第四章 应用文的写作

第四章应用文的写作

应用文主要是指日常应用的公务性文体。一般包括书信、便条、留言、通知等，其中用得最多的是书信。

英文书信大致可分为两大类：事物信件(business letters)和私人信件(friendly letters)。事物信件的文体、语言和格式都比较正式，而私人信件则属于非正式信件。

从近几年的四、六级考试来看，在写作方面更加着重考查考生的语言实际运用能力，如交通事故的目击报告，竞选演说，而考查得较多的还是各种书信。因此掌握好书信的写作要领就显得很重要。

第一节书信的要点

由于当今现代人生活节奏快，书信中多用简明的语言表达意思。写信时，尤其是公函中，因遵循下列要点：

1.明了(clearness): 一封信应着重说明一两件事情，主题要突出，层次要分明，使对方一

目了然。

2.简洁(conciseness)：言简意赅，文字简短。把必要的事项说清楚，不提无关紧要的事，

尽量使用无关句，避免陈词滥调，咬文嚼字。

3.准确(correctness)：达意准确。平时注意收集掌握丰富的常用习语，运用准确，避免使

用过多的形容词和副词。

4.礼貌(courtesy)：话语要有礼貌，尊重对方；切忌迎合、恭维或表现过分热情。公函要

不卑不亢，不吹嘘不浮夸。拖延回信也是不礼貌。

第二节书信的格式

英语书信格式大体可分为三种。通常用打字机打出。

3. 混合式(Modified style)大致与缩行式相似，所不同的是每段的开始不退缩。

第三节书信的结构

英文书信的结构通常由六个部分组成：信头(Heading)、信内地址(Inside Address)、称呼(Salutation)、正文(Body of Letter)、信尾谦称(Complementary Close)、签名(Signature)，有时还有附启(Postscript)。

1.信头：指发信人的单位名称、地址和发信日期。写地址时按由小到大的顺序，写日期时

不要用数字表示月份，也最好不要缩写月份。

2.信内地址：指接信人的姓名、单位和地址。写在隔信头一行或两行的左下方。

3.称呼：称呼应考虑到与收信人正式、亲切与熟知的程度。如果收信人为女性，而不知应

该称之为Mrs.或Miss时，可用Ms, 不致失礼。

4.正文：信的正文即信的主要内容。

5.信尾谦称：信尾谦称需与前面的称呼相配合。

6.签名：除对熟人或亲密的人外，签名必须写全姓名。

7.附启：附启说明应限于不甚重要或简单的事项，否则此信应当重写。

第四节几种常用的信

根据写信的目的，可将信分为感谢、道歉、邀请、慰问、祝贺、请求、抱怨、申请等。

1. 感谢信（Letters of Thanks）

感谢信属于常见的事务性信件，大体可分为正式与非正式两种。通常，公务方面表示礼节性的感谢宜用正式体，使用的格式与公务信函同，用词正式、语气礼貌恭敬、表达正规；而当你因为受到熟人、朋友的款待或收到他们馈赠的礼物去信感谢则宜用非正式体，这种信文比较简洁，语气亲切、热情。总之，感谢信的文体和语气应该根据写信人与收信人关系来定。

感谢信有比较固定的格式：第一段（开头段），写感谢信的目的，即为什么事而感谢。第二段（主题段），写感谢信的原因。往往要回忆、总结一下受帮助或受款待的情景，提一下所给帮助的重要性，赞美一番所收礼物的优点等。（有时为了使得层次更分明，需要加写第三段）。结尾段，再次表达感谢。

Example:

February 20, 2004 Dear Jane:

Words are beyond me to express my thanks to you for your timely gift—Longman Contemporary English Dictionary.

There are many reasons why I should call it a timely gift. First and foremost, I’m preparing for CET-4. It can surely help me deeply understand the new words and expressions in CET-4 V ocabulary Book. Furthermore, though Ｉ’ve had a New English-Chinese Dictionary, it just has Chinese explanation. You know, it usually leads us to misunderstand the real meaning of each word in English. In addition, it is said that Longman Dictionaries emphasize more on modern and spoken English. Accordingly, it is so useful that I can improve my oral English.

In conclusion, your present can’t be too suitable for me for the time being. Next year, when your birthday is coming, I will give you a pleasant surprise, too.

Thank you once more.

2. 道歉信（Letters of Apologies）

道歉信的内容可包括：

（1）道歉；

（2）说明道歉的原因；

（3）说明补救办法；

（4）请求原谅。

Example:

Directions: You have made an appointment with a friend, but something has happened and you can’t do it. And also because your mother is sick, you can’t keep your word to help his niece with her lessons. Write a letter of apology to him. In the letter:

—explain the situation

—say sorry to him

—tell him what you’ll do to make it up

You should write at least 120 words. You do NOT need to write your own address.

范文

Dear Mr. Brown,

I would like to express my apology for not being able to keep our 9 o’clock appointment for

June 11, for I have some urgent business to deal with out of town and won’t be back until July 14.

I will ring you up as soon as I come back to arrange for another appointment.

And also I must tell you that I feel terribly sorry that I have to break my promise: I’m not able to help your niece with her lessons in the coming vacation because of my sick mother. I’m her only daughter and I have to take care of her. I have told one of my classmates about it. She’s happy to take my place. She’s a very nice teacher. If you think it’s OK, I’ll introduce her to you.

Anyway, I want to let you know that I greatly value our good relationship. I believe our relationship is based on our friendship which has lasted for over 3 years.

With many apologies

Kate Smith

3. 邀请信（Letters of Invitation）

邀请信主要包括正式和非正式两种，语气、用词及格式上有明显差别。正式邀请信的格式与一般公务信相同，信文内容一般要描述对被邀请人的安排或待遇。邀请熟悉的亲朋好友来做客、聚会或参加活动等属于非正式邀请信，语气亲切、随便，不用那些客套话，但在提建议、请求时也要注意语气和缓、礼貌。非正式邀请信没有固定的标准格式，只要把时间、地点、活动内容等说清楚即可。

Example 1

Directions: Suppose you are the mayor of a city. Write a formal invitation to the Chairman of the Teachers Union in another city asking him to organize a group of teachers and students to visit your city. In the letter tell him:

—how many people you’d like to invite

—where the group will visit

—how long the visit will last

You should write at least 120 words. You do not need to write your own address.

范文

Dear Mr. Chairman,

We are pleased to invite 20 representatives of the Teachers Union to visit our city in early May this year. We would be pleased to welcome, as well, 10 representatives of the Students Union. The visit will last 5 days.

We would be prepared to meet the group at the start of the trip; to accompany them throughout their entire stay; to make hotel and travel arrangements and to do whatever else is necessary to ensure an organized and well-planned visit.

During their stay in our city, the group will be able to observe and study the newly-built library, which is the second biggest in Europe; the famous Grand History Museum and the Winter Palace. They will have opportunities to visit our college, factories, and any other places they’re interested in.

We look forward to welcoming you in early May, and meanwhile we are prepared to do all that is necessary to ensure the complete success of the visit.

这是一封标准的正式邀请信。此信的第一段点明了写信的目的：发出邀请。其中包括了具体的邀请内容：被邀请人的资格（即邀请什么人）、邀请人数、访问时间。主体段分为两段：第二段说明了对被邀请人的待遇；第三段说明了为被邀请人所做的活动安排。（第二段和第三段可以合并在一起）。最后一段清楚地表达了对被邀请人的期待。

Example 2

Directions: Write an invitation to a friend asking him or her to an outing with you. In the letter:: —tell him or her about your plan in detail

—tell him or her who else you have invited

—say what he or she should prepare for it

You should write at least 120 words. You do not need to write your own address.

范文

Dear Susan,

We think it would be a good idea to have a get-together again in Xiang Mountain this coming weekend.

We’ve invited my sister’s family and 4 young people. They were all my classmates when I was a middle school student. The weather is so fine and I’m sure all the people you’ll meet are very friendly. And what’s more, we know you’re very interested in Chinese music, and I’m sure you’ll be very happy to meet Mr. Pan Shan, a well-known young Chinese musician who is coming to join us. (He’ll leave for Paris to attend an international meeting in 10 days. How lucky you are!)

I promise you will thoroughly enjoy the outing.

We plan to serve supper at 6:30 so as to have a nice long evening to talk. So please do not come to my place in Xiang Mountain later than that! In the following day, we’ll climb the mountain and I’m sure you’ll be crazy again to see so many beautiful red leaves!

By the way, may I suggest you bring enough warm clothes with you since it will be much cooler in Xiang Mountain?

Yours sincerely

Sam Johnson

这是一封非正式邀请信，语气缓和、礼貌，在信的开头和结尾没有正式邀请信那样的客套话。

4. 抱怨信（Letters of Complaint）

抱怨信或投诉信属于常见的事务性信件，其格式与一般书信类同。信中语言一定要简明、准确。抱怨信或投诉信的一大特点是在信的开头以比较强烈的口吻表达不满，而在信的结尾表达对事件圆满解决的期望。信的主体应该以客观的态度描述事件的起因、过程、程度等。

抱怨信的内容可包括：

（1）提出抱怨并表示遗憾；

（2）说明不满的原因及由此造成的不便；

（3）提出纠正建议或敦促对方采取措施。

Example:

Directions: Suppose you bought a TV set from a store which has got something wrong. Write a letter to the shop owner and tell him:

—when you bought the TV set

—what problems are and how you feel

—what is your demand

You should write at least 120 words. You do NOT need to write your own address.

范文

Dear Sir,

Much to my regret, I write this letter to place a complaint against the poor quality of the color TV set I bought from your shop.

Last Wednesday, I bought a new color TV set made in Japan at the recommendation of your salesgirl. But now I’m afraid I have to complain that it can’t give us any enjoyment. Firstly, the picture does not appear quite clearly. Secondly, the red and green colors are sometimes not stable. What’s worse, there is sometimes no sound at all. So, you see, what we’ve got from this TV set is nothing but trouble, worries and even anger.

I am a constant customer of your store and very much appreciate your slogan “Customer First, Service best.” I really wish what has happened to me was accidental. I want to have the TV set changed within 3 days. If not, I’d rather have my money back. I still have the receipt at hand and I hope what I’ve claimed for is not too much.

I look forward to a positive reply from you.

这是一封标准的投诉信。第一段说明了写信的目的；第二段写出了抱怨的原因；第三段提出了自己认为公平的解决方案。结尾是投诉信的常用的结尾套话。

5. 申请信（Letters of Application）

申请信的内容主要包括求职应聘和入学申请（以及申请奖学金等）。信中语言一定要简明、准确，最好不要用“perhaps，maybe，almost（大概、也许、差不多）”之类的词汇。同时，要根据对方的要求，把自己的有关情况介绍清楚。

特别注意：

申请信一般规则：

（1）在开头段落里要表明自己想做这项工作（或入学）的强烈愿望，提出求职要求；（2）在主体阐述个人资格，即归纳学历与工作简历。一般应写清自己的年龄、受教育情况、外语水平、获奖情况、工作经历和爱好特长等，旨在给对方留下深刻的印象（即使附有履历表，也必须在主体段说明自己的基本情况，强调自己具备充分的申请资格）；（3）在结尾段要说明自己如果被录用将会给对方带来的益处，或提出面试请求，还可以加上对附件的说明等。总之，信中要充分体现出自己的能力和信心，让对方信服。切记信中不要有中国式的、不必要的谦虚或者乞求辞。

Example：

Directions：You read in a newspaper an advertisement offering scholarships for overseas students. Write a letter to the dean of the university. In the letter you should:

—explain why you think you are qualified for one of the scholarships

—state your study plan

—and ask for some more detailed information

You should write at least 120 words. You do NOT need to write your own address.

范文

Dear Dean,

My name is Li Hua. I got the address from your advertisement on the 21st Century offering scholarships for overseas students. I am writing to you because I show great interest in the scholarship and the IMBA program of your university.

I think I am a qualified candidate for your scholarship and IMBA program. My major is International Trade, and I have got high scores in many examinations in relative aspects. Since I graduated from Xiamen University in 2000, eight of my papers have been published in different magazines, including different topics such as the digital future, the development of the computer

virus and the application of computers in E-commerce. I’ve connected with many universities and they would like to provide scholarship for me. However, your university is famous for good equipment and experienced professors. So I believe your university is the best choice for me.

I plan to finish all the courses on my IMBA degree in two years, thus I need to know the details of your scholarships and IMBA programs.

Enclosed my resume. Thank you very much for your valuable time. I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Sincerely yours

Li Hua

第五节个人简历

个人简历是随申请表或求职表一并呈交的个人履历表。简历在英语中有2种表达方式，一个是curriculum vitae（来自拉丁文，字面意思是the course of one’s life），常简写为vitae，CV或c.v.；另一个是Resume（来自法语，字面意思是summary）。它不能长篇大论，应简洁有力地列出个人学历、工作经历、能力、性格、特长、取得的成就、获得的嘉奖等。它最大的作用就是介绍自己，推销自己。

1.怎样使个人简历有吸引力

（1）写得出色

●简短且抓住重点，所占篇幅不要太长，以1-2页为宜。]

●正确的语法、拼写和标点符号。

●句子简练、段落分明。

●使用生动、活泼的语言。

（2）如实地概述自己

简历要向对方提供与自己申请求职相关的个人信息、资料，尤其是业绩(achievement)，使对方能够全面地了解你。

2.简历的内容

a. 篇首简介（Brief Introduction）

包括自己的姓名、通讯地址、邮政编码、电话号码等，通常位于简历上方中间

位置。

b. 个人资料（Personal Data）

包括出生年月、国籍、性别、婚姻状况、身高、体重、健康状况、业余爱好等。

位于篇首简介的下方或与其结合在一起。

c. 应聘职位（Job Objective）

如果是求职简历，务必写出自己所希望获得的职位。

d. 学历（Education）

指自己所受教育的经历和程度。应注明时间、地点、学校名称以及获得学位名

称。学历应采用倒叙的方法，即从最近学历、最高学位向后推移，如果受过高

等教育，就不必写出中小学的学历。

e. 工作经历(Work Experience)

包括工作单位、工作起止时间、所任职务与业绩等。与学历书写相似，从现在

的工作开始写，逐步向后推移。

f. 其他（Others）

包括个人的特长、成就、发表的论文、技术资格与掌握的外语语种、获奖荣誉

等。

g. 证明人(References)

在简历的最后，一般要列上“证明人”，表明简历中所介绍的情况是真实的，

经得起查询。证明人一般在两人以上，最好是在本单位有一定的地位和名望且

对自己比较了解的人。要写上他们的姓名、职务、职称、通讯地址、电话号码

等，以便对方必要时与之联系。有时，证明人这一项也可以略去，而用下列简

单的方式表示，意为“承索即寄”：

Available upon request.

或To be furnished upon request.

或To be supplied upon request.

Example 1:

Resume

Li Song

Class 2 of 2002

Business Administration Department

Xiamen University, 361005

Mobile: 138********

E-mail: lisong04@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4f7640721.html,

Personal Data

Born: October, 1982 Native Place: Xiamen

Sex: Male Nationality: Chinese

Height: 180cm Health: Excellent

Marital Status: Single

Personality: Adaptable, versatile and hardworking

Hobbies: Reading, listening to music, travel and making friends

Job Objective

Administrative Assistant at a large corporation with foreign investment in Shanghai.

Education

2002-present Business Administration Department, Xiamen University. Major in

Business Administration.

1998-2002 Xiamen Double Ten Middle School

Courses and Marks

An Introduction to Management 93

Management Economics 90

Management Psychology 85

Marketing 91

International Law of Commerce 92

Financial Management and Capital Operation 83

Leadership Science and Art 87

Corporate Identity Design and CI Strategy 90

Human Resources Development and Management 84

System Innovation and Corporate Efficiency 90

Organizational Behavior and Organizational Management 80

International Business 85

Work Experience

Practical summer experience. Employed at Xiamen Holiday Inn as waiter,2004.

Took part in the volunteering work with Xiamen International Marathon,2003.

Acted as an assistant to the manager of Hong Yun Restaurant in the summer of

2004.

Special Skills

English: Fluent in speaking. Passed Band 6 of CET, 2004.

Computer language: Basic and Java.

References

Available upon request.

Example 2

Resume

Name: Chen Hong

Address: Public Relations Department, Nanjing Hotel. 210000

Mobile: 136********

Personal Data:

Sex: Female

Height: 165cm

Weight: 60kg

Date and Place of Birth: January 20, 1981; Urumchi

Marital Status: Single

Health: Excellent

Position Applied for: To serve a large hotel in Shanghai as a PR girl.

Work Experience:

8/2002-Present Public Relations Girl at Friendship

Hotel in Beijing. Responsibilities are

as follows:

a. Create a hotel identity which has a good reputation,

namely, design, promote and examine the hotel identity.

b. Promote understanding and friendship between hotel and

guests, mass media, communities, business partners as well

as competition rivals.

c. Collect various kinds of information and participate in

decision-making of management.

d. Give guidance to internal staff to

join in public relations activities.

e. Handle unexpected incidents and guests’ complaints.

Education:

1999-2002 B.A. in Hotel Public Relations at Beijing Institute of Foreign

Languages for Tourism. Courses included Introduction to

Public Relations, Studies of Hotel Public Relations,

Psychology of Public Relations, Public Relations Techniques,

Human Relations Study, etc.

1993-1999 The Second Middle School of Urumchi.

English Proficiency: Passed Band 6 of CET; mastery of hotel English.

Reason for leaving: To obtain a more challenging opportunity.

References: To be furnished upon request.

(个人品质常用词汇）

able有才干的，能干的adaptable适应性强的

active主动的，活跃的aggressive有进取心的

ambitious有雄心壮志的amiable和蔼可亲的

amicable友好的analytical善于分析的apprehensive有理解力的aspiring有志气的，有抱负的audacious大胆的，有冒险精神的capable有能力的，有才能的tough 能吃苦耐劳的sensitive 敏感的，细腻的

careful办理仔细的candid正直的

competent能胜任的constructive建设性的

cooperative有合作精神的creative富创造力的

dedicated有奉献精神的dependable可靠的

diplomatic老练的，有策略的disciplined守纪律的

dutiful尽职的well--educated受过良好教育的

efficient有效率的energetic精力充沛的

expressive 善于表达faithful守信的，忠诚的frank直率的，真诚的generous宽宏大量的genteel有教养的gentle有礼貌的

humorous有幽默impartial公正的

independent有主见的industrious勤奋的

ingenious有独创性的motivated目的明确的intelligent理解力强的learned精通某门学问的logical条理分明的methodical有方法的

modest谦虚的objective客观的

precise一丝不苟的punctual严守时刻的realistic实事求是的responsible负责的

sensible明白事理的sporting光明正大的steady踏实的systematic有系统的

purposeful意志坚强的sweet-tempered性情温和的temperate稳健的tireless孜孜不倦的

第五章四级作文练习及范文

作文练习1

Going Abroad to Study

1.Some people think that there are a lot of advantages to study abroad.

2.Other people believe that it is not worthwhile to study abroad.

3.My view.

作文练习2

?On Learning the Chinese Language

? 1. 现在全世界越来越多的开始对汉语感兴趣。

? 2.汉语热的原因。

? 3.你的预测。

?

?Credit Cards

?Credit cards have become more and more popular since they came into existence.

?Compared with cash, credit cards really have some advantages.

?Of course, we still have some problems with credit cards.

作文练习3

?The Graduate Mania (考研热）

1.目前很多人报考研究生。

2.你认为此现象的原因何在。

3.你本人的态度。

作文练习4

Is Science an Angel or Monster?

1.在20世纪，科学技术的进步使我们的生活发生了巨大的变化。

2.同时，科学技术也给人类带来了负面的影响。

3.那么，依你之见，科学技术究竟是天使还是魔鬼呢？

作文练习5

Who Should be the Focus in Classroom Teaching?

1.有的人认为课堂上应以教师为主。

2.也有人认为学生应成为课堂上的主人。

3. 你的观点。

作文练习6

Internet: A Blessing or a Curse?

1.互联网越来越普及

2.互联网的利与弊

3.你的观点和结论

作文练习7

Where Do You Like to Work, the Big City or the Small City?

1.有些人想在大城市工作，理由是……

2.有些人则想在小城镇工作，理由是……

3.你的观点和打算。

作文练习8

Stay Healthy

1.健康对每个人来说都是重要的

2.但有些人为了财富而牺牲健康

3.应该如何保持健康

作文试题及范文

1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.

1.很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是……

2.也有人持不同意见，……

3.我的看法和打算。

Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?

A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test. Many people believe a test of spoken English is necessary because spoken English is an important part of the language. Only when one speaks fluent English can one say he has really mastered the language. So a test ought to be devised to assess one’s ability in spoken English.

However, some people think that a test of written English is enough and a test of spoken English is not necessary. They hold that one’s ability in English can be shown in a test of written English and a test of spoken English will add to the burden of the students.

I believe it is of great importance for every foreign language learner to speak the language with fluency. A test of spoken English will stimulate students to improve their oral English. So such a test is necessary. And I intend to take it if possible.

2.Directions: Write a short composition in about 120 words. Your composition should be based on the tabled information below and entitled Traffic Accidents and Road Conditions.

Traffic Accidents and Road Conditions

Traffic Accidents and Road Conditions

Traffic accidents are strongly associated with road conditions. Take our city for example. Traffic accidents were on the rise during the period of 1951-80 due to the increase of cars, trucks, buses and tractors. Meanwhile road conditions remained the same. Only the main street was wide enough. Other streets were quite narrow. As a result, all vehicles had to run through crowds and bicycles, and cars ran into buses, which in turn knocked down pedestrians.

During the decade of 1981-90, measures were taken to widen the narrow streets. Now bicycles have special ways and pedestrians are walking on sidewalks. At the same time, a road circling the city was built so that the trucks and tractors have completely disappeared from the downtown area. As a result, traffic accidents went down to 29 only.

And it is reported that a subway will be built in the next five years. Then it is hoped that traffic accidents will be reduced again. But we also hope that vehicles will be modernized, and drivers better trained. Then we might see that in the next decade there will be no traffic accidents at all.

3. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Why People in the Mountainous Regions Live Longer?

Why People in the Mountainous Regions Live Longer?

注：表格中的数字为被调查的人数

Outline:

1.调查结果：山区人长寿

2.原因：a. 经常从事体力劳动

b. 生活在无污染的环境中

c. 没有城市生活的压力。

Why People in the Mountainous Regions Live Longer?

As can be seen from the table, nearly 80 out of 100,000 people in some mountainous regions live to celebrate their 100th birthday, while in large cities only 5 people in 100,000 live until they are 100. It is obvious that the people in the mountainous regions live longer than those living in cities. What accounts for this phenomenon?

There are three major reasons, I think. First, hard physical work is a good way for such people to live longer. Their regular and habitual laboring helps develop a strong heart and powerful lungs, which contributes to their good health. Second, the fresh air over the mountains and pollution-free are of great benefit to their health. Finally, being free from urban pressure plays an important part in the health and life of the mountaineers, because urban pressure such as traffic jams, housing problems and unemployment is very harmful to the people living in the cities.

From the above, we can see that all these can make the people in the mountainous regions live a longer life.

4.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled “Traveling on Holidays” based on the following chart. You should write at least 120 words for your composition and it must include the following ideas (given in Chinese).

1.假日旅游人数呈上升趋势；

2.造成这种变化的主要原因；

3.你的预测。

(the population in city A is approximately 500,000)

Number of People Traveling on Holidays