USB通信存储测试中的应用外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

英文翻译

USB 的互连支持数据在USB 主机与USB 设备之间的流动。这一章主要讲述为了简化主机上的 客户软件(Software client)与设备的功能部件(function)之间的通信而必须的主机接口(host interface)。在本章中所涉及的具体实现部份并不是必要的，这些实现部份是作为例子来阐述在响应USB 设备请求时的主机系统的行为。只要USB 设备并不感觉到主机行为的改变，USB 主机完全可以提供一个不同的软件系统实现方法。

10.1 USB 主机概况

10.1.1 概论

图10-1展示了USB 通信模型之间基本的信息流与互连关系：

逻辑的信息流 实际的信息流

图 10-1通信模型层次关系图

由图10-1可见，主机与设备都被划分成不同的层次。主机上垂直的箭头是实际的信息流。设备上对应的接口是基于不同实现的。在主机与设备之间的所有通信最终都是通过USB 的电缆进行，然而，在上层的水平层之间存在逻辑的主机—设备信息流。主机上的客户软件和设备功能部件之间的通信是基于实际的应用需求及设备所能提供的能力。

客户软件与功能部件之间的透明通信的要求，决定主机和设备下层部件的功客户 USB 系统 主机控制器 功能部件

USB 设备 USB 总线接口

能以及它们的界面(interface)

这一章从主机的角度来描述上述的通信模型，图10-2描述了从主机角度看到的它与设备的连接。

主机在整个USB系统中是唯一的，它包括如下几个层次。

·USB总线接口

·USB系统(USB System)

·USB客户(Client)

其中，USB总线接口处理电气及协议层的互连(详见第7章及第8章)。从互连的角度看，USB设备和USB主机都提供类似的USB总线接口，如串行接口引擎(Serial Interface Engine SIE)。由于主机在USB系统中的特殊性，USB主机上的总线接口还必须具备主机控制器的功能(Host Controller)，主机控制器具有一个内集成的集线器(根集线器)提供与USB电缆的连接。

USB系统(USB System)使用主机控制器来管理主机与USB设备的数据传输。USB系统与主机控制器之间的界面基于主机控制器的硬件特性。USB系统层相对于主机控制器而言，处理的是以客户观点见到的数据传输及客户与设备的交互。这包括附加的USB信息，比如协议头(Protocol Wrappers)。USB系统还必须管理USB的系统资源，以使得客户的访问成为可能。

客户

（管理界面）

通道组（到某一接口）

IRPS 配置信息

USB

驱动器主机软件

USB 系统（管理通道）

标准通道（到缺省端口地址）

硬件定义

USB 电缆

通道，代表相应层之间连接的抽象

图10-2 主机通信图

USB 系统有三个主要组成部份:

·主机控制器驱动（Host Controller Driver ）

·USB 驱动 (USB Driver)

·主机软件 (host software)

主机控制器驱动的存在，方便地将各种不同的主机控制器实现映射到USB 系统，客户可以不必知道设备到底接在哪个主机控制器上就能同设备进行通信。USB 驱动提供了基本的面向客户的主机界面。在HCD 与USB 之间的接口称为主机控制器驱动接口(Host Controller Driver Interface HCDI)。这层接口不能被客户直接访问，所以也不是由USB 具体来完成的。一个典型的HCDI 是由支撑各种不同主机控制器的操作系统来定义的。

USBD 提供I/O 请求包(I/O Request Packets)形式的数据传输，以某一特定通道来传输数据。另外，USBD 为它的客户提供一个容易被支配及配置的抽象的设备。作为这种抽象的一部份，USBD 拥有标准通道(参见第5章及第9章)对设 主机控制器驱动

硬件定义 USB 总线接口 主机控制器 SIE

备进行一些标准的控制。这标准通道实现了USBD与抽象设备之间的逻辑通信。(见图10-2)

在有些操作系统中，提供了额外的非USB系统软件以支持设备的配置及设备驱动程序的加载。在这样的操作系统中，设备驱动程序应使用提供的主机软件接口而不是直接访问USBDI。

客户层描述的是直接与USB设备进行交互所需要的软件包。当所有的设备都已连上系统时，这些客户就可以直接通设备进行通信。一个客户不能直接访问设备的硬件。

该言之，主机可提供如下的功能

·检测USB设备的连接与断开。

·管理主机与设备之间的标准控制流。

·管理主机与设备之间的数据流。

·收集状态及一些活动的统计数字。

·控制主机控制器与USB设备的电气接口，包括提供有限的能源。

在下面的章节中，我们将较细的阐述USBDI所能提供的功能。对于特定的主机平台与操作系统下的实现接口请参照相关的操作系统手册。

所有的集线器都通过状态改变通道报告它的状态的改变，其中包括设备的连上与断开等。 USBD的一类特殊客户即：集线器驱动器拥有这些状态改变通道，接收这些状态的改变。对于像设备连结这种状态改变，集线器驱动器将加载设备的驱动程序。在有些系统中，这种集线器驱动程序是操作系统提供的主机软件的一部份，它用来管理设备。

10．1.2控制机构

控制信号可通过带内信号（in-band-singling）及带外信号(out-of-bard-signaling)两种方式在主机与设备之间传输。带内信号将控制信息及数据信息混在一起用同一通道传输，以至于主机根本就没有觉察到。而外带信号是通过单独的通道进行传输。

任何一个已连接的设备都有一个标准的信息通道，即标准通道。这个主机与设备之间的逻辑的连接用于传输USB的标准控制信息，比如对设备的配置信息等。这些标准通道为USB的设备提供了标准的接口，它也可以用来进行基于特定

设备而不同的通信，这些通信由拥有所有这些通道的USBD作媒介。

一些特定的设备可能允许使用额外的信息通道来传输特定设备的控制信息。这些额外的信息通道与标准通道使用同样的协议，但是传递的信息是基于特定的设备的，也不是由USB具体标准化的。

USBD支持和它的客户共享使用标准通道，它还提供给客户与设备相连的其它控制通道的访问。

10.1.3 数据流

主机控制器在主机与USB设备之间传递数据。这些数据被看作连续的字节流。USB支持4种形式的数据传输

·控制传输。

·同步传输。

·中断传输。

·块传输。

有关于传输方式的额外信息请参见第5章

每个设备具有一到多个界面以用于客户与设备之间的数据传输。每个接口由一到多个在客户及设备端点之间独立传输的通道组成。USBD根据主机软件的请求来初始化这些通道和接口。当这些配置请求提出后，主机控制器将基于主机软件所提供的参数来提供服务。

每个通道基于数据传输模式和请求的有如下几个特性：

·数据传输的频率。

·数据是以恒定速率提供还是随机出现的。

·在数据传输前可延迟的时间。

·在传输过程中数据的丢失是否是具有灾难性。

USB设备的端口描述了与之相连接的通道的特性。USB设备端口的特性的具体描述可参照第9章。

10.1.4 收集状态及活动统计数据

作为普通的为所有主机与设备之间的控制流与数据流服务的USB系统与主机控制器，一直处于随时接收状态变化及活动信息的状态，以使软件能及时接收并处理这些状态的变化。这里并不具体讲述需要被跟踪的状态信息及这些状态信

息的特殊的格式。

10.1.5 电气接口因素

主机为连在集线器上的USB设备提供能量。一个集线器口所能提供的能量具体值在第七章有详细说明。

10.2 主机控制器功能

在所有的实现中，主机控制器都必须提供基本相同的功能。主机控制器对主机及设备来讲都必须满足一定的要求。下面是主机控制器所提供的功能的概况。每种功能在下面的小节中还有具体的说明。

1 状态处理(State Handling) 作为主机的一部份，主机控制器报告及管理它的状态。

2串行化与反串行化对于从主机输出的数据，主机控制器将协议及数据信息从它原始形状转换为字位流。而对于主机接收的数据主机控制器进行反向操作。

3 帧产生(Frame Generation) 主机控制器以每1ms为单位产生SOF标志包。

4 数据处理主机控制器处理从主机输入输出数据的请求。

5 协议引擎主机控制器支持USB具体规定的协议

6传输差错控制所有的主机控制器在发现和处理已定义的错误时展现相似的行为。 7 远程唤醒所有的主机控制器都应具有将总线置于挂起状态及在远程唤醒事件下重新启动的能力。

8 集线器集线器提供了标准的将多个USB设备连到主机控制器的功能。

9 主机系统接口主机控制器在主机系统控制器之间建立一个高速的数据通道。

下面的各节将对上面提到的各功能进行详细的讨论。

10.2.1 状态处理

主机控制器具有一系列USB系统管理的状态。另外，主机控制器为下面两个与USB有关的部份提供接口。

·状态改变传播

·根集线器

根集线器提供与其它USB设备一样的标准状态给集线器驱动器。有关USB 状态与其它之间的相互关系的详细讨论请参照第7章。

主机控制器的总的状态与根集线器及总体的USB密不可分。任何一个对设备来说可见的状态的改变都应反映设备状态的相应改变。从而保证主机控制器与设备之间的状态是一致的。

USB设备通过使用恢复信号请求唤醒，使设备回利已配置的状态。主机控制器本身也可以通过同样的方法产生一个恢复事件。主机控制器通过使用该实现系统的某种机制来通知主机的其它部份已产生了一个恢复事件。

10.2.2 串行化与反串行化

通过物理上的传输是以字位流的形式出现的。不管是作为主机的一部份，还是作为设备的一部份，串行接口引擎(STE)处理USB传输过程中的串行化与文串行化工作。在主机上，串行接口引擎是主机控制器的一部份。

The basic flow and interrelationships of the USB communications model are shown in Figure 10-1

Figure 10-1. Interlayer Communications Model

The host and the device are divided into the distinct layers depicted in Figure 10-1. Vertical arrows

indicate the actual communication on the host. The corresponding interfaces on the device are

implementation-specific. All communications between the host and device ultimately occur on the

physical USB wire. However, there are logical host-device interfaces between each horizontal layer.

These communications, between client software resident on the host and the function provided by the

device, are typified by a contract based on the needs of the application currently using the device and the

capabilities provided by the device.

This client-function interaction creates the requirements for all of the underlying layers and their interfaces.

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This chapter describes this model from the point of view of the host and its layers. Figure 10-2 describes,

based on the overall view introduced in Chapter 5, the host’s view of its communication with the device.

Figure 10-2. Host Communications

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There is only one host for each USB. The major layers of a host consist of the following:

_ USB bus interface

_ USB System

_ Client.

The USB bus interface handles interactions for the electrical and protocol layers (refer to Chapter 7 and

Chapter 8). From the interconnect point of view, a similar USB bus interface is provided by both the USB

device and the host, as exemplified by the Serial Interface Engine (SIE). On the host, however, the USB

bus interface has additional responsibilities due to the unique role of the host on the USB and is

implemented as the Host Controller. The Host Controller has an integrated root hub providing attachment

points to the USB wire.

The USB System uses the Host Controller to manage data transfers between the host and USB devices.

The interface between the USB System and the Host Controller is dependent on the hardware definition of

the Host Controller. The USB System, in concert with the Host Controller, performs the translation

between the client’s view of data transfers and the USB transactions appearing on the interconnect. This

includes the addition of any USB feature support such as protocol wrappers. The USB System is also

responsible for managing USB resources, such as bandwidth and bus power, so that client access to the

USB is possible.

The USB System has three basic components:

_ Host Controller Driver

_ USB Driver

_ Host Software.

The Host Controller Driver (HCD) exists to more easily map the various Host Controller implementations

into the USB System, such that a client can interact with its device without knowing to which Host

Controller the device is connected. The USB Driver (USBD) provides the basic host interface (USBDI) for

clients to USB devices. The interface between the HCD and the USBD is known as the Host Controller

Driver Interface (HCDI). This interface is never available directly to clients and thus is not defined by the

USB Specification. A particular HCDI is, however, defined by each operating system

that supports various

Host Controller implementations.

The USBD provides data transfer mechanisms in the form of I/O Request Packets (IRPs), which consist of

a request to transport data across a specific pipe. In addition to providing data transfer mechanisms, the

USBD is responsible for presenting to its clients an abstraction of a USB device that can be manipulated for

configuration and state management. As part of this abstraction, the USBD owns the default pipe (see

Chapter 5 and Chapter 9) through which all USB devices are accessed for the purposes of standard USB

control. This default pipe represents a logical communication between the USBD and the abstraction of a

USB device as shown in Figure 10-2.

In some operating systems, additional non-USB System Software is available that provides configuration

and loading mechanisms to device drivers. In such operating systems, the device driver shall use the

provided interfaces instead of directly accessing the USBDI mechanisms.

The client layer describes all the software entities that are responsible for directly interacting with USB

devices. When each device is attached to the system, these clients might interact directly with the

peripheral hardware. The shared characteristics of the USB place USB System Software between the client

and its device; that is, a client cannot directly access the device’s hardware. Universal Serial Bus Specification Revision 1.1

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Overall, the host layers provide the following capabilities:

_ Detecting the attachment and removal of USB devices

_ Managing USB standard control flow between the host and USB devices

_ Managing data flow between the host and USB devices

_ Collecting status and activity statistics

_ Controlling the electrical interface between the Host Controller and USB devices, including the

provision of a limited amount of power.

The following sections describe these responsibilities and the requirements placed on the USBDI in greater

detail. The actual interfaces used for a specific combination of host platform and operating system are

described in the appropriate operating system environment guide.

All hubs (see Chapter 11) report internal status changes and their port change status via the status change

pipe. This includes a notification of when a USB device is attached to or removed from one of their ports.

A USBD client generically known as the hub driver receives these notifications as owner of the hub’s

Status Change pipe. For device attachments, the hub driver then initiates the device configuration process.

In some systems, this hub driver is a part of the host software provided by the operating system for

managing devices.

10.1.2 Control Mechanisms

Control information may be passed between the host and a USB device using in-band or out-of-band

signaling. In-band signaling mixes control information with data in a pipe outside the awareness of the

host. Out-of-band signaling places control information in a separate pipe.

There is a message pipe called the default pipe for each attached USB device. This logical association

between a host and a USB device is used for USB standard control flow such as device enumeration and

configuration. The default pipe provides a standard interface to all USB devices. The default pipe may

also be used for device-specific communications, as mediated by the USBD, which owns the default pipes

of all of the USB devices.

A particular US

B device may allow the use of additional message pipes to transfer device-specific control

information. These pipes use the same communications protocol as the default pipe, but the information

transferred is specific to the USB device and is not standardized by the USB Specification.

The USBD supports the sharing of the default pipe, which it owns and uses, with its clients. It also

provides access to any other control pipes associated with the device.

10.1.3 Data Flow

The Host Controller is responsible for transferring streams of data between the host and USB devices.

These data transfers are treated as a continuous stream of bytes. The USB supports four basic types of data

transfers:

_ Control transfers

_ Isochronous transfers

_ Interrupt transfers

_ Bulk transfers.

For additional information on transfer types, refer to Chapter 5.

Each device presents one or more interfaces that a client may use to communicate with the device. Each

interface is composed of zero or more pipes that individually transfer data between the client and a

particular endpoint on the device. The USBD establishes interfaces and pipes at the explicit request of the

Host Software. The Host Controller provides service based on parameters provided by the Host Software

when the configuration request is made.

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A pipe has several characteristics based on the delivery requirements of the data to be transferred.

Examples of these characteristics include the following:

_ the rate at which data needs to be transferred

_ whether data is provided at a steady rate or sporadically

_ how long data may be delayed before delivery

_ whether the loss of data being transferred is catastrophic.

A US

B device endpoint describes the characteristics required for a specific pipe. Endpoints are described

as part o f a USB device’s characterization information. For additional details, refer to Chapter 9.

10.1.4 Collecting Status and Activity Statistics

As a common communicant for all control and data transfers between the host and USB devices, the USB

System and the Host Controller are well-positioned to track status and activity information. Such

information is provided upon request to the Host Software, allowing that software to manage status and

activity information. This specification does not identify any specific information that should be tracked or

require any particular format for reporting activity and status information.

10.1.5 Electrical Interface Considerations

The host provides power to USB devices attached to the root hub. The amount of power provided by a port

is specified in Chapter 7.

10.2 Host Controller Requirements

In all implementations, Host Controllers perform the same basic duties with regard to the USB and its

attached devices. These basic duties are described below.

The Host Controller has requirements from both the host and the USB. The following is a brief overview

of the functionality provided. Each capability is discussed in detail in subsequent sections.

State Handling As a component of the host, the Host Controller reports and manages its states.

Serializer/Deserializer For data transmitted from the host, the Host Controller converts

protocol and data information from its native format to a bit stream

transmitted on the USB. For data being received into the host, the

reverse operation is performed.

Frame Generation The Host Controller produces SOF tokens at a period of 1ms. Data Processing The Host Controller processes requests for data transmission to and from the host.

Protocol Engine The Host Controller supports the protocol specified by the USB. Transmission Error

Handling

All Host Controllers exhibit the same behavior when detecting and

reacting to the defined error categories.

Remote Wakeup All host controlers must have the ability to place the bus into the Suspended state and to respond to bus wakeup events.

Root Hub The root hub provides standard hub function to link the Host

Controller to one or more USB ports.

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Host System Interface Provides a high-speed data path between the Host Controller and host

system.

The following sections present a more detailed discussion of the required capabilities of the Host

Controller.

10.2.1 State Handling

The Host Controller has a series of states that the USB System manages. Additionally, the Host Controller

provides the interface to the following two areas of USB-relevant state:

_ State change propagation

_ Root hub.

The root hub presents to the hub driver the same standard states as other USB devices. The Host Controller

supports these states and their transitions for the hub. For detailed discussions of USB states, including

their interrelations and transitions, refer to Chapter 9.

The overall state of the Host Controller is inextricably linked with that of the root hub and of the overall

USB. Any Host Controller state changes that are visible to attached devices must be reflected in the

corresponding device state change information such that the resulting Host Controller and device states are

consistent.

USB devices request a wakeup through the use of resume signaling (refer to Chapter 7), devices to return to

their configured state. The Host Controller itself may cause a resume event through the same signaling

method. The Host Controller must notify the rest of the host of a resume event through a mechanism or

mechanisms specific to that system’s implementation.

10.2.2 Serializer/Deserializer

The actual transmission of data across the physical USB takes places as a serial bit stream. A Serial

Interface Engine (SIE), whether implemented as part of the host or a USB device, handles the serialization

and deserialization of USB transmissions. On the host, this SIE is part of the Host Controller.

红外数据通信技术外文翻译文献

红外数据通信技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique, drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos

etc. characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage. Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit customer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish customer’s operation demand. Keywords: Infrared dray；Code；Decoding；LM386；Red outside transceiver 1 Introduction 1.1 research the background and significance Infrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many hardware and software platforms supported. Is a data through electrical pulses and infrared optical pulse switch between the wireless data transceiver technology.

机械手机械设计论文中英文资料对照外文翻译

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通信工程移动通信中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文翻译 附件1：外文资料翻译译文 通用移动通信系统的回顾 1.1 UMTS网络架构 欧洲/日本的3G标准，被称为UMTS。 UMTS是一个在IMT-2000保护伞下的ITU-T 批准的许多标准之一。随着美国的CDMA2000标准的发展，它是目前占主导地位的标准，特别是运营商将cdmaOne部署为他们的2G技术。在写这本书时，日本是在3G 网络部署方面最先进的。三名现任运营商已经实施了三个不同的技术：J - PHONE 使用UMTS，KDDI拥有CDMA2000网络，最大的运营商NTT DoCoMo正在使用品牌的FOMA（自由多媒体接入）系统。 FOMA是基于原来的UMTS协议，而且更加的协调和标准化。 UMTS标准被定义为一个通过通用分组无线系统（GPRS）和全球演进的增强数据

技术（EDGE）从第二代GSM标准到UNTS的迁移，如图。这是一个广泛应用的基本原理，因为自2003年4月起，全球有超过847万GSM用户，占全球的移动用户数字的68％。重点是在保持尽可能多的GSM网络与新系统的操作。 我们现在在第三代（3G）的发展道路上，其中网络将支持所有类型的流量：语音，视频和数据，我们应该看到一个最终的爆炸在移动设备上的可用服务。此驱动技术是IP协议。现在，许多移动运营商在简称为2.5G的位置，伴随GPRS的部署，即将IP骨干网引入到移动核心网。在下图中，图2显示了一个在GPRS网络中的关键部件的概述，以及它是如何适应现有的GSM基础设施。 SGSN和GGSN之间的接口被称为Gn接口和使用GPRS隧道协议（GTP的，稍后讨论）。引进这种基础设施的首要原因是提供连接到外部分组网络如，Internet或企业Intranet。这使IP协议作为SGSN和GGSN之间的运输工具应用到网络。这使得数据服务，如移动设备上的电子邮件或浏览网页，用户被起诉基于数据流量，而不是时间连接基础上的数据量。3G网络和服务交付的主要标准是通用移动通信系统，或UMTS。首次部署的UMTS是发行'99架构，在下面的图3所示。 在这个网络中，主要的变化是在无线接入网络（RAN的）CDMA空中接口技术的引进，和在传输部分异步传输模式作为一种传输方式。这些变化已经引入，主要是为了支持在同一网络上的语音，视频和数据服务的运输。核心网络保持相对不变，主要是软件升级。然而，随着目前无线网络控制器使用IP与3G的GPRS业务支持节点进行通信，IP协议进一步应用到网络。 未来的进化步骤是第4版架构，如图4。在这里，GSM的核心被以语音IP技术为基础的IP网络基础设施取代。 海安的发展分为两个独立部分：媒体网关（MGW）和MSC服务器（MSS）的。这基本上是打破外连接的作用和连接控制。一个MSS可以处理多个MGW，使网络更具有扩展性。 因为现在有一些在3G网络的IP云，合并这些到一个IP或IP/ ATM骨干网是很有意义的（它很可能会提供两种选择运营商）。这使IP权利拓展到整个网络，一直到BTS(基站收发信台)。这被称为全IP网络，或推出五架构，如图五所示。在HLR/ VLR/VLR/EIR被推广和称为HLR的子系统（HSS）。 现在传统的电信交换的最后残余被删除，留下完全基于IP协议的网络运营，并

外文翻译英文

A Distributed Approach for Track Occupancy Detection Abstract This paper investigates the problem of track occupancy detection in distributed settings. Track occupancy detection determines which tracks are occupied in a railway system. For each track, the Neyman–Pearson structure is applied to reach the local decision. Globally, it is a multiple hypotheses testing problem. The Bayesian approach is employed to minimize the probability of the global decision error. Based on the prior probabilities of multiple hypotheses and the approximation of the prior probabilities of multiple hypotheses and the approximationofthereceiving operation characteristic curve of the local detector, a person-by-person optimization method is implemented to obtain the fusion rule and the local strategies off line. The results are illustrated through an example constructed from in situ devices. Key Words:Track occupancy detection,Neyman–Pearson, Generalized likelihood ratio test, Bayesian approach,Distributed detection 1Introduction With respect to the majority of railway systems in China, a quasi-moving block method is employed to specify the safe zone of a train. A key piece of knowledge to be determined is the set of track segments that are occupied, i.e., track occupancy detection. Then the speed restriction curves for the following trains are calculated accordingly. When there are misdetections, collisions may happen; additionally, false alarms may lead to declines of line capacity. Track occupancy detection is achieved by a set of track circuits. The track circuit is a crucial device mainly composed of a transmitter–receiver pair and a track segment. The measurement is the receiving signal at the end of the track. For each segment, a decision is made locally and individually, which leads to frequent ambiguities on which tracks are occupied for the whole line. It means that the false alarm rate of the line increases greatly. Besides, for the next generation of railway systems, a moving block method is adopted. Such a method requires the exact position and velocity of the train. However, those data are not provided in the current detection mechanism.

软件工程论文参考文献

软件工程论文参考文献 [1] 杜献峰 . 基于三层 B/S 结构的档案管理系统开发 [J]. 中原工学院学报，2009:19-25 [2]林鹏，李田养. 数字档案馆电子文件接收管理系统研究及建设[J].兰台世界，2008:23-25 [3]汤星群.基于数字档案馆建设的两点思考[J].档案时空，2005:23-28 [4]张华丽.基于 J2EE 的档案管理系统设计与实现[J].现代商贸工业. 2010:14-17 [5] 纪新.转型期大型企业集团档案管理模式研究[D].天津师范大学，2008：46-57. [6] 周玉玲.纸质与电子档案共存及网络环境电子档案管理模式[J].中国科技博览，2009：44-46. [7] 张寅玮.甘肃省电子档案管理研究[D]. 兰州大学，2011:30-42 [8] 惠宏伟.面向数字化校园的档案信息管理系统的研究与实现[D]. 电子科技大学，2006:19-33 [9] 刘冬立.基于 Web 的企业档案管理系统的设计与实现[D].同济大学，2007:14-23 [10]钟瑛.浅议电子文件管理系统的功能要素[J]. 档案学通讯，2006:11-20 [11] 刘洪峰，陈江波.网络开发技术大全[M].人民邮电出版社，2005：119-143. [12] 程成，陈霞.软件工程[M].机械工业出版社，2003：46-80. [13] 舒红平.Web 数据库编程-Java[M].西安电子科技大学出版社，2005：97-143. [14] 徐拥军.从档案收集到知识积累[M].是由工业出版社，2008：6-24. [15]Gary P Johnston，David V. Bowen.he benefits of electronic recordsmanagement systems: a general review of published and some unpublishedcases. RecordsManagement Journal，2005:44-52 [16]Keith Gregory.Implementing an electronic records management system: Apublic sector case study. Records Management Journal，2005:17-21 [17]Duranti Luciana.Concepts，Principles，and Methods for the Management of Electronic RecordsR[J].Information Society，2001：57-60.

通信工程专业Code-division-multiple-access码分多址大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：码分多址 文献、资料英文题目：Code division multiple access 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期：2017.02.14

外文原文 Code division multiple access Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne, CDMA2000 (the 3G evolution of cdmaOne) and WCDMA (the 3G standard used by GSM carriers), which are often referred to as simply CDMA, and use CDMA as an underlying channel access method. One of the concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). This concept is called multiple access. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signalling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated. Steps in CDMA Modulation Each user in a CDMA system uses a different code to modulate their signal. Choosing the codes used to modulate the signal is very important in the performance of CDMA systems. The best performance will occur when there is good separation between the signal of a desired user and the signals of other users. The separation of the signals is made by correlating the received signal with the locally generated code of the desired user. If the signal matches the desired user's code then the correlation function will be high and the system can extract that signal. If the desired user's code has nothing in common with the signal the correlation should be as close to zero as