针头的话，他们会面临更多危险。 1. 强效纯可卡因是最能让人上瘾的一种可卡因。毒品使用者如果直接吸入体内的话会更容易上瘾。吸入的方式可以让可卡因很快进入大脑。 2. 当我回到那个男人那儿的时候，我向他要更多的强效纯可卡因。他向我要很多的钱。我的钱不够，所以他就再也不给我毒品了。我痛苦得要命。 3. 第二天我闯进一户人家，偷了一台电视机和一台录像机。我把它们带给那个贩毒的人。他让我把这些东西送到附近一条街的一家商店。店里的人给了我一些钱。我把钱给了贩毒者，他又给了我一些强效纯可卡因。 4.使用可卡因能够加快心脏速率、增高血压。所以可卡因吸毒者常患心脏病。吸食强效纯可卡因也会导致引起反社会的行为。 5. 到此时我己经对强效纯可卡因上了瘾。要是我不使用，就会难受极了。我不得不每天行窃以购买毒品。终于有一天我被带到了警察局。 6. 第二天，一位医生来看我。他告诉我要是不停止吸食强效纯可卡因就有可能会死去的，我听取了医生的劝告，立刻停了。现在我在一所戒毒中心工作，帮助其他人戒毒。