新世纪英语高二全部课文

上海外语教育出版社——新世纪英语高二全部课文

（包括Additional Reading）及重点词组

高二第一学期

1. Food in the United States

Many changes are taking place in food styles in the United States. The United States is traditionally famous for its very solid and unchanging diet, chiefly made up of meat and potatoes. Now people in America have many different choices: ethnic food, health food, and fast food, in addition to the traditional home-cooked meal.

Ethnic restaurants and supermarkets are common in the United States. Being a country of immigrants, the United States enjoys a wide variety of ethnic food. Most American cities and towns are filled with restaurants serving international cooking. Many even have ethnic sections: Chinatown, Little Italy, or Germantown. Having vast ethnic choices, Americans can enjoy food from all over the world. Besides sections of cities, there are ethnic regions, which are well-known for certain food because of the people who have settled there. For example, in southern California, there are many Mexican restaurants.

Health food became popular when people began to think more seriously about their physical well-being. Health food is fresh, natural, and unprocessed food, which does not contain preservatives to make it last longer or chemicals to make it taste or look better. People who are keen on health food are usually vegetarians. They don?t eat meat, but live on beans, cheese, and eggs.

Fast food restaurants are now expanding rapidly all over the country. In the United States, speed is a very important concept. People usually have a short lunch break because they just do not want to waste their time eating. Fast food restaurants are places that take care of hundreds of people in a short time. There is usually very little waiting, and the food is always cheap. Burger and pizza places are just two examples.

Americans? attitude toward food is changing, too. The traditional big breakfast is no longer popular. However, coming to rediscover the social importance of food, Americans find that dinner with family and friends is a very special of enjoying time together. Like so many people in other cultures, many Americans are taking time to relax and enjoy a wider variety of tastes at dinner, even if they still rush through lunch at a hamburger stand.

2. The world’s best ethnic food

How can you travel the world without leaving your own country? Visit an ethnic restaurant! Trying foods from other countries is a great way to experience different cultures. People around the world have unique and creative ways of preparing food. The ingredients they use may surprise you.

So what are the world?s best ethnic foods? Everyone has his or her own personal favourites, and so do we. The following are the world?s three best ethnic foods---other than Chinese food, of course!

ITALIAN When you visit an Italian restaurant, order a pasta(意大利面食) dish. The Italians have hundreds of ways of preparing this food. Pastas usually come with flavourful tomato or cream sauces, which give the dishes a powerful, rich flavour. There are also different kinds of cheese.

When ordering Italian food, you choose one main dish for yourself. You may, however, order an appetizer to share with everyone at the table.

MEXICAN What?s great about Mexican food? Most of it you can pick up and eat with your hands!

One major Mexican food is the tortilla(尤指墨西哥人食用的玉米薄饼). Mexican chefs mold this corn or flour-based material into round, flat shapes. The tortilla then gets filled with ingredients such as cheese, meat, sour cream, beans and other vegetables. Tortilla dishes can be fried, baked or toasted. Don?t forget to add hot sauce---Mexican food is great with a bit of spice!

INDIAN India is the land of curries and strong flavours. You can smell a good Indian restaurant even before you walk through the door!

The eating method of Indian food also takes a bit of getting used to. Peal off some flat fried bread and use this “spoon” to get food from a shared dish. You can finish the meal with Indian-style milk tea.

While Chinese food is great, try something new and expand your horizons. After all, variety is the spice of life!

3. The global drink

Tea, the global drink, is consumed around the world more than any other drink except water. Originating in China, tea has long established itself as the national drink of this country, the nation with the biggest population on earth.

A century before the birth of Christ, tea was described in Chinese texts as a health drink that made one live longer. Tea is still being regarded as such. Scientific studies have suggested that drinking five cups of tea a day can be compared to having two servings of vegetables. Both green and black teas are claimed to be effective for preventing cancer, heart disease, and many other deadly disease. There is only one point people need to be aware of when they drink tea---it should not be drunk along with meals. This is because an element contained in tea can interfere with the body?s absorption of iron.

Tea, a popular drink in China and many other countries, is carefully prepared according to local customs. The Chinese put loose tea in teapots, add boiling water, and serve it in teacups. The strong tea from China?s Fujian Province is drunk in tiny cups before dinner. Lighter teas with jasmine, rose or other flowers, are special to China?s Changjiang River regions. These are usually served after dinner to help digestion.

In England people use teabags and mugs. Many English people, travelling away from home, feel at a loss if their favourite teabags are not available. Afternoon tea in England is still a time-honoured tradition. It?s a good opportunity for people to socialize or discuss business matters, though now more young people prefer a cola.

In Japan, a tea ceremony is often held while people are drinking tea. The ceremony, usually held in a teahouse, dates back to the sixteenth century. Guests follow strict rules set up then and the tea used is a powdered green tea. Though still practised today, the tea ceremony may not be as popular as it used to be. Young Japanese tend to favour other drinks.

4. Coffee

When coffee was first introduced in Europe in the 1600s, there was a great deal of controversy about it. Many doctors said that coffee was a strong poison and should be forbidden. Others, however, insisted it was good to drink coffee. Then, “coffee houses” sprang up everywhere. Today, coffee has become a global drink and it is consumed by one third of the world?s population.

Tests show that when coffee is given in large doses to animals, it can actually act as a poison. Coffee can also produce negative or even poisonous effects on small children. But for adults who drink it moderately, it is by no means a poison.

Coffee contains caffeine. Most people believed that it is the caffeine that produces all the effects that coffee has on the body. Of course, the other elements in coffee have a role to play.

Here are some of the things that happen when people drink coffee. The smell of coffee itself produces stimulating effects in various parts of the body. The blood vessels(血管) in the brain open wider so that the flow is improved, and this removes some of the poisonous substances from the brain. Coffee increases the pulse rate(脉搏), which means it stimulates the heart, and the muscles can thus work harder. Coffee makes the stomach work more actively, which is worthwhile for healthy people, especially when drunk after a heavy meal.

Coffee actually produces different effects on the body at different times of the day! The morning coffee, for instance, helps the body get rid of waste products produced during the night. Coffee after lunch helps digestion. Afternoon coffee acts on the muscles and helps us feel less tired. And coffee taken in the evening seems to stimulate the mind and the imagination!

However, there always two sides to everything. Caffeine is stimulating, so a lot of people avoid drinking coffee at night, which is the time when people want to go to bed instead of feeling stimulated. Furthermore, some people get hooked on coffee because of the caffeine, and that has always been considered negative.

5. The Mexican (Adapted from The Mexican Jack London)

Rivera was determined to help his people at the cost of his life. he fought against stronger and tougher boxers in the ring to make money for his people. He often lost at the beginning, but he grew more experienced.

One day he was engaged in a very tough fight against a champion boxer, Danny. Rivera didn?t match Danny in height, weight, or skills. And he was not half as popular. However, “The winner takes all!” And Rivera stubbornly asked for all---all he had on his mind was making the money for his people.

The fight was going on and on. The whole stadium was cheering for Danny; there were few on Rivera?s side. However, Rivera survived on blow after another; his excellent defence was frightening.

Danny rushed, forcing Rivera to give him a clinch. Was it a trick? Rivera thought to himself.

Yes, it was. But Rivera was smart enough to avoid it. He backed and circled away.

He pretended to clinch with Danny?s next rush. Instead, at the last instant, just as their bodies should have come together, Rivera went quickly back. He had fooled him!

While Rivera was dancing away, Danny kept challenging him openly. Having run after him for two rounds, Danny found the boy not even daring to come near him. He started to throw all caution to the winds. Rivera was struck again and again. He took blows by the dozen---just to avoid the deadly clinch.

In the seventeenth round, Rivera, blown heavily, bent down. His hands dropped helplessly. Danny thought it was his chance---the boy was at his mercy. He decided to strike the deadly blow. But before he could do that, Rivera caught him off his guard and hit him in the mouth. Danny went down. When he rose, Rivera gave him another blow on the neck and jaw. He repeated this three times.

Danny did not rise again. The audience shouted for him to stand up. But the miracle did not happen.

“Count!” Rivera cried to the referee. When the count was finished, Danny, gathered up by his assistants, was carried to his corner.

“Who wins?” Rivera demanded.

Unwillingly, the referee caught his gloved hand and held it high up.

Rivera, unattended, walked to his corner, where his assistants had not yet placed his stool. He didn?t care. All he could remember was that he had got the $5000 he needed. “The winner takes all!” What mattered to him was that his people could use the money to buy guns.

6. Pele

Pele was born in Brazil in 1940. Like many other Brazilian kids, Pele loved football and often played the game in the streets. He also went to school and did odd jobs to help bring in money for the family. However, what he loved best was to play football in the streets or practise kicking the ball with his father (also a great football player).

Pele gained the attention of some coaches, first in the neighbourhood contests and later as he led his team to win the junior league tournament two years in a row. At the age of fourteen, Pele was playing for one of the first professional football teams in Brazil. As Pele became the most popular game everywhere in the world, except for North America. What had begun as a British sport became the favourite sport of people all around the world. Football became a truly international sport.

Pele was in the Brazilian team in the World Cup matches of 1958. Before 1958, the Brazilian ream had failed in the finals three times in a row. Some sports writers said the Brazilians, though gifted, had no discipline. In the 1958 finals against Sweden, Pele kicked the winning goal, and he returned home a hero.

However, he never forgot his poor fellow men. Pele owned dozens of apartment houses, in which he often allowed poor families to live without paying rent. He bought his mother the home he had promised her when he signed his first professional contract. But the most exciting moment of all was in 1969, when Pele scored his thousandth goal. As football fans stormed onto the field and reporters begged for a speech, all he said was, “Remember the poor children.”

Today, Pele is one of the most famous athletes in the world. He retired in 1975. however, soon after that, he decided to play for three years with the New York team. He could not resist the challenge of trying to make football popular in the United States, one of the few countries in the world where football had not become the national sport. In 1977, Pele retired for good at the age of thirteen-seven.

7. The Olympics

The Olympics are the most important international competition in terms of scale, skills, and number of athletes.

The games are divided into two parts---the Summer Games and the Winter Games. The two parts are held in such a way that there are two years in between but four years before one is repeated.

The Olympics were first celebrated in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, and were held every four years until 393 AD. Then, they were brought to an end by the Roman emperor. It was not until the 1890s that the world saw the modern summer games. In 1896 the first modern Summer Olympics were held in Greece because that was where the tradition started. After that the Olympics would move to a different city every four years. In 1924, the Winter Olympics were added to the schedule. The Games were to take place in a separate, colder place. The event was cancelled during World War Ⅰ and World War Ⅱ for reasons known to all.

Examples of modern Summer Olympic events are track and field events, ball games, diving, gymnastics, swimming. Typical Winter Olympic events are skating and skiing.

The Olympic records are the world ones. An Olympic gold medal carries as much weight as, or even more than, any other gold medal won at other international competitions. The skills and determination demonstrated at the Olympics have come to stand for the peak of human physical strength and will power.

It was not until the late twentieth century that Chinese athletes began to amaze the world with their excellent performance at the Olympics. Coming out number one many times in the Olympic events, Chinese athletes have brought home one gold medal after another in swimming, diving, gymnastics, weight lifting, and a number of ball games. At the turn of the twenty-first century, the world witnesses Beijing being selected by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the host city for the 2008 Olympics. This has added a brilliant touch to the picture of modern Chinese sport history.

Though once marked as “the Weaklings of East Asia”, the Chinese have always been looking forward to achieving the dream of becoming a sports giant. After continuous efforts for years the dream is gradually coming true, and it is understandable why the Chinese let out cries of joy the night Beijing?s bid to host the 2008 Olympics was approved!

8. Stars from the south

The summer of 2001 saw Australians win the Cycling Tour de France, beat the world at cricket(板球) and rugby, and have a player in the final of the Wimbledon Tennis Tournament for the eighteenth time.

Many countries would be amazed at that kind of success. For Australia, it was just a typical sporting summer. At the 2000 Olympics, Australia came fourth in the medals table. That does not sound so great, yet Australia has a population of only 19 million. There are more Olympic medal winners per head of population in Australia than in any other country.

What is it that makes Australians a sporting people? This is a question that many people involved in sports have asked themselves over the years.

Some of the answers are simple. Sport needs space. Australians have 7.4 million square kilometres of space to play sports in. many other countries are either too crowded or too small to encourage everybody to take part. Besides that, Australia is a warm, dry country. This encourages people to go outdoors to enjoy themselves. Furthermore, since 85 per cent of Australians live near the sea, they learn water sports early; and since sharks swim off the coasts of Australia, they also learn to swim very fast.

However, it is not just the environment. The Australian government invests heavily in sports. Instead of just looking for the gifted people and training them, the emphasis is on trying to get everyone to join in. So Australia has a small population, but a large number of sports-loving people to choose from.

Other reasons go deep into the history and culture of the country. When the British first found Australia they decided that it would be a great place to send criminals to. Life for the first Australians was very tough, so they had to be independent and develop a will to win just to survive. Yet they also had to be able to trust each other and be willing to help each other out. In order countries, coaches train people in mental toughness and team building. In Australia, these qualities are part of the general social environment.

Being far away from Europe also meant that Australians were far away from the centres of Western arts and cultures. As a result, sport itself has become a way of cultural expression and part of the Australian nationality. An English football fan wants to see the national team do well, but really cares more about his local club. For an Australian, representing the nation is the most important thing of all. Everything else is just good practice. Being good at sports is part of what it means to be an Australian.

9. Why did I quit hunting?

Why did I quit hunting?

Well, it isn?t a long story, but I wonder if you will really understand.

I used to be crazy about the hunting season. I could hardly wait for those dry, cold mornings, that cup of hot coffee and then the walk over fresh-fallen snow, a fine rifle(步枪) in my hand.

There?s a thrill in hunting, an excitement that comes over you when a deer crashes out of the bush. You are waiting for him with death. After hunting, you also feel great. There?s the bit of showing off with the boys---the fine head of the deer hung high up on the wall---sure, there?s a thrill in all of it.

There?s beauty in the woods, too, especially late in the fall. Sometimes you walk among the huge trees, where the sunlight filters through. It?s quiet and big, with touches of white and green and gold. And the silence is like that of a church.

It was like that the last time I was in the woods. I was alone, packing a rifle, a thermos(保温瓶) of coffee and three thick sandwiches. I went up into the hills, heading for a well-used deer trail. Sure enough there were fresh tracks in the snow. I turned over a few rocks to clear the snow and settled down behind a little bush. It was pretty cold, but I was dressed for it and didn?t mind.

I sat there for about an hour. It was then that I saw him. A deer, a big beautiful deer! He was off to my left. There was no cover nearer to him than 30 yards. Surely I couldn?t miss! I waited for him to realize I was there. I waited for him to be shocked and run away. But he fooled me completely. He came towards me! He was curious, I suppose, or maybe he was stupid---how else can you explain it?

He was not quite young, but a deer in his prime. He must have known about men and guns. But he came closer, putting one foot before the other, slowly and purposefully. His big eyes never moved from my face. Well, that deer walked right up to where I was sitting. Then he stopped and looked at me!

What happened next is hard to believe, but it?s true. And it all seemed quite natural. Just as when a friendly puppy comes near you, I reached up and scratched his head, right between the horns. And he liked to be scratched. That big, wild, beautiful deer bent his head like a young horse. In fact, he practically asked for more. I scratched his head and his nose poked at my shoulder. He didn?t even tremble. I fed him my sandwich! Yes, I know what a deer eats, but that deer ate my sandwich. Well, he finally went his way, down the hill and up the deer trail. Shoot him? Not me. You wouldn?t have either, not after that. I just watched him go.

There?s very little more to tell. I picked up my thermos and the wrapping for the sandwiches, and started walking back. I was about half way back when I heard two shots, followed by a dull slam a few seconds later. Those two shoots usually mean a kill. I had forgotten there were other hunters that day.

Those hunters would never know they could have scratched his head…

10. Jane Goodall

In 1960, the twenty-six-year-old scientist Jane Goodall risked entering the thick bush. She intended to discover how chimpanzees(黑猩猩，缩写为chimp) were like human beings. She found out, instead, how much we are like them. Goodall broke new ground with her active involvement with some chimpanzees. She lived among them, ate and played with them and earned their trust by simply observing how they lived. Before Goodall, most visitors had frightened the chimps back into their rain forests. As a result, very little was actually known about them. Goodall, who insisted on going into the bush alone for longer periods of time, collected more information about apes(类人猿) than all other scientists put together.

Born in London to a writer and an engineer with a passion for car racing, Goodall received their daring and

imagination---qualities that, along with her curiosity, would serve her well in her future occupation. She was inspired at seven by the stories of Dr Dolittle, the scientist who could talk to animals. And with her stuffed toy chimpanzee by her side, the young girl spent hours studying worms(蠕虫，蚯蚓) in the garden, hens in the henhouse, and whatever insects she could find.

After she graduated from high school in 1952, Goodall worked as a secretary at Oxford University. Even then she knew she wanted to go to Africa.

In 1957 she was invited to Kenya(肯尼亚) to visit a friend, where she met the world-renowned anthropologist(人类学家) Louis S.B. Leakey. Goodall?s enthusiasm impressed him and he hired her as an assistant. Leakey later recommended her to a two-year research project studying chimpanzees in Gombe(冈贝，位于坦桑尼亚).

It was a difficult decision to send a young woman, with neither a college degree nor scientific training, on such a demanding task. Leakey had trust in her, but his colleagues predicted the young woman would fail. Goodall proved them wrong. Goodall tried hard to observe the chimpanzees and to be observed in return. Eventually, the chimps grew to regard “this white-skinned ape” as their friend. Goodall made a number of surprising discoveries.

She found that chimps used tools to dig ants out of their hills for food. Goodall found that chimps experience a wide range of emotions like anger and grief as humans do. Her discovery was a significant breakthrough. Among her famous works are: My Friends: the Wild Chimpanzees (1967), and In the Shadow of Man (1971). These, along with her numerous films, TV specials and articles, made her one of the best-known scientists of the 20th century.

11. Oceans under threat

People use oceans for trade, travel, tourism, and recreation. We also take food and resources from oceans. All these activities can have harmful effects on the oceans and the creatures that live in them. Overfishing and pollution are the most common problems. Oceans link countries all over the world; seawater circulates around the globe, so what we do in one part of the ocean can affect another.

OVERFISHING In parts of the world, fishing boats with huge nets sometimes take too many of the same species of fish from a small area, causing some ocean waters to be overfished. As a result, there are not enough fish left to breed in these areas. This affects other fish in the food chain, and it affects people because there eventually may not be enough fish left to eat. In some parts of the world, limits have been set for the number of fish to be caught at one time. THREATS TO MARINE LIFE Some species of marine creatures are now rare because too many have been killed for food or sport. Tropical islands and coasts with coral reefs(珊瑚礁) also attract large numbers of tourists every year. Indeed, this helps people develop an understanding of marine life. however, coral and shellfish(水生贝壳类动物) can be destroyed by heavy boats. Divers, who stay under water just for fun or to hunt for souvenirs, are disturbing the natural cycles of marine life.

POLLUTION One of the biggest threats to oceans is pollution from industry. Most pollution happens in coastal areas. In fact, many coastal cities and ports are reported to have long been polluted by chemicals and other harmful things from heavy industries. The industries dump these materials into the nearby rivers, which then wash them into the sea. Once they settle on a continental shelf, pollutants pile up. We do not know a great deal about the long-term effects of pollution. However, we do know that the North and Black Seas in Europe have been polluted so much that the marine life is poisoned and may never recover.

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS All countries of the world need to work together to share ocean resources fairly. Laws are to be made and regulations are to be enforced to prevent overfishing and pollution. It is also hard to make people obey laws when our oceans are so vast and difficult to patrol. However, we should all learn to understand how important it is to manage the world?s oceans now and in the future.

12. What is forestry?

Anyone who travels across the US sees so many forests everywhere that he might well wonder why the Americans have to worry about protecting them. Don?t they have too many forests with so many trees right now?

Actually, about a third of all the land area in the US is forestland. Yet, one of the most important things

Americans can do for the future of their country is to see that these forests are properly cared for! This is being done in Britain and elsewhere.

First, just imagine all the products we obtain from trees. Fruits, nuts, and sugar are only some of the foods. Buildings, tables, and boats come from trees. Also coming from trees are paper and toys---the list is almost endless.

Second, forests reduce the danger of damaging floods and help control our water supplies. It is believed that the floods in China in the 1990s were closely related to the illegal cutting down of trees along the banks of the rivers. Under a good forest, there is rich soil, which easily absorbs heavy rains or melting snow. And, of course, our forests provide wonderful vacation spots for millions of people.

Having benefited from all that forests provide, mankind has started to take good care of forests. The care of forests is called forestry, which is considered to be one of the many new sciences of our time. In fact, forestry has been practised in some European countries for hundreds of years.

In most forests, it is important to harvest trees when they are mature. Otherwise, the old trees would take up space that could be better used for fast-growing younger trees. A large area of mature trees, having been cleared, is replanted by hand or nature. Great care and skill are needed in harvesting and replanting trees to make sure that there will be a good new growth of the right kinds of trees. This is why forestry has now become a science.

The country with the largest forest area is Russia. Brazil ranks second, Canada third and the United States fourth. Did you know that despite all the efforts to prevent them, about 200,000 forest fires occur each year in the US? And in Australia forest fires break out simply because the weather is too dry. Thus there is still a lot more for us to learn about our forests and our nature.

13. Shopping in the States

I love shopping, even if it is just window-shopping. Shopping in the States is always a pleasant experience. There are different types of shops catering to your particular needs. To buy groceries, you can go to the convenience store, the supermarket or the mass merchandiser (such as Wal-Mart). To buy some clothes and big-ticket items, you can go to the mall or factory outlets. I go to two places most often, the supermarket and the mall.

In almost every city or large town, you can find several big chain supermarkets, each with a good number of checkouts. They are one-stop shops since you can buy almost everything there: food, clothes, and medicine---you name it.

Installed with automatic checkout lanes, some of these supermarkets have brought real convenience to the customers. Most packaged goods have barcodes and you just scan them on the scanning machine when you check out. Some items, such as vegetables and fruits, do not have barcodes on them. You need to input their label numbers, which can be found on the list glued to the scanning machine. These automatic checkout lanes help the stores reduce their labour cost and increase their efficiency. I was really thrilled the first time I used the automatic checkout lane.

Shopping in the supermarket gave me other surprises as well. Once, I picked up two bags of salad at a supermarket. When I scanned them, the screen showed a different price from what was advertised. Out of curiosity, I went to the customer service counter and asked why. The lady who helped me went to the shelf to double-check the price. When she came back, she apologized to me, saying that the supermarket had not scanned the price properly. According to their policy, if the customer discovered a scanning problem, he would get the product for free as a reward for him or a penalty for the supermarket. When I left with the two bags of free salad, I couldn?t help marveling at the honesty of the clerk.

A shopping mall in the States is composed of many individual specialty shops and nationwide chain stores. What impresses me most when shopping at the mall is its return policy. No matter what you buy, shoes, pants or big-ticket items such as a TV or a washing machine, if you find some problems with them or simply do not like them any longer, you can return them within 30 days. You won?t be challenged at the customer service counter as long as you have your receipt. Of course there are some people who might take advantage of this return policy, especially when they need something for momentary use. That?s why you can always find a long line of people waiting to return their goods right after Christmas.

The saying that “The customer is God!” rings true to me when I shop in the States. Here I feel that the customer is really taken good care of.

14. Henry Adam’s shoes

Henry Adams left work to go home on the bus as usual. As he walked out of his office, he heard a strange sound coming from his feet. Looking down, he saw that the sole of the right shoe had become partially separated.

“I can?t walk around like this,” he said to himself. So he turned into the Instant Shoe Service Repair Shop, where shoes are being repaired while you wait.

Henry removed his shoes and handed them to the repairman. “Sorry, sir,” said the repairman, examining Henry?s shoes, “but these shoes are beyond repair. How many times have you had these shoes repaired?”

“Five times,” said Henry.

“That explains it,” said the repairman. “You need a new pair.”

Henry went down the street into Beckman?s Shoe Store. The shop assistant greeted Henry with a smile.

“Sir, may I help you?”

“Yes,” said Henry. “I need a pair of shoes in a hurry.”

“Please sit down,” said the shop assistant. She then removed one of Henry?s shoes.

“Hmm, mighty big shoe,” she said surprisingly. “Let me check your size. Hmmm, size 48.”

“That?s right,” said Henry. “Size 48.”

The shop assistant went into the stockroom(仓库，贮藏室) and returned with empty hands and a pained look on her face. “Sorry, sir. We don?t have your size. It?s difficult to get shoes that large.”

“Can you recommend a place?” said Henry. “I need shoes desperately. This is my last and only pair.”

“The only other store open now is the Army and Navy Store(军用物品商店) down the street.”

Henry went down the street to the Army and Navy Store. “Do you sell shoes?” he asked the owner.

“Of course,” said the owner. “What kind of shoes would you like?”

“I don?t care as long as they?re size 48.”

The owner gave him a puzzled look. He left and came back within a couple of minutes. “This is the only pair that will fit you,” he said. And he held up a pair of army combat(战斗，格斗) boots.

Henry arrived home in his new combat boots. His wife Iris, staring at him, said, “Henry, there?s something different about you.”

“I?m still the same Henry,” he said. “Except that I ran across some new shoes that fit me.”

Looking at Henry?s newly bought boots, Iris was greatly shocked. “Combat boots? We?re going to a dance tonight, not a war. Surely you?re not going to wear those gunboats(炮舰，炮艇), are you?”

“Iris, these are the only shoes I have to my name. You know the problem with my wide feet.”

“Never mind. We?re not going to have a problem with your wide feet after tonight,” said Iris. With that, Iris went to their computer. In a second, on the screen came the largest catalogue of George?s Footwear. “I do hope they?d live up to their slogan, …Everything for everybody.?”

15. What is advertising?

It?s said that today more than $400 billion a year is spent on advertising worldwide. Beyond that the economic impact of advertising touches just about every consumer-product industry, from cars to chocolate. An advertisement reaches its consumers by means of TV and radio broadcasting, newspapers and magazines, direct mail(直接邮件，直接邮寄广告), billboards(广告牌) and posters, the Internet, and many other forms. In fact, it is widely recognized that the global economy is being driven to a great extent by advertisements.

A successful advertisement involves at least three things. The advertisers will first of all identify the market. That is, they need to work out who will buy the product in question. Then, having identified the market, they will work out the best way to meet the needs of this market. So they will take into account a number of desires or worries the target consumers may have. Do they have the desire to be popular? Are they afraid of falling ill? Lots of questions like these might be raised. Finally, they will design the advertising programme. That is, they will study what words

and images their advertisement should contain and what slogans they intend to make use of. Then celebrities(名人) are sometimes employed and invited to back up the product. Scientific data are often quoted as a means of adding truthful value to the advertised product.

In everyday life consumers have seen lots of successful examples of advertisements. For example, Kodak, Nike, Coca-Cola, and McDonald?s are all very successful in attracting and selling to their customers.

However, there are also many examples of advertisements that do not seem to reach the expected goal. One such example was related to McDonald?s first arrival in Brazil. Their advertisements suggested that people eat McDonald?s hot hamburgers “at a picnic at the beach.” By doing this, they failed to cater to the Brazilian customs of consuming cold things, such as beer, soft drinks, ice cream, and sandwiches, at a beach picnic. Brazilians do not consider a hot hamburger proper beach food.

In advertising, therefore, the designers have to be highly culture-conscious when planning to carry out an international programme in a foreign country. Study the cultural background of the potential customers, or spoil the advertising programme!

16. Three advertisements

GREEN FOOT EXERCISE BIKE

A smooth(平稳的), comfortable and effective way to help you lose weight!

◆Broad(宽阔的) and comfortable seat

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高二第二学期

17. Words and their stories

EAGER BEA VER An eager beaver is a person who is always willing to do and is excited about doing what is expected of him.

Suppose, for example, that a teacher tells his students they each must solve one hundred math problems before coming to school the next day. The children complain about so much homework. But one student does not protest at all. That student is an eager beaver. He loves to do math problems, and does not mind all the homework.

The expression is said to have come from the name of a hard-working animal---the beaver.

Beavers are strange-looking creatures. They spend a lot of time in the water, building dams to create little lakes or ponds. They use their huge teeth and work hard to cut down trees, remove branches and put them across streams. They use their tails to pack mud on the branches to make the dams solid. Few other animals work so hard.

Historians say the beaver had an important part in the settlement of North America.

There were hundreds of millions of beavers when European settlers first arrived. The settlers put great value on the fur of beavers. In fact, for two hundred years or more, beavers provided the most valuable fur in North America. Beaver skins often used as money.

Young men looking for adventure headed west across the country to search for beavers. In their search, they explored much of the western territories. The trading posts, where they exchanged beaver skins for the goods they needed, became villages, and later towns and cities.

IT?S IN THE BAG The bag---one of the simplest and most useful things in every man or woman?s life---has given the world many strange expressions that are not very simple. A number of these expressions are widely used in the United States today. Some were imported from England a long time ago.

When you are sure of something, you can say, “It?s in the bag.”

This phrase seemed to have arrived with the modern paper bag. Before, Americans used to say, “It?s all wrapped up.” Then, things you bought were wrapped in plain brown paper, or sometimes in old newspaper.

Another widely used expressions is “to let the cat out of the bag”, meaning to reveal a well-kept secret.

No one can explain how the cat got into the bag, or why it remained there. But there is an old story about it. Long ago tradesman sold things in large cloth bags. Once a woman asked for a pig. The tradesman held up his cloth bag. Inside there was supposed to be a live pig. The woman asked to see it. When the dishonest tradesman opened the bag, out jumped a squealing cat, not a pig. The tradesman?s secret was out: he was tricky, and now everybody knew it.

18. English proverbs

Characters

Teacher of English: Ms Smith (MS)

Students: Li (LI), Mao (MA), Anne (AN), Rivera (RI)

MS: Good morning, everyone. I hope you all know what we are here for. The topic of our discussion this morning is “English Proverbs”.

LI: So, I?m in the right group.

MA: Me, too.

RI: Me, too.

MS: But I was told we w ould have four…and yet…

AN: I?m coming. Good morning. Am I late?

MS: Morning. “Speak of angels and you hear their songs.”

AN: Is that a proverb referring to my coming?

MS: Exactly.

LI: We have a saying in Chinese, which I think is very close in meaning…

MA: Speak of Cao Cao and he appears.

MS: Right. Well, “first things first”. A proverb is a traditional saying which offers advice or presents a moral in a

short and brief manner. A proverb normally is a sentence, into which the writer often works rhyme. For instance, “East or west, home is best.” Sometimes it comes out in the form of a phrase.

MA: I?ve seen dictionaries of proverbs.

MS: Well, there are thousands of proverbs. They fall into three main categories. Those of the first type take the form of abstra ct statements. They express general truths. Here are two good examples: “One is never too old to learn.” and “A man who neglects his studies in youth will regret it in later years.”

RI: I think there is some truth in both proverbs. To encourage a person who has had little education for some reason as a young man, we may use the former. With us, I guess the latter works.

MS: So you have to keep this in mind. Never use proverbs out of context. “One man?s meat is another man?s poison.”LI: I see. Then, what is the second type?

MS: The second type uses specific observations from everyday experience to make a general point.

AN: “Don?t put all your eggs in one basket.” Does it fall into the second category?

MS: You?re right, dear. Then the third type consists of s ayings from particular areas of traditional customs and beliefs. “After dinner, rest a while; after supper, walk a mile.” is an example of this type. Such proverbs are often related to agriculture, the seasons, and the weather.

LI: Many people hold the opinion that proverbs are going out of fashion. Is that true?

MS: The fact is, as some old ones are falling into disuse, new ones are being created. The computer world has recently given us lots of them.

AN: I?ve got one: “Rubbish in, rubbish out.”

MA: It als o goes “Garbage in, garbage out.”

MS: I think it is more common to say “Garbage in, garbage out.” Well, I hope, today “You?ll have something nice out as you have had something nice in.”

AN: Thank you, Ms Smith. By the way, do we have an assignment as usual?

MS: Yes. You are to collect some proverbs of the first type, that is, proverbs that express general truths.

LI: I?d like to collect some on studies.

MS: Good! I?m so glad to have been with you. (To the four students) “Strike while the iron is hot.” See y ou next week.

19. Tips on making a public speech

It is interesting to note that speeches are always “given” or “delivered”. They are never “said”. When giving a speech, therefore, it is useful to think of yourself as playing a part, i.e. acting. This kind of acting calls for an integration of verbal and nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication chiefly involves the speaker?s stance and gestures, the eye contact between the speaker and the audience, and a good control of the presentation speed of talking/speaking.

STANCE This is important to the delivery of a good speech. Stand up straight and keep your head up. Dropping your head looks unprofessional and may prevent your audience from hearing you clearly. On the other hand, don?t stand like a guard on duty. You have to be able to move in a natural way in order to add expression to your words. Body language “says” a lot. Avoid holding your hands tightly together; this will interfere with free and natural movement. Don?t play with keys or coins in your p ocket; this will distract your audience.

GESTURES Gestures and facial expressions are both important aids to the spoken word when you are communicating. A dull, long speech delivered without expression, without gestures or eye contact will not be well received. The skill is in deciding how much gesturing to be employed and in making sure that your gestures are natural.

In general, the larger the audience, the more expansive the gestures should be, because they will not be seen so clearly by the audience. In a small group, facial expressions will add a lot to understanding. Try telling somebody something funny with a very serious face. They will have difficulty believing what you are really saying is funny.

Different gestures are supposed to be used in delivering a speech. Some people use their hands a lot when

speaking. You must make sure that your gestures are not repeated too often, and they should be expressive and meaningful.

EYE CONTACT To have maximum impact you need to make each member of your audience fell as if you were speaking to them personally. To do this, glance towards all sections of the audience and don?t be afraid to move your head. If you favour one direction, the other side may feel you are ignoring them and therefore lose interest in what you are saying.

TIMING Accurate timing is essential. You should ensure that you don?t fall short of or run over the time allowed for your speech. Either way, the audience will feel unhappy and lose concentration on your speech. The best way to overcome this is through preparation. Clear thinking about what you want to say and how long your speech will last, before you start to write it, will save a lot of time. When practising, make sure that you speak at the correct speed and do time yourself.

20. Keep it short for the audience’s sake

How long should I make my speech? How long will my audience concentrate on my speech? Hoe slowly should I speak to make myself clearly understood? In trying to answer these questions, we see how important timing is to speech.

KEEP YOUR SPEECH LESS THAN 15 MINUTES Lin Yutang, the famous writer and translator, once said about the length of a speech, “the shorter, the better.” Speaking around the topic should be seriously avoided, not only in speech, but in all conversations in English. Being indirect and roundabout in your approach may be thought skillful in Chinese. But in English speech? No way. When one is making a speech in English, he should always stick to the point, and use simple, clear, and direct language.

According to scientists, audiences can generally only manage to concentrate for about 13 minutes. So a 10-15-minute speech is about right.

The famous Gettysburg Address, delivered by Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1863 has about 200 words, but it still managed to express the idea that all people are born equal.

150-160 WORDS PER MINUTE Speaking speed often depends on the occasion for the speech. The number of people in the audience is also an important factor to be considered.

If you are speaking to hundreds or even thousands of people, especially in the open air, you should speak slowly. The idea is to let the audience catch every single word of your speech. For example, when Martin Luther King spoke, even to a small group, his usual speaking speed was only 110 to 120 words per minute.

When you are speaking indoors to a small group, say, 10 or 20 people, you may speed up a bit. Speaking at a speed of around 200 words a minute, you can still retain the audience?s attention.

So, we can see that the average speed is about 150 to 160 words per minute.

Whether you are speaking slowly or rapidly, the important point is to pronounce every word clearly. Otherwise, no matter how wonderful you think your content is, the audience won?t be able to follow you. Use phonetic symbols to mark the places you often mess up, in advance, and practise every day before you get up on stage.

PAUSE FOR DRAMATIC EFFECT If you want a particular sentence or expression to leave a deep impression on your audience, you can pause a while before uttering it. During the pause, the audience will grow curious about why you choose to pause and they will anxiously expect to hear the next sentence, which is exactly what you want to happen.

But don?t pause too frequently or too long. Eye contact and a smile, with a bit of body language, will also effectively impress your audience. If you simply stop suddenly and remain silent for several seconds before you start again, they?ll probably think, “Oh, he (she) has forgotten the words!”

21. Making friends

Jamie was like a magnet---she always had a crowd around her. She wasn?t especially pretty, and she wasn?t particularly good at sports. But she was one of the most popular students at school. Everyone loved her!

Why? What was it about Jamie that made everyone notice her? If her looks and her talents weren?t anything to

show off, what did she have going for her?

Here it is---short and simple---Jamie had learned the secret of how to make friends and keep them. Her secret is: Be nice to others! Jamie was kind and genuinely cared about others: people responded by wanting to be around her.

Going along with this big secret of making friends are a few additional suggestions:

SMILING SUGGESTS CONFIDENCE There is something fascinating about someone who smiles a lot. We are automatically drawn to someone who is happy. Wearing a smile usually implies the person behind it is approachable. An approachable person makes others feel at ease and comfortable.

Smiles also convey confidence, which is really important when making friends. You d on?t have to actually feel confident to smile, but when you do, people will think you are. Furthermore, the more you smile, the more natural your smile will be. You?ll gain confidence from smiling!

LEARN TO LISTEN AND TALK Everyone wants to talk. We all have a story to tell. Each of us enjoys having someone listen to what we say. It makes us feel important when someone is truly interested in what we?re saying.

When other people find out you are willing to listen, they will be talking to you! When someone is talking to you, zero in 100 per cent on that person. Don?t pretend to listen but really think about something else. That won?t work in making friends.

Meanwhile, don?t put the burden of the entire conversation on someone else. You?ve got to do your part, too. It is learning when to talk that is important. Try not to talk just to hear yourself talking; no one else can get a word in.

Everyone should learn to give and take in any relationship. Learn to move from being the centre of attention to focusing on the needs of others. Modesty is extremely attractive.

TRY TO ADD V ALUE TO THOSE AROUND YOU People light up when you recognize something they do well and let them know. It only takes a minute to give someone a compliment or to notice what gifts a person has. It automatically adds value to how they see themselves. Try to be the kind of person who?s always seeing the positive qualities in others. Don?t tear someone down.

22. What does friendship mean to westerners?

What is meant by the word “friend”? The diction ary defines it as “one attached to another by affection or respect”. Americans use the word freely---that is, a friend may or may not be a person to whom one is really attached. Friends may have known each other since childhood or they may have recently met. It is difficult to give an exact definition of this word as it is used in the US, because it covers many types of relationships.

It is common for Americans to have different “circles”. Terms such as office mate and tennis partner indicate different types of friends. The office mate is a friend in the office and the tennis partner is a friend on the tennis court.

A person may have many good friends and one best friend. “Best friends” are usually two people of the same sex who have known each other for a long period of time. People usually have more casual friends than close or best friends.

Americans move around quite often and learn to develop friendships easily and quickly. About one out of every five American families moves every year. People move to new places because they begin new jobs, attend distant colleges, get married, have children or simply want a change in their lives. Perhaps as a result of this, people form and end friendships quickly.

Relationships based on a common activity may stop or end when the activity ends. Students might meet in classes and remain friends for the duration of the course and then stop seeing each other after the final examination. The same holds true for neighbours who are the closest of friends until one moves away. In these friendships, shared daily experiences form the foundation for the relationship. Long-lasting friendships develop when individuals have similar interests and a common outlook on life. the high rate of mobility in the US can explain a great deal about short-term friendships.

Friendship and friendliness do not mean the same thing. Friendliness characterizes much of American daily interaction but is not always an indication of friendship. Strangers may share life histories without any wish to set up a relationship. Instant friendships are characterized by the appearance of two people becoming close but, in reality, there is no string connection between them. Two people saying hello to each other after being introduced for the first

time do not always mean that they have a strong wish to develop a friendship. Many people frequently smile or say “Have a nice day” or “See you later”, or even give an invitation as part of a cultural pattern of politeness. Such expressions do not always suggest an offer of continued friendship.

23. Adjo

How the years have rushed by! It has been a long time since I knew Marget Swenson. I was a child when I knew her, and now I myself have children. The mind loses many things as it matures, but I never lost Marget---my first love and first hurt.

I met Marget Swenson when she joined our sixth-grade class.

Marget, just fresh from Sweden, and I, a sixth generation American. She spoke very little English, but somehow we did manage to understand each other. We took to each other instantly.

Marget lived up on the hill. That was the place where there were many large and pretty houses. I suppose it was only in passing that I knew only white people lived there.

We had so much fun together. We sat for hours in my garden or hers, surrounded by grass. Her words were Swedish; mine, English. We laughed at the way each of us slid our tongues over the unfamiliar words. I learned the Swedish equivalents of hello, friend, and goodbye.

However, such fun did not last long, and the disaster began at Marg et?s birthday party.

It was a Wednesday. I arrived at the party early. Marget and I ran around quickly, putting the finishing touches on the decorations.

Some fifteen minutes later, the doorbell rang, and in came Mary, another girl in our class.

But after that nobody came. No one.

When it got to be after five, Mrs Swenson called Marget inside. She was there for a long time, and when she came out, she looked very, very sad. “My mother does not think they are coming,” she said.

“Why not?” Mary blurted.

Marget cast a quick glance at me, but she didn?t say anything.

I took Marget?s hand. “It?s me, isn?t it?” I said. Oh! I remember so painfully today how much I wanted her quick and positive “No!” to my question. But I was only aware of Marget trying to slip her h and from mine. I opened my hand and let her go.

It was different between us after her birthday. Marget stopped coming to my house, and when I asked her when she would, she looked as though she would cry.

One day, uninvited, I went to her house, climbed up the hill, and a restless feeling grew within me at every step.

Marget almost jumped when she opened the door. She stared at me in shock. Then, quickly, in a voice I?d never heard before, she said, “My mother says you can?t come to my house any more.”

I opened my mouth, and closed it without speaking. The awful thing had come; my suspicion was confirmed; Marget was white and I was not. I did know it deep within myself.

Since that meeting Marget and I did not speak to each other at all.

On the last day of school, getting up a strange courage, I handed my autograph book to Marget. She hesitated, then without looking up, wrote words I don?t remember now; they were quite common words, the kind everyone was writing in everyone else?s book. I waited. Slowly, she pa ssed her book to me and in it I wrote with a slow, firm hand some of the words she had taught me. I wrote Adjo min van---Goodbye, my friend. I released her, let her go, told her not to worry, told her that I no longer needed her. Adjo.

24. Ryan, his friends, and his incredible torch run

We met in a biology class. Ryan sat in the front so that his wheelchair wouldn?t get in the way. I, however, believed that he wouldn?t have gotten in the way wherever he sat. I greeted him with a “Hello!” and he replied chee rfully. Later it proved that this simple “Hello!” was all it took for Ryan and me to become great friends.

Ryan suffered from brain damage and had endured many an obstacle. Yet, he is able to go on living his life to the fullest. He knows the old saying, “When the going gets tough, the tough get going.” to the deepest and most personal

extent.

The highlight of our friendship came in our junior year, when Ryan asked me to hold the flag that would mark the spot where he would begin his Olympic torch run. When he asked me, I didn?t know what to say. “Why me?” I asked. He gently responded that he would be honoured if I would accept this position. He said that the Olympic committee sent a letter saying that the person that holds the flag must be someone important to him, and I was important to him because I was the only true friend he had ever made that talked to him and not to his wheelchair. How could I refuse such a gracious compliment and request?

On June fifth, I took the flag and reached Ryan?s starting poin t early. By then, the streets had begun to fill with students from the surrounding schools and the area residents. Everyone was excited. Then came the van that carried the torch runners. All of the runners got out except Ryan. They lined up outside of the van and began to chant his name. Ryan! Ryan! Then all of the people that lined the streets joined in. Ryan! Ryan! All I could do was not to cry.

The lift then lowered Ryan to the ground. There he was, in all his glory. People saw him for Ryan and not for his wheelchair. It all became slow motion at the sight of the arriving torch. I gave Ryan a hug and then stepped into my spot. The runner lit Ryan?s torch and then Ryan began his journey. As he took off down the street, the chanting became louder and louder. The excitement filled the air. I could not have been any prouder of Ryan! He deserved this moment in time---a historic moment that he was a part of and allowed me to be a part of, too.

That moment will last in time forever. It expressed the whole meaning of the flame: love, enthusiasm, and brotherhood. It showed us all that love is really what makes this small world go around.

25. The father of modern physics

Albert Einstein was born of Jewish parents in 1879 in Germany. He did badly in most subjects at school, but was fascinated by mathematics, which he did quite well. When he was fifteen, his family moved to Italy, and from there he went to Switzerland to attend a polytechnic school.

After gaining a teaching qualification from the polytechnic, Einstein took a post as a junior clerk in an office. Einstein was happy to get such an easy job, because it gave him plenty of time to think about physics. It was the “thought experiments” that he carried out in his head that led to a new understanding of space, time and gravity(引力).

In 1905, when he was twenty-six years old, Einstein began to publish his thoughts. One of his theories provided an explanation for a puzzling effect, called the photoelectric effect(光电效应), which had been noticed some years earlier. It was in 1921 that he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on the photoelectric effect.

In 1914, Einstein became a professor of physics at the University of Berlin and all went well until Hitler came to power in 1933. Einstein, who was Jewish, spoke out against Nazi crimes. As a result, he had to leave Germany and spent the rest of his life teaching in the United States at Princeton University.

In the long course of research, Einstein developed his theories of relativity. These theories were so different and new that most scientists could do not believe or understand them, and it took a long time for them to be accepted.

Einstein?s theories also predicted that solid objects can be changed into pure energy. This did lead to the development of nuclear power(核能) and the atomic bomb(原子弹). However, Einstein himself protested against nuclear weapons, and became involved in the peace movement after the First World War.

Einstein passed away in 1955 at the age of seventy-six. What he left behind is a wealth of ideas that form the foundation of modern physics today.

Apart from his scientific work, Einstein found much pleasure in simple pastimes. Among his hobbies were sailing and playing the violin. Besides, he loved the company of children.

Although he was one of the greatest scientists who ever lived, Einstein did not take himself seriously. Once, when asked to enter a newspaper competition to write an article explaining how light is bent by gravity, he joked that the competition was much too difficult for him to enter.

26. The survival of the fittest

For a long time people had wondered how life had developed on earth. The Bible(圣经) stated that god had created everything in a week. Some people did not believe this. “What about fossils?” they asked. “What has

happened to t he strange creatures which existed so many years ago?” they asked.

Charles Darwin(查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文，英国生物学家，进化论奠基人), a young man just out of university in 1831, was offered a job on a ship on a voyage of discovery around the world. Life on board was tough. Darwin was terribly seasick and was only happy when he was ashore collecting plant samples and observing animals. It was to be the most important journey in his life. It lasted for five years; he returned in October 1836.

Darwin studied nature in South America and in a group of small islands in the South Pacific. On each island there were birds. They were very similar, but the shape of their beaks, and even their eating habits varied. Darwin wondered why they were different. Then he realized that, long before, they had been the same. Each island had different foods available. Only the birds that could eat available food could survive, this might depend on having the right shape of beak. He realized that the same process happened with all living things. Over millions of years, all plants and animals have gradually changed into the forms we see today. What we call “the survival of the fittest” he named “natural selection”. Darwin called this slow process of change “evolution”. It explains why many kinds of creature, whose fossil remains, are no longer alive.

By 1846, he had published an article describing his voyage. He also began to think seriously about evolution and natural selection, and wrote two essays describing his ideas. He did not publish these essays because he realized his ideas proved the Bible?s theory of creation was wrong, and he was worried about the anger and troubles they would cause.

Darwin spent the following years developing his theories and making them perfect. In 1859 he published them in The Origin of Species(《物种起源》). It caused a huge row because it seemed to deny what the Bible said. His The Descent of Man(《人类的由来》), 1871, pointed out that mankind had come from the same ancestor. Darwin was upset by the opposition. Other scientists agreed with his ideas and took up his cause. The Church prohibited the teaching of the Theory of Evolution(进化论) in some countries. However, today most people believe that Darwin was right.

27. Miracle in the rice field

It is said that every scientist has a childhood dream for his or her future success. For Yuan Longpin, known as the “father of hybrid rice(杂交水稻)”, the dream is that he cultivates rice as huge as peanuts, and farmers can have a rest in the cool shadow of big rice plants.

Yuan Longpin was born into a poor family in 1931. Upon graduating from the Southwestern Agricultural College(西南农业学院) in 1953, he began his teaching career at an agriculture school and has since devoted himself to agricultural education and research.

He came up with the idea of hybrid rice for the first time in the 1960s. In the early 1970s, he succeeded in developing the world?s first high-yield hybrid rice. Of great importance is his pioneering work, which has established Chi na?s position of world leadership in this area.

The UN Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)(联合国粮食与农业组织) has decided to get involved in the work of spreading the coverage of Yuan?s high-yield hybrid rice, which it considers the best way to increase the world?s grain output.

In the following years, increasing grain output of hybrid rice further sho wed the success of Yuan Longpin?s research. This made him firmly believe that China can surely feed her large population with her limited cultivated land.

This breakthrough in rice cultivation has significantly contributed to solving the food problem in China and the rest of the world. Yuan?s amazing achievement has won him a great many awards and honours from the United Nations and worldwide.

However, even with such a great achievement, Yuan won?t take a break. In his mind there always exist a dream, more practical than that of his youth, that popularizing the new hybrid rice with higher yields around the world can eliminate starvation on Earth. “If the new hybrid rice were grown in the world?s remaining fields, the present grain output around the world wou ld be more than doubled. This can solve the grain shortage,” said the scientist.

Some people estimate Yuan?s actual fortune might make him one of the richest people in China. But he doesn?t know for sure himself, for he seems to care for nothing more than his research.

In spite of his busy research work, Yuan Longpin has managed to keep some hobbies in his spare time, including reading books and listening to music. He enjoys daily motor cycling and sometimes playing the violin.

28. Newton’s three important laws

Things that move obey certain laws. Three important laws of motion were established by Isaac Newton (1642～1727) (英国物理学家、天文学家和数学家，被公认为有史以来最伟大和影响最深远的科学家).

NEWTON Ⅰ: INERTIA(惯性定律)

Newton?s first law of motion seems simple: Objects at rest tend to remain at rest, while moving ones continue to move at a uniform speed in a straight line---unless acted upon by an outside force. This resistance(阻力) to change is called inertia, and it explains a lot of everyday experienced no matter where you happen to live.

One is that when the car or airplane you?re in begins to move, your body is pushed back against the seat. That i s, it tends to remain at rest despite the forward-moving force of the vehicle transferred to you through the seat. Another aspect of this law shows that the normal courses for freely moving objects is a straight line. That explains why, when you whirl(迅速旋转) something around your head---such as a ball on a string---and then let it go, the ball flies straight. It neither keeps circling your head nor does it move off in a sweeping(做大幅度弧线形运动的) curve(曲线). NEWTONⅡ: F=MA

Newton?s second law relates the amount of force needed to move an object to the object?s mass and tits acceleration(加速度).

Push a child in a swing, or ride a planet around the sun, and you?re using Newton?s second law of motion, which states that whenever you want to change the speed or direction of something, you have to apply an appropriate force. The bigger the mass or the larger the intended acceleration, the greater the necessary force. This law?s formula allows engineers to calculate what?s required to launch a jet fighter(喷气式战斗机) from an aircraft carrier(航空母舰), or how strong a seat belt must be to restrain(抑制，控制), say, a 160-pound person when his car stops suddenly while travelling at 60 mph.

NEWTONⅢ: EQUAL AND OPPOSITE(作用力与反作用力)

All objects, moving or at rest, obey Newton?s third law of moti on, which holds that in nature, unaccompanied(无陪伴的) forces do not exist.

You can?t take a step without applying Newton?s third law, which explains that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Each time your foot pushes down on the ground, the ground pushes back with the same amount of force pointed in precisely(精确地，准确地) the opposite direction. In fact, it?s the force exerted(施加压力) by the ground that pushes you along, not the force of your foot.

That seems odd, but it?s easy to demonstrate. Stand on a nearly frictionless(无摩擦力的) surface such as an oily floor, or put on a pair of roller skates(四轮旱冰鞋). Now take a step. Push as hard as you like, but the oil or skates keep that force from being applied to the floor, so there is no opposite, reactive force exerted on your foot. The result: Your legs and feet may struggle to move about, but you don?t move forward.

29. Oliver wants more (Adapted from Oliver Twist Charles Dickens)

Life in the workhouse was very severe indeed. The member of the board of management had ruled that the children should work to earn their living, and that they should be given three meals of thin soup a day, with an onion twice a week and half a cake on Sundays.

The room, in which the boys were fed, was a large stone hall, with a huge pot at one end. Out of this, the master, assisted by one or two women, served out the soup at mealtimes. Each boy had one small bowl, and nothing more---except on public holidays, when he had a small piece of bread as well. Never ever did the bowls need washing. The boys polished them with their spoons till they shone again; and when they had performed this operation, they would sit staring at the huge pot, as if they could have eaten that, too.

Oliver Twist and his companions suffered terrible hunger in silence for three months; so desperate did they

become in the end that one boy, who was tall for his age, told the others that unless he had another bowl of soup every day, he was afraid he might some night eat the boy who slept next to him. He had a wild, hungry eye, and they fully believed him. A council was held; votes were cast, and it fell to Oliver Twist to walk up to the master after supper that evening, and ask for more.

The evening arrived; the boys took their places. The master, in his coo k?s uniform, stood beside the huge pot with his two assistants behind him; the soup was served out. It quickly disappeared; the boys whispered to each other, and made signs to Oliver. He rose from the table and, advancing to the master, bowl in hand, said.

“Please, sir, I want some more.”

The master was a fat, healthy man; but the turned very pale. He stared with horror and amazement at the small boy for some seconds.

“What!” he said finally in a faint voice.

“Please, sir,” replied Oliver, “I want some more.”

The master aimed a blow at Oliver?s head with his big spoon, seized him tightly in his arms, and shouted for Mr. Bumble.

Mr. Bumble, hearing the cry and learning the cause of it, rushed into the room where members of the board were meeting and, addressing the gentleman at the head of the table, said, “Mr. Limbkins, I beg your pardon, sir! Oliver Twist has asked for more.”

There was a general alarm. Horror showed on every face.

“For more!” said Mr. Limbkins. “Be calm, Mr. Bumble, and answer me clearly. Do you mean to say that he asked for more, after he had eaten the supper given by the board?”

“He did, sir,” replied Bumble.

“That boy will be hanged,” said one of the gentlemen on the board. “I know that boy will be hanged one day.”

Oliver was locked up at once. Next morning a notice was put up on the outside of the gate, offering a reward of five pounds to anybody who would take Oliver Twist away from the workhouse.

30. Enjoy the classics

What?s a classic? It can be put in the following way: When you reread a classic, you do not see more in the book than you did before; you see more in you than you did before.

In school, we learn one of the most interesting and difficult skills---how to read. At the same time, we learn to hate to read the things worth reading most!

It has happened to us all---with assignment reading! It happened to me. The teacher assigned Pickwick Papers(《匹克威克外传》). I didn?t want to read it. So I fought it. I disliked it. I thought I won.

But I lost. My struggle to keep away from Pickwick Papers cost me all the good things that can come from getting near to those few books called the “classics”.

I have come back to Pickwick Papers on my own since. I like it. And I have discovered a new level of pleasure from it with each reading.

I come back to this question: What is a classic? A classic is a book that gives you wonderful feelings, and enables you to uncover part of the meaning of life. A classic is a book that has stood the test of time, a book that men and women all over the world want to keep all their lives.

Not many books can stand such a test. Considering all the books that have been produced, classics account for only a very small share of the total---less than 0.001 percent. That?s just a few thousand books. Of those, under 100 make up the solid core.

Why should you read the classics? Why should you try to enjoy them?

I suggest three reasons:

1. a classic opens your mind.

2. a classic helps you grow.

3. a classic helps you understand your life, your world, yourself.

The last one is a big one. A classic can give you insights into yourself. Sure, you can get pleasure out of almost any book. But a classic, once you go deep into it, lifts you up high!

When you read classics, don?t just dip your toe into the deep waters of the classics. Plunge in! Join generations of bright human beings before you. You?ll find yourself enlightened by the thoughts and observat ions of the most gifted writers in history.

Someone has said the classics are the diary of man. Open up the diary. Read about yourself—and understand yourself.

31. Is she guilty? (Adapted from The Prince and the Pauper Mark Twain)

By a twist of fate, Tom, a pauper, was mistaken for Edward Tudor, the Prince of Wales. Since he looked very much like the prince, his true identity went hidden. So when Edward?s father died, Tom was made the new “king”.

One day, a terrified woman and her little girl were brought before Tom. He ordered the sheriff to state the crime they had committed.

“Your majesty, they must have been practising witchcraft.”

Tom had been taught to hate people who practised witchcraft. Still, to satisfy his curiosity, he asked:

“Where and when was this committed?”

“One midnight, in December---in a ruined church, your majesty.”

“Who was present?”

“Only these two, your majesty.”

“Have they confessed?”

“No, they deny it.”

“Then how was this crime known?”

“Certain witness saw them there, your majesty, a nd this should be enough to prove that they are guilty. Then came a terrible storm. It is evident that they used their evil power to bring about the storm. About forty people witnessed the storm and had every reason to remember it, for they suffered from it. They should not have made all these people suffer so much.”

“This sounds very serious indeed.” Tom thought about this information for a while, and then he asked: “Did this woman also suffer from the storm?”

Several old heads among the group nodded. They recognized the wisdom of this question.

The sheriff answered, “Indeed she did, your majesty. Her house was swept away and she and her child are now homeless.”

“How did they bring about the storm?” asked Tom.

“By pulling off their stocking, your majesty.”

This astonished Tom and made him more curious than ever. He said, eagerly:

“That is wonderful! Has it always this disastrous effect?”

“Always---at least when the woman desires it and says the right words, either in her mind or with her tongue.”

Tom turned to the woman, and ordered her:

“Exert your power. I wish to see a storm!”

In the group, cheeks went pale suddenly. There was a general, though unexpressed, desire to get out of the place. The woman looked puzzled and astonished.

Tom added excitedly, “Do no t fear, you shall not be punished. More than that, you shall go free. Exert your power.”

“Oh, my king, I do not have such power. I have been falsely accused. I should not have been brought here at all.”

“Take courage. No harm will come to you. Make a storm, it does not matter how small a storm. Do this, and your life shall be spared; you and your child will go free.”

The woman bent herself down to the ground, and protested with tears, that she had no power to do the miracle or else she would gladly save her child?s life alone even if she lost her own.

Finally, Tom said:

“I think what the woman says is the truth. If my mother had been in her place and gifted with this power, she would not have hesitated to call her storms and lay the whole land in ruins to save my life. it is true that all mothers are the same. You are free, good woman, you and your child, for I believe you are innocent. Go your way in peace.”32. Mark Twain

Mark Twain(马克·吐温，美国著名幽默小说家、作家和演说家), whose original name was Samuel Clemens, is an important figure in American literature. Speaking of short stories alone, Mark Twain?s position in American literature is as Chekhov?s(契诃夫，俄国著名剧作家、短篇小说家) is in Russian literature or Guy de Maupassant?s(莫泊桑，法国短篇小说家) in French literature. Even in his own day, Mark Twain was seen as one of America?s most famous writers.

At 13, Mark Twain was learning to be a printer. Eight years later he began to learn to work as a steamboat pilot. In 1865, he wrote the story The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Country, which made him famous. In the following years, he travelled widely as a successful lecturer and gathered material for his writing. His humorous short story The Innocents Abroad(《傻瓜出国记》) and his youthful adventures, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(《汤姆·索亚历险记》), The Prince and the Pauper and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn helped him win a worldwide audience. At the same time he became a well-known humorist.

Mark Twain said, “Against the assault of laughter, nothing can stand.” He argued that humor could be as powerful as any other element in literature. He did not use humor for the sake of humor. He wanted to prove in both his public and private life that he had more to tell than just a good story.

Go and read his short story Running for Governor(《竞选州长》). It is a fictitious account about Mark Twain himself. He was to run for Governor of New York State. As the campaign got started, rumours about him began to spread. The gentleman was first accused of using bribery, and then was said to be guilty of poisoning his uncle, neither of which was based on any facts. The story went on until it reached its most exciting moment. One day at a public meeting, nine little kids of all colours climbed on to the platform and caught him around the legs, calling him “Pa!” Thus, he was forced to quit before it was too late.

You are sure to burst out laughing as you are reading the short “story”. But you don?t really feel happy as the story helps you see through the dark side of American society in his day. It?s a case in point for readers to see why Mark Twain is called by critics “the people?s author”, and why he is still remembered as one of the greatest American humorists by people all over the world.

上海新世纪英语高二全部课文及重点词组

上海新世纪英语高二全部课文及重点词组上海新世纪英语高二全部课文（包括additional reading）及重点词组 高二第二学期 17. words and their stories 18. english proverbs 19. tips on making a public speech 20. keep it short for the audience’s sake 21. making friends 22. what does friendship mean to westerners? 23. adjo 24. ryan, his friends, and his incredible torch run 25. the father of modern physics 26. the survival of the fittest 27. miracle in the rice field 28. newton’s three important laws 29. oliver wants more (adapted from oliver twist charles dickens)

30. enjoy the classics 31. is she guilty? (adapted from the prince and the pauper mark twain) 32. mark twain 高二第二学期 17. words and their stories eager beaver an eager beaver is a person who is always willing to do and is excited about doing what is expected of him. suppose, for example, that a teacher tells his students they each must solve one hundred math problems before coming to school the next day. the children complain about so much homework. but one student does not protest at all. that student is an eager beaver. he loves to do math problems, and does not mind all the homework. the expression is said to have come from the name of a hard-working animal---the beaver. beavers are strange-looking creatures. they spend a lot of time in the water, building dams to create little lakes or ponds. they use their huge teeth and work hard to cut down trees, remove branches and put them across streams. they use their tails to pack mud on the branches to make

上海新世纪英语高二全部课文及重点词组

上海新世纪英语高二全部课文及重点词组 上海新世纪英语高二全部（包括Additinal Reading）及重点词组 高二第二学期 17 rds and their stries 18 English prverbs 19 Tips n aing a publi speeh 20 eep it shrt fr the audiene’s sae 21 aing friends 22 hat des friendship ean t esterners? 23 Ad 24 Ran, his friends, and his inredible trh run 2 The father f dern phsis 26 The survival f the fittest 27 irale in the rie field 28 Netn’s three iprtant las 29 liver ants re (Adapted fr liver Tist harles Diens) 30 En the lassis 31 Is she guilt? (Adapted fr The Prine and the Pauper ar Tain) 32 ar Tain 高二第二学期 17 rds and their stries EAGER BEA VER An eager beaver is a persn h is alas illing t d and is

exited abut ding hat is expeted f hi Suppse, fr exaple, that a teaher tells his students the eah ust slve ne hundred ath prbles befre ing t shl the next da The hildren plain abut s uh her But ne student des nt prtest at all That student is an eager beaver He lves t d ath prbles, and des nt ind all the her The expressin is said t have e fr the nae f a hard-ring anial---the beaver Beavers are strange-ling reatures The spend a lt f tie in the ater, building das t reate little laes r pnds The use their huge teeth and r hard t ut dn trees, reve branhes and put the arss streas The use their tails t pa ud n the branhes t ae the das slid Fe ther anials r s hard Histrians sa the beaver had an iprtant part in the settleent f Nrth Aeria There ere hundreds f illins f beavers hen Eurpean settlers first arrived The settlers put great value n the fur f beavers In fat, fr t hundred ears r re, beavers prvided the st valuable fur in Nrth Aeria Beaver sins ften used as ne ung en ling fr adventure headed est arss the untr t searh fr beavers In their searh, the explred uh f the estern territries The trading psts, here the exhanged beaver sins fr the gds the needed, beae villages, and later tns and ities IT’S IN THE BAG The bag---ne f the siplest and st useful things in ever an r an’s life---has given the rld an strange expressins that are nt ver siple A nuber f these expressins are idel used in the United States tda Se ere

新世纪高一英语下课文参考译文 (2)

Unit 1 在中国旅行 在中国旅行可能很累，但也很有趣。然而，选择什么样的旅行方式却常常意味着行程的成功与否。这里有一些关于如何在中国旅游的信息。 乘火车 乘火车可以去中国的大部分地方。一般来说，铁路服务效率高。但有时候火车上过分拥挤，尤其是在节假日期间更是如此。买什么样的火车票取决于行程的远近。短途旅行，硬座、软座都可以；但要长途旅行的话，最好买一张卧铺票。 乘船 有许多海上航线可以把您从中国沿海的一个港口城市带往另一个城市。也有一些内河航线，其中最迷人的一条是重庆至上海的航线。轮船沿途经由著名的三峡风景区，游客们可以驻足于许多的风景名城和历史古迹。 乘飞机 对于那些旅行时间有限的旅客而言，飞机通常是他们的首选。当然，您也要为这一便利付出代价——那就是机票会更贵。中国民航以前曾是中国唯一的一家航空公司，现在则有若干地方航空公司。在过去的几十年里，飞机的安全记录也有了很大的提高。人们通过中国国际旅行社、宾馆的旅游服务台或者航空售票处都可以买到机票。许多大城市和有名的旅游胜地都有飞机场。 乘公共汽车 中国的高速公路发展得很快。现在市内和城市之间都有汽车运营线路。它们的管理很完善，价钱也很便宜。国营公共汽车按时刻表准点发车，票价便宜。另外还有私营公共汽车。它们主要在地方线路上运营，经常要等位子全部坐满之后才出发。 骑自行车 除了以上提到的旅游方式外，骑自行车也是环城游的最好方式之一，只要您不是去重庆（那里的街道很陡，是中国唯一自行车特别少的城市）。如果您打算在中国待上一段时间，不妨学学本地人，自己买一辆自行车。 希望这些信息对您在中国逗留期间会有所帮助。 Unit 2 悉尼海港大桥 从悉尼海港大桥顶部鸟瞰悉尼市，感觉奇妙无比。 我站在悉尼海港大桥底下，仰望这座世界上最著名的大桥之一。这座高达40层的海港大桥矗立在壮观的悉尼歌剧院附近，鸟瞰澳大利亚最大的城市。这座大桥看上去自是壮观，但谁会心想去攀爬它呢？ 当然是我了！攀爬大桥实际是并不是很疯狂的事。游客于1998年开始攀爬大桥，现在这已经成为悉尼最受欢迎的一个景点了。为了攀爬大桥，我们一行12人必须先上一堂特殊的课。首先我们把所有的个人财物都存放好，再换好专用攀爬服，接着组织者向我们演示如何使用安全带和如何攀爬陡峭的阶梯。 我们甚至还带着小的个人无线电接收设备，以便在攀爬时接收到导游的提示。 我们心中的期望越来越高，整个攀爬小组都激动了起来。一小时以后，我们准备完毕。 我们首先经过路桥下面的狭窄通道。值得庆幸的是我不恐高。从通道上往下望，可以看到下面50米（164英尺）处的地面。 接下来，我们沿着一直通往桥拱的阶梯往上爬。汽车在下面的马路上飞驰而过。我们爬得越高，风越大，城市也越来越多地映入我们的眼帘。一会儿，我们渐渐地靠近大桥的顶部。

新世纪教材高二第一学期第一课翻译练习

Unit One Translation: 1. The parade _______________________________ 阅兵式由一万两千名士兵组成。 The parade is made up of 10 thousand soldiers. 2. 每天玩手机真是浪费时间。 It is a waste of time playing mobile phones. 3.蔬菜价格会随着季节更替从10-15元不等。 The price of the vegetables varies from 10 to 15 yuan according to the season. 4.每年在世界各地举行多次国际足球比赛。（take place） Many international soccer competitions take place all over the world every year. 5. 这首迷人的名歌深受学生的喜爱，尤其是女学生。（popular） The charming folk is very popular with students, especially girl students. 6. 他房间里摆满了各种参考书籍的书架。（fill） His room is filled with shelves with a wide variety of reference books. 7. 自中国人在美国定居以来，唐人街开了很多中餐馆。（settle） Since Chinese settled in the States, many Chinese restaurants are run in China town. 8. 即使健康食物越来越受欢迎，仍有人匆匆应付午餐。（even if） Even if health are becoming popular, some people rush through lunch. 9. 这款手机式样新颖，携带方便，深受年轻人的欢迎。(popular) The mobile phone is fashionable in design and easy to carry and is popular with young people. 10. 绿色蔬菜含有丰富的维他命，包括维生素C。( contain; include ) Green vegetables contain rich vitamin, including vitamin C. 11. 约翰热衷于政治，而且迫切地希望毕业后成为一名政治家。( keen ) John is keen on politics and eagerly hopes to become a politician after his graduation. 12. 他们不想把时间浪费在做饭上，因此他们匆匆忙忙在快餐店吃了午餐.(waste; rush through) They didn’t want to waste their time cooking, so they rushed through their lunch at a snack bar. 13. 广泛阅读有助于拓宽视野，同时也会影响你面对困境时的态度。（expand） Reading widely helps expand your horizon, which will influence your attitude towards difficulties. 14. 出于种种原因，我们队将不参加这场比赛。（various） For various reasons, our team will not take part in the game. 15. 据报道，1998年中国很多地区发生了严重的水灾。(occur) It is reported that serious floods occurred in many districts in China in 1998.

上海新世纪英语高一下词组整理

高一下词组整理UNIT 1 Generally speaking On national holiday s Depend on A number of sea routes Pass through the famous Three Gorges The first choice for Limited time The time-saving advantage Popular tourist destinations/attractions On schedule Speaking of Be pressed for time Offer fairly good services In brief A round-trip ticket A travel brochure The permanent habitat Be surrounded by Within arm’s reach A master of ceremonies Sort out A tour guide UNIT 2 There’s no feeling like Take a special class Change into Receive instructions from the guide Be afraid of heights Lead up to 向上通向 Speed by Come into view Bird’s eye view of the city Extend in all directions ▲Feel proud of / take pride in / pride oneself on Be ready to do乐于做某事 in an instant 一会儿 tourists at home and abroad without doubt

新世纪高二下课本重点词汇翻译(无答案)

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