美国历史整理(1600-1816)

美国历史整理（一）From 1600s---1816

I.1600s---early 1700s

●First native American people migrated from Asia to North America across a land

bridge more than ten thousand years ago.

●In the 11th century, a Norse (Viking) sailor, Leif Eriksson reached North America.

●In 1492, Columbus sailed at the North America.

●Spanish rule included Florida and was generally harsh. Spanish explorers often

intermarried with the natives.

●In early 1600s, the 1st English colony at Jamestown Virginia.

●The reasons (generate the colony): a. commercial gain eg. Jamestown established by

trading companies b. social and religious freedom (initiated with royal charters) also known as propriety grants

●The second English colony was founded by Pilgrims (清教徒) at Plymouth,

Massachusetts.

Settlers: come to new world to escape religious persecution

KEY: design the Mayflower Compact [determine what the colony’s civil laws would be only the pilgrims landed]

Different aspect: Pilgrims wanted to split from the Church of England

Puritans wanted to reform the Church

●Economy in Colonial America

In colonial America, the local climate determined what each colony could and could not do to develop its economy.

Since the new England terrain were poor for farming, so New England settlers practiced subsistence farming.

Eg. Boston: sea trade and fishing

Southern colonies: large scale agriculture (good soil and climate)

Plantation system formed cash crop(既自己卖又自己食用)

1st system is called labor intensive

Because of insufficient inhumane slave trade (start from at least 16th century

th18th and the first half of the 19th century) ●Religion [center of colonial life for many of the settlers]

The Halfway Covenant (1662) was passed to make it easier for less religious children of Puritan to become baptized members of CHURCH

●

Leader: Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield Calvinist (eternal

●The dominion of New England salutary neglect (有益忽视)

英国对殖民地的宽松政策以换取殖民地经济上的持续忠诚

●Reasons for the founding of selected Colonies

Economic gain: Virginia (1607)

Religious Freedom: Plymouth (1620) Massachusetts (1629) Maryland (1633)

Connecticut (1636) Rhode Island(1636)

Pennsylvania (1682)

Seized from Dutch: New York (1664) New Jersey (1664) Delaware (1664)

Buffer colony and alternative to debtors’ prison: Georgia(1732)

II.1700s---1775

●Navigation Acts(1651) raise money by placing heavy taxes called duties or

tariff

Angered the colonists because they could not make as much money with limited trade as they could with free trade

●The French and Indian War (1756---1763) Seven Years’ War

冲突：dominance of fur trade riths to North Atlantic fisheries and possession of the Ohio-Mississippi Basin

对象：French + Indian VS British

Result: British victory led by Prime Minister William Pitt

Influence: a. change the boundaries of 2 empires’ worldwide possession

b. French lost territory on North America continent

c. . British felt that American colonists did not share equally the burden of

the cost

reconsider their role within colonial system

●

People thought that they were unfair and were not represented in the

British Parliament

●1774 the First Continental Congress----- a gathering of representatives from all the

colonies

Agree to join together in a boycott of English goods

Wrote up a list of grievances to present to the king

Few people thought these actions would lead to a military conflict

Did not participate the complete separation of the colonies from England in the American War of Independence

III.1775 to 1800

●Second Continental Congress in 1775

导火索：Redcoats in Lexington, Massachusetts

英方：1775.7 ---Britain acknowledged an open rebellion in the colonies and the American Revolution

美方：The declare of Independence in 1776 [irrevocable break with England + a war of independence]

结果: create a government for USA

担忧：the colonists felt attached to the mother country by language and culture It was difficult to build an intercolonial consensus on war goals

Many colonists worried about the superior might of the British Empire

●Common Sense by Thomas Paine in 1776 (开国元勋)

Appeal to the colonists to form a better government

●General George Washington

原因：he had experience in the French and India war

He can draw his hometown (Virginia) into the war

He has invaluable skill in keeping the American forces alive during the war’s

early years

●The war of independence

a. France was a decisive ally for America, from the beginning, France had secretly

supplied weapons and goods to colonists

b. after the American victory at Saratoga, Spain and Holland formally declared war

against Britain

c. 1781 York TOWM final victory

d. British greatly overestimated the American’s Tory or loyalists, so the British

approached the war as if they merely to suppress a few radicals.

●The Treaty of Paris in 1783

American independence was established in the Treaty of Paris, two years after the final ballet at Yorktown.

●The Article of Confederation in 1781

Aim : a framework for government

Content: a. favor strong powers for the individual colonies

b. did not establish the centralized colonies for national leadership

Effect: 1- the federal government was broke

2- reliable currency was difficult to obtain

3- led to an economic ression

Outer factors : Britain retain forts on American soil

Spanish prevented Americans from using the Mississippi River Benefit: the division of land under the Northwest Ordinance in 1787

●Constitutional Convention in 1787

The constitution established the three branches of the government:

a.executive or presidency

b.legislature or the congress ( Senate + the house of Representative

c.Judiciary or the Supreme Court and the lower federal court system

Aim: the branches were set up with a system of checks and balances so that none of the three branches can attain too much power

Development: originally, the congress has the strongest power to override the president’s raise and spend revenue + has the power to

make laws called the power of purse

In 20th

Eg. Franklin D. Roosevelt pushing for a broader interpretation of

the US Constitution

●New Jersey Plan & Virginia Plan

New Jersey Plan ----- states represented equally

Virginia Plan---------- delegations based on population

●The Great Compromise (also called the bicameral legislature)

a.the house of representatives apportioned by the state population

b.senate apportioned equally ( 2 delegates for each state)

●Three- Fifth Compromise

Reason to set up: slaves = property or people ?

Since the representation in the house of Representatives was based

on the number of people who lived in

Context: mandated that each slave be counted as 3/5 of a person when establishing

the population of a state for representation

●The Bill of Rights ------ the first ten amendments to the Constitution, was also a

compromise to urge starts to ratify the document

Content: P48 time: was ratified and passed in 1789

Added after ratification in 1791

●Long-term effect of the Constitution Convention:

Benefit: successfully provide a framework of law that the USA has used for more than 200 years

Shortcoming: A---many of the compromises sowed the seeds of discontent that later plagued the growing Union and helped lead to the Civil war

B--- The issue of slavery and the balance of states’right and

national interests continued to be the sources of major political

tension from 1789 -1860s

C--- The 3/5 compromise and the Bill of Rights were not enough ti

settle the dispute

●Repayment of the national debt

George Washington was elected the first president in 1778

Aim: to formalize the structures described in the Constitution

Alexander Hamilton --- the secretary of the Treasury

Important: because of the financial difficulties faced by the new nations

His solution: urge Congress to pass the legislation that would dedicate the

repayment of the national debt

His aim: encourage the foreign investment

Establish a national bank

Conflict: many original framers of the Constitution (James Madison) felt these

legislations were not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution

and were therefore unconstitutional.

●The Whiskey Rebellion ---- the 1st internal threat to the new government.

Conflict: the farmers who ere also the whiskey producers, violently presented a large tax on whiskey

Washington dispatched 15000 troops to squelch the uprising Result: show the strength of the government

Many felt overuse the power

Long-term effect: this rebellion + ideological divisions over constitutional interpretation, inspired the new Anti- Federalist Party or Republicans

More: Federalist & Anti-federalist P49

●XYZ affairs --- one famous incident during John Adam’s presidency

Threatened to lead to war between the USA and France

Reasons: a strong advocate of neutrality

●The Alien and Sedition Act s

Context: 1- allow the deportation of foreigners who seemed to be a threat to the national security

2- designate fines and imprisonment for persons who wrote ‘’falsely and maliciously” against the law

Result: lead to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in 1789 to 1799

Reason: in an attempt to repeal these laws

Leader: Madison & Jefferson

Content: these resolutions would have given the states the power to repeal

unconstitutional laws

Effect: did not gain national acceptance but helped strengthened the

– Republican Party and platform

The Revolution of 1800

in the watershed election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson,

leader of the Demo- republican Party, won the

presidency

Signal: signaling the first transfer of power from one party to

another with much verbal infighting but without

bloodshed

IV.1800 to 1816

●Jeffersonian Republican

Jefferson’s work:

-believe that agriculture represent the noblest and the most democratic aspects of American’s life

-sent marines to Tripoli in north Africa to fight pirates

-his policies favored their interests over the interests of businesses, trading and manufacturing

-help mode the judiciary into a powerful constitutional branch

Marshall Court (1801-1835)

Effect: maintain an ideology of a strong federal government

Content: best known for establishing the practice of judicial review by which the

Supreme Court has the authority to declare laws unconstitutional Influence: help secure the system of checks and balance

-Louisiana Purchase in 1803

Effect: double the size of the USA

Content: Napoleon needed fund for his empire so Jefferson sent emissaries to France to buy the area

Primary reason by Jefferson: control of Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans, invaluable trade routes for the Ohio V alley and western territory Jefferson’s action: although he was concerned about the constitutionality of such a large land purchase, he agreed with the expansionist interests of the nation

and supported Congressional approval of the deal

Picture: see on P51

-the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)

content: explores helped by the native American guides traveled from St. Louis to the Pacific Ocean in 1.5 yrs

effect: establish US claims to the dispute Oregon territory

The War of 1812

-Primary conflict: between Great Britain and France during early 1800s

-

The Chesapeake Incident (the most widely publicized

episode of this sailor kidnapping ) ---also called

Impressments

Content: restrict trade and seize US ships and their

cargoes while they rested in French Harbor -Jefferson’s reaction: a. tried to avoid hostilities with these powerful country by issuing an

Embargo

Effect: had dramatic effect on Americans and seemed to penalize

Americans more than foreign interests

Content: restrict all foreign trade

Following: Repealed by the Nonintercourse Act in 1809

Content: restrict all trade with Great Britain and

France

(but these country were the largest trades in

the world)

influence: the result was much the same as Embargo -declaration in 1812

driving force: the mood of public opinion rather than a specific event

people feel their national integrity had been compromised by the illegal search

and seizures of American ships

the War Hawk s: asked for a declaration of war in 1812

- development: first. The lack of standing armed forced led to some early embarrassment

on the battle field

later: American ships had some success on the water

final: since the Britain was still fighting France , the war ended by

declaring it statement ( the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 ) -the battle of New Orleans

General Andrew Jackson won a resounding military victory at New Orleans

Misunderstood：news of this victory and announcement of the Treaty arrived at the

same time and the people misunderstood that USA had won the war

with its military force

Effect：Jackson, the leader of the battle went on to become folk hero and president -long-term influence:

the War of 1812 caused significant regional division within the states

new Englanders opposed the war because their trades were based on Britain

Westerner and Southerner: consisted the war

A major consequence of the war of 1812 was the decline of Northeastern ( Federalists)

influence in national politics with the rising power of Southern and Western interests

●Literature (see on Page 53)

Time: between the war of 1812 and the civil war

Content: 1) question the effect of “civilization on the individual

2) emphasized American pragmatism and ingenuity

3) the work of Transcendentalists is described

●Reform Movements ------- the Second Great Awakening

Time: during the early part of the 19th century

Social Content: challenge religious and social institution

Attempt to lead what they considered a more moral life

The movement was enhanced by an optimistic mood inspired by the expanding

western frontier

Religious Content: purge sin from their lives

Seek salvation rather than depend upon the local church or religious

leader

God created people without evil and with capacity to be perfect Leader: Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson

初中八年级历史上《美国独立战争》教学设计含教学反思

第20课美国独立战争 教学目标 1、知道美国独立战争的起因、爆发与结果，第二届1776年通过的《独立宣言》宣告了美国的独立；了解华盛顿的功绩及其历史地位；理解《1787年宪法》的历史地位及其基本原则。 2、学习运用图表形式归纳整理重大历史事件的基本过程。 3、通过学习华盛顿领导美国人民争取民族独立的事迹，感受其爱国精神。 重点与难点 重点：美国独立战争的基本发展线索。 难点：美国取得独立战争胜利的原因。 教学过程 提出问题：自由女神像图片。图中雕像是哪个国家的象征？2、它的象征意义是什么？回答：（美国，象征独立、自由。） 一、克星敦枪声 1、背景： １）英属北美殖民地的建立和发展 英国在北美殖民开始于17世纪初，到18世纪30年代共建立了13个殖民地。其中绝大多数处于英王直接或间接控制之下。 ２）美利坚民族的形成 出示一段材料，请同学从中汲取信息，思考美利坚民族形成的要素有哪些？共同的地域、共同的语言和文化、统一的国内市场。 ３）启蒙思想的传播 随着美利坚民族的形成和启蒙思想的传播，北美的民族民主意识日益增长。这是促使北美人民去进行民族独立战争的内在动力。 ４）英国的殖民压迫和北美人民的反抗 出示材料，从总知道英国殖民者对殖民地人民的压迫：不准殖民地人民向阿巴拉契亚以西迁移，禁止殖民地发行纸币，颁布《印花税法》以强行征税。 思考：美国独立战争爆发的根本原因是什么？ 英国的殖民压迫政策与北美资本主义经济的发展之间产生了严重的矛盾，遭到北美人民的激烈反抗这是独立战争爆发的根本原因。 发动“波士顿倾茶事件”；召开第一届大陆会议；列克星敦打响了独立战争的第一枪。 二、独立宣言 1、独立宣言 教科书第107－108页《独立宣言》一目内容。 史料：生来就是平等的，他们被造物主赋予他们的固有的不可转让的权利。其中有生命 以及的权力。阅读材料：思考1）宣言的主要内容有哪些？宣言的发表有何意义？2）该宣言体现了法国哪位启蒙思想家的什么思想？ 2、独立战争的过程 引导学生归纳整理美国独立战争基本线索。（1775年打响列克星敦枪声（开始）--1776年7月4日。通过《独立宣言》—1777年萨拉托加大捷（转折点）--约克镇胜利（结束）。） 引导学生从国际地位、经济、军事等方面对英美双方的实力进行对比。提出问题：从战略、战术等方面分析处于劣势的美国为什么能在独立战争中取胜？通过双方实力对比得出：英国强大，美国弱小。 战略：内部充分发动民众力量（民兵）外部成功取得法、荷等国支持、孤立英国。 战术：发挥本土作战优势，以少胜多，华盛顿军事指挥正确。 三、一七八七年宪法

哈佛大学英语介绍

哈佛大学(Harvard University)是美国历史最悠久的一流学府之一，坐落于马萨诸塞州剑桥，隔查尔斯河与波士顿相望。哈佛大学有两所学院招收本科生，即哈佛学院和拉德克利夫学院，它们招收的学生约占哈佛大学全体学生的一半。哈佛大学是常春藤联校之一。 Harvard University (Harvard University) is the longest in U.S. history one of the first-class academic institution, is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and at Boston and across the Charles River. Harvard University has two colleges to recruit students, Harvard College and Radcliffe College, which recruited the students about half of all students at Harvard University. Ivy Harvard University is one of the school. 哈佛大学创建于1636年，原称剑桥学院。出生于伦敦的英国牧师约翰·哈佛(John Harvard，英国剑桥大学毕业) 于1637年由英国到此新建的学院内工作，由于工作很积极，得到好评。他将其全部藏书和一半资产捐赠给这所学院，该校因此而改名为哈佛大学。1638年夏天学校开学时只有一名教师、一所木板房和一个“校院”。 Harvard University, founded in 1636, formerly known as Cambridge College. Born in London, the British minister John Harvard (John Harvard, graduating from the University of Cambridge in England) in 1637 by the British Institute in this new work, the work is very positive, be praised. He will all of its collections and half of these assets donated to the institute, the school be renamed the Harvard University. 1638 summer school at only one school teachers, a Muban Fang and a "School House." 哈佛创建初期是由教会主办的，但在头200年中，就逐渐地摆脱了宗教和政治的控制。1865年，该校校友开始选举学校管理委员会。19世纪初开设了神学院、法学院和医学院。19世纪中期，哈佛的劳伦斯科学学院为美国应用科学的发展作出了贡献。 Harvard created by the early church-sponsored, but in the first 200 years, to gradually shake off the religious and political control. 1865, the school alumni proceed to the election of the school management committee. The early 19th century opened a seminary, and the Faculty of Law, Faculty of Medicine. The mid-19th century, the Harvard School of the Lawrence scientific application of science for the United States has contributed to the development. 埃利奥特任哈佛校长期间（1869至1909年），将哈佛办成了具有全国影响的学校。他采用选修制，取代了刻板的古典课程，学生们可以攻读他们感兴趣的专业。今天的哈佛大学已是一个多学科的综合性大学。 Elliott president of the Harvard period (1869-1909), will be the Harvard of the impact of national schools. He used an elective system, replacing the stereotype of classical courses, students can pursue their professional interest. Today's Harvard is already a multi-disciplinary comprehensive university. 2007年10月12日，德鲁·吉尔平·福斯特就任哈佛大学第28任校长。她是该校历史上任命的第一位女校长。 哈佛大学设有17个学科系，分属2个本科生学院（哈佛学院和拉德克利夫学院）和10个研究生学院：文理学院、医学院、教育学院、设计学院、公共卫生学院、行政管理学院、法学院、牙医学院、神学院和商学院。与它有直接联系的有95家图书馆、7个植物研究所、2个天文台、50余个科学、工程和医学实验室、9家自然历史、医学、艺术和考古博物馆。哈佛大学还拥有许多著名的研究中心，如国际事务研究中心、教育政策研究中心、环境设计研究中心、电子计算机研究中心等。东方研究中心燕京研究所，是个专门研究中国问题的机构，受到美国著名中国问题专家费正清长期支持。 October 12, 2007, Delujier-Foster as president of Harvard University No. 28. She is the history of the school appointed the first Nvxiao Zhang.

《美国文学史及选读》考研吴伟仁版考研复习笔记和真题

《美国文学史及选读》考研吴伟仁版考研复 习笔记和真题 第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学 第1章约翰·史密斯 1.1 复习笔记 I. Historical Introduction (历史背景) (1) At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the vast continental area that was to become the United States had been probed only slightly by English and European explorers. At last early in the seventeenth century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. (2) The colonies that became the first United States were for the most part sustained by English traditions, ruled by English laws, supported by English commerce, and named after English monarchs and English lands. (3) The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of the settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, about adapting to new life and dealing with Indians; they wrote letters, contracts, government charters, religious and political statements. (4) The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith, an English soldier of fortune.

常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)【章节题库(含名校考研真题)】(第1章 殖民地时期的美国)【圣才出品

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The United States of America The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific. At 3.79 million square miles and with over 310 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the

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美国历史--中英文

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1) The "discovery" of the New World 发现新大陆 ①The "first Americans" were the Indians 最早的美国人是印第安人 ②In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies. He thought he had reached Asia and didn't know he had discovered a New Continent. 15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。 ③Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.

阿美利歌?韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。 2)Causes of the colonization of the New World 殖民时期 Opportunity was a magic word. 机遇是一个神气的词 ①The new Would drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting more land and establishing great new estates.). ②Drew other people who could not find jobs in England. ③Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe. ④Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England. 1）他吸引了英国的贵族（那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的） 2）吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。

殖民时期的美国文学

Part 1. Colonial America 殖民地时期的美国文学 Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩(1737-1809)： The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题； Common Sense常识； American Crisis美国危机； Rights of Man:Downfall of Despotism人的权利：专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺(1752-1832)： The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲； The British Prison Ship英国囚船； To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士； The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花； The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森·爱德华(1702—1758)： The Freedom of the Will自由意志论； The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended伟哉原罪论辩； The Nature of True Virtue 真美德的性质 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林(1706-1790): A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money；Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书； The Way to Wealth致富之道； The Autobiography自传

纽约旅游景点介绍英文

纽约的城市介绍 New York is the most popular city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most popular metropolitan areas in the world. New York has a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters, New York is an important center for international affairs and is widely deemed the cultural capital of the world. The city is also known as New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the state of New York, of which it is a part. 第五大道 Fifth Avenue which is the center of Manhattan, is one of the most world famous business the Rockefeller Center to the 58th Street,there are many luxury avenue’s most illustrious name is still Tiffany, the jeweller brought to fame by the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany’this movie,every day morning ,Audrey Hepburn came to New York's fifth avenue of Tiffany window, eating her bread and dreaming that she could have breakfast in the jewelry shop one day. the Metropolitan Museum大都会艺术博物馆 One of New York City's most popular tourist attractions, the Metropolitan Museum of Art welcomes over 5 million visitors a year. The Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection and special exhibits offer something for everyone -- from Ancient Egyptian Vases and Roman Statues to Tiffany Stained Glass

美国历史--中英文

1) The "discovery" of the New World 发现新大陆 ①The "first Americans" were the Indians 最早的美国人是印第安人 ②In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies. He thought he had reached Asia and didn't know he had discovered a New Continent. 15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。 ③Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him. 阿美利歌?韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。 2)Causes of the colonization of the New World 殖民时期 Opportunity was a magic word. 机遇是一个神气的词 ①The new Would drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting more land and establishing great new estates.). ②Drew other people who could not find jobs in England. ③Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe. ④Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England. 1）他吸引了英国的贵族（那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的） 2）吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。 3）尤其是吸引了欧洲农场和乡村的穷人和无家可归的人。