中英文文献翻译-发动机工作原理

附录1

Engine Operating Principles

Most automobile engines are internal combustion,reciprocating 4-stroke gasoline engines,but other types have been used,including the diesel,the rotary(wankel),the 2-srtoke,and stratified charge.Reciprocating means up and dowm or banck and forth ,It is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder blick,or engine block.The bilck is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passges called water jackets for coolant circulation.The top of the block is convered with the cylinder head.Which forms the combustion chanber.The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.

Power ia produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks.The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin ,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.

Term: stroke is used to indicate the movement within the cylinder piston, piston stroke is the distance from the engine type according to need two-stroke or four-stroke cycle to finish a job and four stroke engines are also called otto engine, in order to commemorate German engineers otto, he is the first application in 1876, the principle of in four stroke engines, cylinder piston required to complete a four-stroke cycle, each stroke work according to their behavior named respectively: intake stroke, compression stroke, function and exhaust stroke.

1. Intake stroke

When the piston moves down, spray the mixture through open after entering the inlet valve, in order to achieve maximum cylinder amount of inlet in Detroit, arrive before BDC 10 °, open and exhaust has 20 °to open the inlet valve overlap, has been opened to the pistons to come fully into the mixture after about 50 °.

2. Compression stroke

The piston start moving up huge inlet valve closed, and the mixture in the combustion chamber, according to the different factors including compression compression ratio, the

throttle valve, pressure revs up to about 1 mpa, close to the top, the spark plug stroke produces the spark gap in the breakdown ignition mixture lighting.

3. Doing work

Burning gas pressure of inflation rose to 3.5 mpa, promote the piston moves to the cylinder, and exhaust door open.

4 gas stroke

With exhaust before more open about 50 °, piston, make up in the air pressure drops in exhaust stroke, reduce backpressure, discharge waste piston stroke, for the next intake, normally, inlet in exhaust before opening.

Only the engine keep running, each cylinder within four four-stroke cycle continuously.Two stroke engine also through the four-stroke cycle to complete a job but intake stroke, compression stroke for a stroke, do work schedule another stroke, the four-stroke cycle and two terms two travel itinerary is called the term two-cycle but actually not so accurate. However,the intake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke,and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke.The term 2-stroke cyde or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cyde,which is really not accurate.

In automobile engines,all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft.the more cylinders an engine has,the more power strokes produced for cach revolution.This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly bacause the power atrokes are closer togther in time and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways.

1.Inline engines use a single block of cylinder.Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design.The cylinders do not have to be vertical.They can be inclined either side.

2.V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders,usually inclined 60 degrees or 90 degrees from the cach other.Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders,although v-4 and v-12 engines have been built.

3.Horizontally opposed,or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180 degrees apart.These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled,and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair,Porsches,Subaus,and V olkswagens.Subaus design is liquid cooled.are often air-cooled,and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair,Porsches,Subaus,and V olkswagens.Subaus design is liquid https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4b5772416.html,te-model V olkswagen vans use a

liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VWhorizontally opposed engine.

发动机工作原理

大多数汽车的发动机是内燃机，往复四冲程汽油机，但是也有使用其它类型的发动机，包括柴油机，转子发动机，二冲程发动机和分成燃烧发动机。往复的意思就是上下运动或前后运动，在往复发动机中，汽缸中活塞的上下运动产生发动机的动力，这种那个类型几乎所有的发动机都是依赖汽缸体即发动机缸体，缸体是铸铁或铸铝制的，它包括发动机气缸和冷却液循环用的水套。缸体的顶部是汽缸盖，它组成了燃烧室，缸体地步是油底壳。

气缸内活塞的直线运动产生动力，然而，必须将直线运动转化成旋转运动，使汽车车轮转动，活塞销将活塞连接在连杆顶部，连杆底部与曲轴连接，使汽车车轮转动，活塞销将活塞连杆顶部，连杆底部与曲轴连接，连杆将活塞的往复运动传递给曲轴，曲轴将其转化为旋转运动，连杆式用连杆曲轴安装在曲轴上的，用类似的轴承即主轴承将曲轴固定在缸体内。

气缸的直径称为发动机的内径，排量和压缩比是两个常用的发动机参数，排量是指发动机的大小，压缩比试气缸总容积与燃烧室压缩容积之比。

术语：冲程是用来说明活塞在气缸内的运动，也就是活塞行程的距离根据发动机类型的需要二冲程或四冲程来完成一个工作循环四冲程发动机也叫做奥托发动机，为了纪念德国工程师奥托，他是在1876年第一个应用该原理的，在四冲程发动机中，要求气缸活塞四冲程来完成一个工作循环，每个冲程根据其行为命名分别为：进气冲程，压缩冲程，作功冲程和排气冲程。

1.进气冲程

当活塞下移时，雾化后的可燃混合气通过打开的进气门进入气缸，为了达到最大的进气量，进气门在活塞到达上止点前10°打开，使进、排气门有20°打开重叠角，进气门一直打开到活塞到达下止点充分进入混合气之后50°左右。

2.压缩冲程

活塞开始向上移动是时，进气门关闭，混合气在燃烧室中压缩，根据不同因素包括压缩比，节气门开度，发动机转速压力上升到约1兆帕，接近冲程顶部时，火花塞产生的电火花在击穿点火间隙点燃可燃混合气。

3.作功冲程

燃烧膨胀的气体产生的压力上升到3.5个兆帕时，推动活塞下移，接近汽缸底时，排气门打开。

4.燃气冲程

随着排气门开启约不止点前50°，活塞回升，使气缸内压力下降在排气冲程，减少对活塞回压，排出废气，为下一个进气冲程作准备，通常情况下，进气门在排气冲程完成前打开。

只有发动机保持运转，每个气缸内四个冲程循环连续不断地重复下去。

两冲程发动机也同样通过四行程来完成，一个工作循环但是进气冲程，压缩冲程合为一个冲程，作功冲程行程另一个冲程，术语两行程循环和两行程就是所谓的术语双循环但实际上并不太准确。

在所用的汽车发动机中，所有的活塞都是固定在一个曲轴上的，汽缸中发动机越多，每转为发动机的作功冲程产生越多的动力，这就意味着八缸发动机运转的越平顺，因为发动机在作功冲程中运转时间和旋转角度紧密。多气缸发动机有三种排列形式，任其一种

1.直列式发动机用一个气缸体，大多数四缸发动机和一些六缸发动机都采用这种型式，这种气缸不必垂直分布，它们可以向任一方向倾斜。

2.V-型发动机用两排同样的气缸，通常家教为60°或90°，大多数有六缸或八缸，尽管四缸和十二缸也有采用V型的。

3.卧式或者对置式发动机有两排互为180°的气缸，这些节省式发动机设计通常采用风冷式，在雪佛兰、富士、大众车采用这种型式，富士汽车采用水冷式，在顶置式风冷发动机中，大众的新型厢式汽车采用水冷式。

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VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30 材料与制造工程成果期刊 版权所有：国际OCSCO 世界出版社。一切权利保有。2008 ？？151研究论文 1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10]. 1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接（FSW）是焊接学？会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。这种焊接？是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成，因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。材料不熔化，所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。例如，在焊接区无多孔性或破裂，工件（尤其薄板上）没有严重扭曲，并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而，在FSW过程中，用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效，并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。However, during FSW process using inappropriate welding parameters can cause defects in the joint and deteriorate the mechanical properties of the FSW joints [2, 3]. 此技术起初就主要是为低熔点材料如铝合金、镁合金及铜合金而广泛研究的。The technique has initially been widely investigated for mostly low melting materials, such as Al, Mg and Cu alloys. 此技术已被证明是很有用的，尤其在连接用于航空航天用途的如高合金2XXX及7XXX系列铝合金等难熔高强度的铝合金。It has proven to be very useful, particularly in the joining of the difficult-to-fusion join high strength Al-alloys used in aerospace applications, such as highly alloyed 2XXX and 7XXX series aluminium alloys. 做出Al-5086 H32型板摩擦搅拌对焊的高强度、抗疲劳及断裂的力学性能？。The difficulty of making high-strength, fatigue and fracture resistant Mechanical properties of friction stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate G. .am a,*, S. Gü.lüer b, A. .akan c, H.T. Serinda. a a Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, 31040 Antakya, Turkey a 土耳其安塔卡亚31040，Mustafa Kemal大学建筑工程系 b General Directorate of Highways of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey b 土耳其安卡拉土耳其高速公路总理事会？ c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering an d Architecture, 14280 Bolu, Turkey c 土耳其Bolu 14280 Abant Izzet Baysal 大学建筑工程系 * Corresponding author: E-mail address: gurelcam@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4b5772416.html, *相关作者电子邮箱地址：gurelcam@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4b5772416.html, Received 30.06.2008; published in revised form 01.10.2008

变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述

英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,

仪表板外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,