unit 9 课件

Unit 9 Non-verbal Communication

非言语交际

任课教师：罗凌志

联系方式：dabianzi@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4a6468466.html,

Learning objectives :

1.to understand the significance of nonverbal communication

2.to perceive the definition of nonverbal communication

3.to describe the functions of nonverbal communication

4. to summarize the categories of nonverbal communication and know their cultural differences

Who won the game of one-on-one basketball?

The man on the right

?1. There is language in her eyes, her cheeks, her lip, nay, her foot speaks.

—Shakespeare

?2. Nobility and dignity, self-abasement自卑and servility奴态, prudence审慎and understanding, insolence傲慢and vulgarity粗俗, are reflected in the face and in the attitudes of the body whether still or in motion.

?—Socrates

1. We make important judgments and decisions concerning the internal states of others—states they often express without words.

2. We use the actions of others to learn about their affective or emotional states.

3. It is usually responsible for first impressions.

4. Many of our nonverbal actions are not easily controlled consciously.

5. Nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.

Section 1 Nonverbal communication and its relation with culture

?1. Concept

?Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.

?非语言交际是在特定情景中，或单独使用或与语言一起使用，以交换或解释信息的非言语行为过程。（Malandro, et al. 1983）P326

Classification of Human Language

Paralanguage

Paralanguage involves the linguistic elements of speech; that is, how something is said, not the actual meaning of the spoken words

Three kinds of vocalization:

vocal characterizers (laughing, crying, yelling, moaning, whining哀鸣, belching, yawning) ;

Vocal qualifiers (volume, pitch, rhythm, tempo节拍, resonance回声, tone);

Vocal segregates (“un-huh,” “shh,” “uh,” “oooh,” “mmmh,” “humm”).

2.Its relation with culture

?A. Nonverbal communication systems are shaped by culture.

?Example 1:

?B. Nonverbal communication varies from culture to culture. IN each culture, a unique nonverbal communication system can be found.

?Example 1: giving or receiving a gift using two hands

?Example 2: the gesture of forming an O with on e’s thumb and forefinger while stretching out the other three fingers

3. Functions of

Nonverbal Communication

a. Repeating

People use nonverbal communication to repeat, clarify, and emphasize their point of view.

For example, nod as saying "yes".

d. Regulating

Section 2 Facial expressions and eye behaviors

Facial expression

Work in small groups and find out what messages smiles and laughter usually convey. Study the following three cases and explain why the people in each case smiled or laughed.

?A. In a Chinese classroom a girl was asked to answer a question. She stood up and smiled, without making any sound.

?B.When an American is parking his bicycle and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and is quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh. ?C. In the dining room, when an American drops a plate quite by accident and feels bad, and Chinese onlookers laugh, compounding his discomfort and causing anger and bad feeling.

?Smiles and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy, and merriment. But very often Westerners are confused at the smile or laugh of the Asians, which does not necessarily mean happiness or friendship.

?In case A, the girl smiled to cover her embarrassment resulting from not being able to answer the question.

?In cases B and C, the laughter is, of course, not at the person or his misfortune---whether he be a foreigner or a Chinese. It can convey a number of feelings: don' t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it' s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. But a smile usually means happiness to an American.

?1. Cross-cultural differences in laughing and smiling.

?A. Laughing may be associated with different cultural meaning. For example, English speakers will not laugh if sb. suddenly stumbles and falls while waking on a street, but Chinese speakers may laugh good-naturedly和善地on this occasion;

?B. Smiling may be associated to different cultural meanings, too. E.g., English speakers may smile to a stranger they meet for no other reason than showing friendliness, while Chinese speakers would not smile to strangers without a good reason for doing so.

Case Study

?A teenage Puerto Rican girl in a New Y ork high school was taken with a number of other girls to the principal for suspected smoking.

?Although there was no proof of any wrongdoing and although she had a good record, the principal decided she was guilty and suspected her.

?"There was something sly and suspicious about her," he said in his report. "She just wouldn't meet my eye. She wouldn't look at me."

?When she was questioned by the principal it was true that she kept looking at the floor and refused to meet his eyes.

?And in English there is a saying Don’t trust anyone who won’t look you in the eye.

?But according to the Puerto Rican culture, a good girl "does not meet the eyes of an adult" . The behavior of that girl is a sign of respect and obedience" .

?Fortunately, one of the teachers of that high school had a Latin American background. He went to the principal and explained the difference in culture.

?And then the principal accepted the explanation, admitted his mistake and the matter was settled properly.

2. Cross-cultural differences in eye behaviors

?A. There are cultural differences about eye behaviors between English and Chinese nonverbal communication systems;

?B. English speakers prefer to have prolonged eye contact while conversing. To them, a person who does not look at you in your eyes when talking to you is not trustworthy; For not to look at the other person could also imply a number of things: fear, contempt, uneasiness, guilt, and indifference. In public speaking, if a speaker "buries his nose in his manuscript", or reads a speech instead of looking at and talking to his audience, he or she would be regarded as inconsiderate and disrespectful. In conversation, there is plenty of eye contact too. This shows that the listener is interested. And the listener will occasionally make sounds like "Hmm", "Ummm", or nod his/her head to indicate his/her attention. A nod or smile may show agreement,

?C. In Chinese culture, however, people have eye contact less frequently and intensely. While talking with others, Chinese speakers tend to have eye contact with their interlocutors occasionally.

?D. However, staring at people or holding a glance too long is considered improper in English-speaking countries. Even when the look may be one of appreciation---as of beauty---it may make people uneasy and embarrassed.

Gestures can be symbols or

regulators (one’s face turns red with embarrassment). Gestures are used to add emphasis

or clarity to an oral message.

Similarities and Differences

?1. Similarities

?E.g. Money, disagreement, greeting

?2. Differences

?A. same gesture, different meanings

?Stamp one’s foot

?Speaker clapping at same time audience applauds

?Pat on head

B. same meaning, different gestures

Gestures

Number 10 is used in Italy to say “Hello.” For Indonesians, Malaysians, and some speakers of Arabic, it signals “Come here.”

C. Body language Unique in English Culture

Emotional stress

warning

Defiance挑衅

rejection

Approval, understanding, encouragement

Victory

Good luck

?D. body language unique in Chinese culture

?It’s me

?Confidentiality

?Respect

?Thank you

?A good match

Section 4 space

?1. North Americans feel more comfortable when communicating at greater distances. So it is often referred to as noncontact culture

?https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4a6468466.html,tin Americans, Southern Europeans and Arabs allow people to interact at a much closer distance and are therefore referred as contact cultures.

Four Categories of Distance

?V arious cultures have accustomed their peoples to feel comfortable at different distances in personal conversation situations. According to studies by the anthropologist Edward Hall, it seems there are four main distances in American social and business relations: intimate, personal, social, and public. ?Intimate distance ranges from direct physical contact to a distance of about 45 centimeters; this is for people's most private relations and activities, between man and wife, for example.

?Personal distance is about 45-80 centimeters and is most common when friends, acquaintances and relatives converse.

?Social distance may be anywhere from about 1.30 meters to 3 meters; people who w ork together, or people doing business, as well as most of those in conversation at social gatherings tend to keep a distance of about 1.30 -2 meters.

?Public distance is father than any of the above and is generally for speakers in public and for teachers in classrooms.

?Generally speaking, most Americans (and other English-speaking people) do not like to be too close. Being too far apart, of course, may be awkward, but being too close makes people uncomfortable, if there is not a reason.

Section 5 T ouch

1. Definition：Touch refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact.

2. In Thailand and Laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance to touch a child on the top of the head because the head is regarded as the home of the spirit or soul. I t is believed that a child’s spirit or soul is not strong enough to be touched and has tendency to become ill if patted.

?3. English culture

?touching or bodily contact is generally avoided

?Emotional bodily contact such as kissing, shoulder clapping, hugging are acceptable at crowded public places like airports or railway stations

?Bodily contact between members of the opposite sex is more acceptable or tolerable than that between persons of the same sex.

Exercise

?Discuss in small groups whether the following phenomena are acceptable in China and in other parts of the world:

?1. handholding between members of the same sex and between members of different sexes in public;

?2. kissing, hugging and embracing in public;

?3. and fondling other people' s babies and small children.

?Physical contact between members of the same sex in English-speaking countries is a delicate matter. Once past childhood, the holding of hands, or walking with an arm around another' s shoulder is not considered proper. The implication is homosexuality.

?Men in much of Eastern Europe, Spain, Italy, Portugal, and the Arab world will kiss when they meet their friends. But this is not done in English-speaking countries where physical contact is generally avoided in conversation among ordinary friends or acquaintances. If one touches another person accidentally, he/she usually utters an apology such as "Sorry." "Oh, I'm sorry."

?Kissing between husband and wife in China is traditionally not done. But couples in western cultures kiss before others as well as in private. One author has a Canadian friend who, when talking about this subject, said: We kiss before our children to teach them how to express love.

?Hugging and embracing in public is fairly common among women in many countries. But in most of the Western countries this practice is done frequently between husband and wife and close members of the family when meeting after a period of absence.

?

In China adults are often seen to fondle other people' s babies and very small children to show their affection and friendliness. But such behavior---whether touching, patting, hugging or kissing---can be quite embarrassing and awkward for the mothers from western cultures. It' s because in their culture such actions would be considered rude, intrusive and offensive, and thus could arouse a strong dislike. In the early 1990s, a western couple told one of the authors that they didn' t like other people to touch their baby. Of course, these " other people" don' t include family members and very close friends.

Section 6 postures

Posture

Case study

?While lecturing to his poetry class at Ain Shams University in Cairo, a British professor became so relaxed that he leaned back in his chair and revealed the bottom of his foot to the astonished class.

?The next day the Cairo newspapers carried headlines about the student demonstration that resulted, and they denounced=condemned British arrogance and demanded that the professor be sent home. Analysis

?In Moslem society making such a gesture is the worst kind of insult. But such behavior in the English culture is quite common.

Match the following descriptions with the behaviors:

Sitting or S tanding?