双语的旅游学概论复习资料整理

Chapter 1 Tourism System

1, Three Elements

(1)Spatial movement: tourism activities involve in people’s traveling away from their place of

residence.

(2)Travel to and temporary stay in the destination region, which distinguishes tourism from

migration, permanent residence.

(3)For different purposes other than working, earning or other non-recreation or non-relaxing

purposes.

Conceptual definition: AIEST definition

Visitor: tourism activity

[demand side]

Technical definition: Roma definition

2, Participants

[supply side]

Tourism industry: provides goods and services for visitors.

(1)AIEST definition: The sum of phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so far as they don’t lead to permanent residence and are not connected to any earning activity. (Held by professors Hunziker and Krapf of Beme University in 1942.Accepted by International Association Scientific Experts in Tourism in 1970s)

(2)Technical or Working definition: Any person visiting a country other than that in which he has his usual place of residence, for any reason other than following an occupation remunerated[酬劳]from within the country visited. This definition was to cover two classes of visitor.[Tourist(旅游者); Excursionist（短途旅游者）]

Tourist(s): Temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours, whose purpose is leisure, business, family, mission or meeting .

Excursionists: Temporary visitors staying less than 24 hours, including cruise travelers, day visitors but excluding travelers in transit.

UNWTO[世界旅游组织]definition: Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment [惯常环境] for not more than one consecutive[连

续的] year for leisure, business or other purposes. Tourism may or may not involve overnight stay away from home.

(1)Spatial movement----distance of travel----the distance recommended by

UNWTO is 160km.

Three Elements (2) Temporary stay----the length of time of stay----not more than one

consecutive year

(3) Purpose----types of tourists defined according to different travel purpose.

(3) Characteristics of tourism

○1An activity of expending

○2An activity of leisure

○3A comprehensive activity

○4A temporary activity

○5An activity leaving the place of residence (usual environment)

Definition of tourism industry

1, definition

Tourism industry is a comprehensive industry composed of different sectors that takes visitors as its object of service and provides all goods and services needed by visitors during the whole process of their trip and the tourism activities and makes their trip convenient and enjoyable.

It represents the supply side of tourism.

狭义与广义之分

We can firstly divide tourism sectors into: sectors depending on tourism (totally involved in tourism such as travel agency, scenic areas, tourism transportation and accommodation) and sectors partly depending on tourism (partly involved in tourism)

2, The Characteristics of tourism industry

(1)A comprehensive industry

(2)A service industry

(3)A labor-intensive industry

(4)Its extent of association with many sectors

(5)Not providing fixed(固定) goods and products.

3, Definition of visitor

(1)Definition

Visitor is any person visiting a place other than that in which he has his usual place of residence for not more than one consecutive year for leisure business and other purposes other than following an occupation remunerated[酬劳] from within the place visited.

Travelers not included in tourism statistics

○1Permanent or temporary immigrants

○2Diplomats[外交官]

○3Representation of consulates[领事馆]

○4Member of armed forces

○5Refugees[难民]

○6Nomads[流浪者]

○7Transit passengers

○8Border workers

(2)Classification of visitors

○1According to the staying time:

Tourist(s): Temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours, whose purpose is leisure, business, family, mission or meeting .

Excursionists: Temporary visitors staying less than 24 hours, including cruise travelers, day visitors but excluding travelers in transit.

○2According to the destination place:

domestic visitors----who travel within the boundary of their countries of residence, whether he stays overnight or return the same day.

international visitors----who traveling to and staying in other countries outside their countries of residence.

4, How to understand tourist product?

From the stand point of the visitor, tourist product is a total of experiences a visitor gets from the trip. It may be easily visualized[设想，可见的] as everything that a tourist uses, consumes or acquires on one trip.

From the stand point of the provide, tourist product is the services offered for sale by different tourism enterprises or tourism related enterprises to satisfy the different needs of the visitor during his trip. It is the total sum of all services and goods provided to a tourist during the total process of his tour.

Characteristics of tourist product

○1Intangibility[无形性]

○2Variability[易变性]

○3Perishability[易损性]

○4Inseparability[地域固定性]

○5Simultaneity[同一性]

○6Comprehensiveness[综合性]

Chapter 2

1.Ancient tourism (before 1840)

1)Characteristics of ancient tourism

a)The purpose of traveling was mainly for trading, health and religious activities,

but limited to very few (the small leisure class);

b)Ancient Rome, ancient Greece and ancient Egypt were the main places of

tourism;

c)Lack of any formal tourism or hospitality(友好款待）industry to serve travelers;

d)Tourism is risky, uncomfortable and time-consuming(耗费时间的);

e)The restriction(限制)of most travel to very few destinations(目的地);

f)Early guides and guidebooks occurred in this period.

2.Modern tourism (1840-before World War 2)

1)Impact of Industrial Revolution on the development of tourism:

a)Rapid improvements in new power and technology led to transport that was

both fast and moderately(适度的)priced;

b)Productivity increased greatly, which led to the rapid expansion (膨胀)of the

middle class’s wealth and the creation of new purchasing power;

c)People have stronger desire to visit places of interests (because the progress of

urbanization(都市化) speeded up, the upgrading of the education level);

2)Thomas Cook and modern tourism industry

Thomas Cook(1808-1892)is associated with the emergence(出现) of tourism as a modern, large-scale(大规模的) industry, he had by far the greatest impact on the early travel industry. He is regarded as “father of early modern tourism”

He organized an excursion(短途旅行)from Leicester(雷斯特) to Loughborough(拉夫伯勒）using chartered (包租) train in 1841 with 570 people

taking part in it. It is regarded as the beginning of the modern tourism.

a)It was the first package tour joined by so many people;

b)He accompanied the group throughout(贯穿)the travel arranging everything for

the visitors;

c)It laid a foundation to the later travel agencies and services;

3.Modern mass tourism(1950 onwards)

1)What is mass tourism?

Mass tourism refers to the large-scale packaging of standardized leisure services that are sold to customers at fixed prices.

2)Conditions for appearance of mass tourism:

a)More disposable(可自由使用的)income

b)Growth of leisure time(paid holidays)

c)Strong motivation of the population

d)Improvement of transportation technology

e)Cheaper costs of tourism

f)Prosperity(繁荣) of hospitality(好客) industry

g)Mass car ownership

h)Easing(减轻；释放) of travel regulations

3)Characteristics of mass tourism

a)Standardization of tourism product

b)Mass participation in tourism

c)Globalization of tourism industry

4.Development of modern tourism in China

1)Development of modern tourism industry

a)The early stage of tourism industry

b)A tourism department was established in Shanghai in 1923, to provide tourism

business

c)The first travel agency was founded in1927, which was Travel Agency of China

d)Some other tourism organizations were founded at the same time Chapter 3 demand for tourism and consumer behavior

1.a) Needs: lack of something necessary.

b) Wants: the desire and the means to meet the needs(motivation)

c) Demands: wants +purchasing power

2.People have many different kinds of needs ,which include:

a)Physiological and psychological needs

b)Innate（天生的）and learned needs

3.Maslow’ s hierarchy（分层）of needs

a)Basic needs: food, shelter（居所）,reproduction（繁衍）

b)Safety needs: which are important for our well-being（幸福）

c)Social needs: to be loved and to love, to belong and to be accepted

d)Ego(自我)needs: self-respected and the esteem of others, to value ourselves

e)Self-actualization(实现): personal self-fulfillment, self-realization

4.Tourist motivation is the psychological agent that urges people to travel.

5.Mclntosh’s theory on tourism motivation

a) Physical motivation: those related to refreshment of body and mind, health

purposes, sports and pleasure. This group of motivations are seen to be linked to those activities which will reduce tension.

b) Cultural motivation: the desire to see and know more about other cultures, to

find out about other cultures, to find out about the natives of a country, their lifestyle, music, art, folklore, dance, etc.

c)Interpersonal（人际的）motivation: is manifested（证明的）in the desire to meet

new people and make new friendship, visit friends or relatives and to seek new and different experience.

d)Status and prestige（声誉）(reputation) motivation: those include a desire for

continuation of education. This category（类型）also includes personal development in relation to the pursuit of hobbies and education.

6. Ploy’s psychographic（心理记录的）typology

Mid-centric

Near psycho-centric Near allo-centric

Psycho-centric自我中心型Allo-centric多中心型

7.Factors influencing demand for tourism

A. Lifestyle determinants（决定因素）of demand for tourism

a)income and employment b)paid holiday entitlement（资格）

c)education and mobility d)race and gender（性别）e)other determinants

B . Life-cycle determinants of demand for tourism

C . Other factors of demand for tourism

a)political environment b)socio-demographic（社会人口统计）factors

c )technological factors d)economic environment

e)the culture difference between the generating region and destination region

Chapter 4 Tourism Industry

The main sectors(部门) of tourism industry:

Tourist attractions Accommodation Middleman Transportation

Topic 1 Tourist Attractions

1.Basic natures of tourist attractions

a)With the function to appeal to people sufficiently(充分的) to encourage them to

travel;

b)Can be made use of by tourism industry

c)Can be changed into economic, social and environmental effects

d)With diversity(多样性) of forms, visible(可见物) and invisible(tangible(有形的)

or intangible), natural, cultural and man-made.

2.1) Definition of tourist attraction

Tourist attraction is anything or any factor that appeals to people sufficiently to encourage them to travel in order to visit it and can be made use of by tourism industry to produce economic, social and environmental effects

2)Some concepts related to tourist attractions

a)tourist product—goods and services that a visitor consumes on one trip, it

may or may not be made of tourist attractions.

b)Scenic spot—any site where there are the factors that appeal to people

sufficiently to visit it, it may or may not be developed by tourist attraction

c)Tourism region—a resort area where there are not only scenic spots but also

facilities and other services provided for visitors.

3.Characteristics of tourist attractions

a)Aesthetic value

b)Being located in some specific space

c)Diversity

d)Seasonality

e)Can attract certain tourist market

f)uniqueness

4.Utilization(利用) and conservation(保存) of tourist attractions

1)Bearing capacity(容量) of tourist attractions:

a)Ecological capacity (natural and environmental maximum number of visitors

and activities)

b)Economic capacity (the ability to receive visitors and facilities)

c)Psychological(心理的) capacity (for tourists the quality of experience, for

locals the social and cultural impacts)

d)Social capacity (social values, lifestyle, norms, security, management)

2）Principles for utilization and conservation of tourist attractions

a) to recognize the mutual(共同的)influence of development of tourism and the

tourist attractions

b) to plan and develop tourist attractions according to the demand of visitors

c) to take the environment into consideration and adopt the principles of the

sustainable(可持续的) tourism

d) to carry out responsible management through practices of tourism business Topic 2 Accommodation

1.How to understand accommodation?

The accommodation(lodging industry) is such establishments engaged primarily in providing lodging, meals and many kinds of services for visitors or transients(过客，暂居的人)

2.Origins and the development of accommodation

a)Non-paying with travelers provided with a roof and sustenance(食物)(food and

drinks) as part of religious obligation(义务)

b)The ancient inn period

c)The great luxury hotel period

d)Business hotel period

e)Modern hotel period

Influence of America on accommodation today

The American influence on the contemporary(当代的) accommodation has been profound(意义深远的；深厚的)

a)The mass mobility(可活动的) of millions of Americans created roadside demand

which led to motel(汽车旅馆) concept

b)The creation of the standardized chain attributed to the foundation of Holiday

Inn chain

c)Advocating simplicity of services

3The natures of accommodation

a)The heterogeneous(由全然不同的部分组成的) nature;

b)Accommodation comprises(包括) both tangible(有形的) objects and intangible

factors;

c)The inseparability(不可分离性) of the production and consumption of goods

and services

d)Accommodation is highly perishable(易腐坏的) and cannot be stored for the

future sale

Topic 3 Middlemen

The tour operator, also called wholesaler in some countries, mainly functions as an organizer who combines all the components of a tour to make up a holiday and sells it to the public through his own company, through retail(零售) outlets(商店), or through approved retail travel agencies.

1.The role of the middlemen

a)The principle role of tour middlemen is to bring buyers and sellers together, to

provide different services to make the trip available and convenient for visitors.

b)The middlemen are also the main distributors(经销商) for travel suppliers and

collectors of market interests.

2.Chain of distribution

Manufactures(制成品): Carriers

Attractions

Intermediaries(中间事物，媒介) : Wholesalers批发商(tour operators and brokers)

Retailers零售商(travel agents)

3.Factors which influence the choices of channels

a)The tourist product itself (its type, nature, level, etc)

b)The customer ( the population, purchasing ability, geographical, distribution,

etc)

c)The travel intermediaries(中介机构)（their quality, their ability to promote and

make sales, etc）

d)The marketing environment( competitive situation, the distribution system of

the main competitors, etc)

4.Integration(整合；综合) of the tour operator

a)Horizontal integration(水平整合) occurs when firms attain a higher level of

consolidation or control within their own sector

The integration between companies offering competing products

The integration between companies offering complementary products

b)Vertical integration(垂直整合) occurs when a firm obtains greater control over

elements of the product chain outside its own sector

Forward (downward)

Backward向后的(upward)

Topic 4 Transportation

1.The importance of transportation

a)Passenger transportationprovides the critical linkage between generating

region and destination

b)Adequate(充足的）transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and access to

generating markets is one of the most important prerequisites(先决条件) for the development of any destination

c)Transportation is also one of the determinants(决定性因素) or

reconditions(更新；修复) of tourism motivation, for it helps to improve people’s mobility

2.The relationship between transportation and tourism development

Transportation and tourism development has traditionally been regarded as “chicken and egg”. On one hand,

a)Transportation makes it possible for tourist to approach the attractions

b)The fast development of transportation makes long distance travel easier and

more enjoyable

c)Tourism has been developing along with the development of transportation

On the other hand, tourism demand has stimulated (刺激；鼓励) the rapid development of transportation.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/477561156.html,ponents of the transport system

The way The terminal The vehicle交通工具The motive power

4.Transport as a component of the tourist product

By far the most important contribution of transport is as a means of getting from the tourist-generating region to tourist destination, which account for 90% of visitors use of transport. Despite being a derived (衍生的) demand, transport for transit(运输) can be viewed as part of the leisure experience with the journey being important for some categories(类别) of visitor.

5.Transportation is an essential element of the tourist product in three ways:

a)The means to reach the destination

b)A necessary means of movement at the destination

c)In a minority(少数的) of instances it is the actual tourist attraction or

activity.

6.Besides transportation, are there any other factors included in the concept of

access?

a)Communication conditions, including communication facilities,

communication ability, convenience, scale and so on

b)Political access, including passport, political hindrance and so on

c)Social capacity, including the local people’s attitude to the development of

tourism, social security, the level of social management.

Chapter 5 Impacts of tourism on destination

Topic1 The economic impact of tourism

1.Positive impacts of tourism

1)providing income and tax revenue(收益) to an area

a) direct revenue: tourism receipts（收据）,taxation revenue(airport departure

taxes, permits for entry to public attraction and so on)

b）indirect revenue :TIM

2）balance of payments

3)Employment attribution（就业归因）

4)Investment stimulation（投资刺激）

2.Economic costs

1)direct financial costs

a)administrative expense（行政费用）c）market research

b)marking d) travel incentives（旅游刺激）

2) indirect financial costs

a)revenue leakages（税收流失现象）b)enclave resort(旅游飞地)

c)indirect incentives e)inflationary pressure（通货膨胀的压力）

f)competition with other sectors（领域）

g)fluctuations in intake（波动的摄入量）(partly caused by the variability and

seasonality of tourist product)

3. Tourism income multiplier and revenue leakage

(1)The tourism income multiplier is an indication of each tourist dollar to the

income of a destination.

Multiplier=1/Proportion of leakages（比例的泄漏）

(2)Leakage

Leakage is the expenditures（支出）in which the money is lost to other areas from the destination system. The principal（主要的）reasons for leakages include: a）cost of imported goods and services, including current and capital（流行的和极好的）goods and services

b)factor payment including returned profits（利润）,wages by expatriates（侨民）abroad, management fees

c) imports for government expenditure d)Costs of overseas promotion and so on Topic 2

1. Positive impacts of tourism

1)the development of tourism may remind the local authorities（当局）and the residents（居民）of the importance of the protection of the environment

2) the development of tourism helps to beautify the environment.

3) the development of tourism makes it economically possible to protect the environment.

2. Negative impacts of tourism

1) pollution(air,water,noise,rubbish,industry,visual,aesthetic,graffiti)

2)problems of congestion and erosion （堵塞和侵蚀）

3)the tourism danger to flora and fauna（动植物）(such as souvenir hunting)

4) other environmental consequences of mass tourism(water shortage, sand dunes flattened, loss of natural scenery)

Topic 3 The socio-cultural（社会文化）impact of tourism

1. Any influx（涌入）of tourism, however small, will make some impact on a region.

The most obvious impacts are economic ones, which will lead to social and cultural effects on the destination regions. The extent of the impact is dependent not only upon numbers but also on the kind of tourists which the region attracts. Changes are inevitable（不可避免的）.

1) Positive impacts

a)facilitate（促进）understanding between peoples

b)help to find solutions to common social problems

c)build up a feeling of pride in local people’s culture and ways of life which is incentive to preserve culture and heritage(遗产)

d)fostering（培养）of social well-being and stability

2)Negative impacts

a)authenticity（真实性）of traditional culture lost

b)commercialization（商业化）of local culture c)traditional values abandoned d)crime rates increased e)social behavior polluted

f)resentment by local people toward the visitors

g)negative demonstration effect

2.The relationship between the host and guest

1)The characteristics of host-guest relations:

a)relations are transitory(短暂的) and superficial（表面的）

b)there is a lack of spontaneity(自发性) in relations

c)relations are unequal and imbalanced, to disparities(不等、不同) in wealth and status of the participants.