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2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析
2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

T ext 1

①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.

①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. ②Y et a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. ③To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.

① We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War 2,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. ②In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. ③Theirs was a serious business. and even those reviews who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. ④These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. ⑤So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in ournalism,Newman wrote, "that I am tempted to define "journalism" as "a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are".

①Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. ②Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. ③During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. ④He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored.

⑤Y et only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.

①Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? ②The prospect seems remote.③Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly uphostered V icwardian prose in which he specialized. ④Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.

全文翻译:

在过去的25 年英语报纸所发生的变化中,影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了,而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。

对于年龄低于40岁的普通读者来讲,让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。然而,在20世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集中,人们读到的大部分评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。现在,如果读到这些集子,人们肯定会惊诧,当年这般渊博深奥的内容竟然被认为适合发表在大众日报中。

从20世纪早期到二战以前,当时的英国报纸上的评论主题广泛,包罗万象,我们现在离此类报纸评论越来越远。当时的报纸极其便宜,人们把高雅时尚的文艺批评当作是所刊登报纸的一个亮点。在那些遥远的年代,各大报刊的评论家们都会不遗余力地详尽报道他们所报道的事情,这在当时被视为是理所当然的事情。他们的写作是件严肃的事情,人们相信:甚至那些博学低调不喜欢炫耀的评论家,比如George Bernard Shaw 和Ernest Newman也知道自己在做什么(即他们的文章会高调出现在报纸上)。这些批评家们相信报刊评论是一项职业,并且对于他们的文章能够在报纸上发表感到很自豪。“鉴于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟” ,Newman 曾写道,“我倾向于把…新闻写作?定义为不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢迎的作家的一个…轻蔑之词? ”

不幸的是,这些批评家们现在实际上已被人们遗忘。从1917 年开始一直到1975 年去世不久前还在为曼彻斯特《卫报》写文章的Neville Cardus,如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球比赛文章的作家被人们所知。但是,在他的一生当中,他也是英国首屈一指的古典音乐评论家之一。他也是一位深受读者青睐的文体家,所以1947 年他的《自传》一书就成为热销读物。1967 年他被授予爵士称号,也是第一位获此殊荣的音乐评论家。然而,他的书现在只有一本可以在市面上买到。他大量的音乐批评,除了专门研究音乐评论的人以外,已鲜为人知。

Cardus 的评论有没有机会重新流行?前景似乎渺茫。在他去世之前,新闻业的品味早已改变很长时间了,而且他所擅长的措词华丽的维多利亚爱德华时期的散文风格对后现代的读者没有什么用处。何况,由业余爱好者作音乐批评的传统早已经成为昨日黄花了。

Text 2

Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/455346538.html, received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lying a box.

Now the nation?s top patent court appears completely-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In the Bilski, as the case is known, is a “very big deal”, says Dennis?D Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.

The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court?s judges, rather than a typical panel of three and that one issue it wants to evaluate is

weather it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.

T he Federal Circuit?s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court”, says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.

Text 3

①In his book The Tipp ing Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. ②The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn?t explain how ideas actually spread.

①The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media

to the influentials and from them to everyone else. ②Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. ③The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. ④In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it

is before anyone else paid attention. ⑤Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.

①In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. ②In fact, they don?t seem to be required of all. ③The researchers? argument stems from a simple observation about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey — whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence — even the most influential members of a population simply don?t interact with that many others. ④Yet it is precisely these noncelebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. ⑤For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; ⑥and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. ⑦If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won?t propagate very far o r affect many people.

①Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social contagion by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to pe ople?s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.

全文翻译:

在《引爆流行》这本书中,作者Malcolm Gladwell 认为社会流行潮流在很大程度上是由一小部分特殊个体的行为引起的,这些人就是人们常说的影响者。他们异乎寻常的博闻多

识,能言善辩,人脉广泛。从直觉上讲,Malcolm Gladwell的理论似乎很有说服力,但是它没有解释流行观念的实际传播过程。

人们之所以认为影响者很重要,是因为受到了“两级传播”理论的影响,即信息先从媒体流向影响者,然后再从影响者流向其他人。这一理论看似合理,但未经验证。营销人员接受两级传播理论是因为该理论认为,如果他们能够找到影响者,并对他们施加影响,这些精英们就会替他们完成大部分的营销传播工作。这一理论似乎还可以解释某些装扮、品牌或社区为何会突然受到出乎意料的追捧。对于许多诸如此类的情况,如果只是走马观花地寻找原因,你会发现总是有一小群人开风气之先,率先穿上、宣传和开发人们此前从未留意的东西。这种事实证据与该观点正好一拍即合——只有一些特别的人才能引领潮流。

但是,在最近的研究中,一些研究人员发现,影响者对社会流行潮流的影响力远比人们认为的要小。事实上,他们似乎根本就是无关紧要。

研究者的观点源于对社会影响力的简单观察:除了少数像Oprah Winfrey 这样的名人之外(她强大的人气影响力主要来自媒体影响力,而非她与观众互动的人际影响力),即使人群中最有影响力的人也无法与那么多的“其他人”互动,从而引领潮流。然而,根据两级传播理论,正是这些非名人影响者直接影响了他们的朋友和同事,从而推动了社会流行潮流。但是,要让一种社会流行潮流真正发生,每个受影响的人还必须影响他的熟人,而他的熟人又必须影响其他熟人,依此类推;但是会有多少人去关注这些熟人中的每个人,与最初的影响者几乎没有关系。举个例子来说,在这个人际影响的网络中,如果第一个影响者受到两次抵制,那么他的连锁影响范围就不会继续扩大,或者说影响的人不会很多。

基于这一人际影响力的基本事实,研究者们研究了社会影响的动力机制。我们对不同人群进行了成千上万次计算机模拟,不断调整人们影响他人和受他人影响的各种变量。他们发现,人们所说的“全球连锁反应” ——影响力通过(人际)网络进行广泛传播——发生的主要前提,并不取决于是否存在着那么几个影响者,而主要取决于易受影响的人们是否达到了临界数量。

Text 4

(注:本文含有的生词和难句较多,考研阅读的原则是过难的单词和句子一定不会出题,在考场上紧紧抓住能看懂的句子即可,因为文章上下文的意思都是有密切关联的。笔者把本文无需看懂的句子用删除线标出来,以便于学生更好的复习。示例:not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.)

第一部分:36题

①Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. ②Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. ③Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. ④These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.

①Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. ②The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is

全文翻译:

台面上,银行家们将他们的麻烦归咎于己身,台面下,他们一直把目标对准他人:会计准则制定者。银行业抱怨会计规则迫使他们报告巨大损失,认为这不公平。规则规定他们必须以第三方付出价格来评估部分资产的价值,而非按照管理者和监管者期望该资产能够获得的价格。

不幸的是,银行的游说活动看来已显成效。其中细节可能无法获知,但是准则制定者在独立性方面——这正是资产市场正常运行的关键——已经做出妥协了。银行如果不以能够吸引买家的价格计量有毒资产,银行系统的复苏将会非常困难。

美国FASB(财务会计准则委员会)在与国会激烈摩擦之后,匆匆通过了规则的修改。这些修改使得银行在使用模型评估非流动资产方面用有更大的自由,同时使得它们确认收益表中长期资产损失时更为灵活。FASB 主席Bob Herz大声反对那些“怀疑我们的动机”的人们。然而银行股票上涨了,这些修改强化了“管理层使用理性判断”的说法,这种说法是一个游说团的客气之言。

欧洲的部长们立刻要求国际会计准则委员会(IASB)也这么做。IASB 表示它不想没有完整计划就冒然行动,但它在今年下半年完成规则修订时必须屈服的压力十分巨大。欧洲委

员会委员Charlie McCreevy 警告IASB 说:它不是“处在政治真空中”而是“在现实世界里”,并表示欧洲可能最终会发展出不同的会计规则。

正是这些银行呆错了星球,它们的账目上充斥着估值过高的资产。现在他们争论道市价高估了损失,因为市价主要反映了市场的暂时性流动性不足,而非坏账的可能范围。几年中没人会知道真相。但是,银行股票以低于账面价值的价格交易,这一点反应了投资者的怀疑。死寂的市场一定程度上反应了瘫痪的银行由于怕账面损失既既不愿出售资产,也不愿意去购买那些看似不错的廉价资产。

为了让银行系统重新运转起来,损失必须被确认和处理。美国收购有毒资产的新计划只有在银行将资产定价在足够吸引买家的水平上才会有效。成熟的市场需要独立的,甚至是好斗的准则制定者。FASB和IASB 以往正是这样对抗特殊利益集团的敌意的,例如改进股权和退休金的相关规则。但是现在向批评者妥协是自寻压力,他们会进一步做出让步。

考研英语阅读理解全文翻译

Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not ch In but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯,我们的大脑是自动运 转的,轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择,而是习惯控 制了那些没有思想的人”,这是威廉?华兹华斯(William Wordsworth)19世纪时 说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪,甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。 因此,在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯,似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kil off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现,当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候,我们创建了平 行路径,甚至是全新的脑细胞,可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但 是,不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯;一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑,它们就会留在 那里。相反,我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says D Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as decide is to kill off president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” 大学英语

2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—医学

2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—医学 Passage 18(Doctor-assisted Suicide:Is It Ever an Option?) Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option? It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be none.Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient,the doctor,and nature in these situations. Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide? When a patient is terminally ill and in great pain,those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be.There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies,for example,nature.Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces. What role should the doctor have? Doctors,when taking the Hippocratic oath,swear to preserve life at all costs,and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath.It is their responsibilities to heal the sick,and in the cases when healing is not possible,then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable.Doctors are trained never to hasten death.Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime,and they should be dealt with accordingly.Doctors are also,by virtue of their humanness,capable of making mistakes.Doctors could quite possibly say,for instance,that a cancer patient was terminal,and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious.There is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs. The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature.Life is precious.Many people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or another’s life.Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die.To assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws,but to break divine 1aws as well. These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted suicide question.For instance,patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions.Pain clouds judgment,and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny.Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment,so they shouldn’t be held completely responsible for decisions related to it.Doctors are also fallible,and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur.Since doctors are trained to prolong life,they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide. I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a service.If someone is dying of

考研英语一翻译真题汇总

1990 年英译汉试题 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities,and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested in these types of questions. (61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet,but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect,the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as‖nature vs. nurture‖. (62)Those who support the ―nature‖side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63)That our environment has little, if anything,to do with our abilities,characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the ―nurture‖ theory,that is,they advocate education,are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist,B.F. Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that,like machines,humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic,intelligence, offered by the two theories. Supporters of the ―nature‖theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say,they don‘t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand,behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some ―nature‖ proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists,in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. 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