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Chapter 7 练习题

Chapter 7 练习题
Chapter 7 练习题

第七章练习题

I. Define the following terms (名词解释) :

1. Common Law 6. Code Law

2. Islamic Law 7. Marxist-Socialist tenets

3. Prior use vs. registration 8. Conciliation

4. Arbitration 9. Litigation

5. Cybersquatters

II. Multiple Choice Questions (单项选择):

1.The _________ of a legal system profoundly affects how the law is written, interpreted, and

adjudicated.

A. foundation

B. legality

C. cost

D. religious ties

E. politics

2.Which of the following types of law is primarily found in the United States, England,

Canada, and other countries once under English influence?

A. code law

B. common law

C. religious law

D. civil law

E. universal law

3.Civil or code law was derived from which of the following?

A. English law

B. economic law

C. Greek law

D. Persian law

E. Roman law

4.Which of the following is based on an all-inclusive system of written rules of law that is

generally divided into commercial, civil, and criminal sections?

A. common law

B. code law

C. Islamic law

D. Marxist-socialist tenets

E. legal tradition

5.Among the unique aspects of Islamic law is the prohibition against the payment of:

A. taxes.

B. profits.

C. interest.

D. equity.

E. accounting fees.

6.Which of the following supranational system of laws governs world commerce today?

A. U.S. law

B. English law

C. traditional Roman law

D. code law as explained by French courts

E. there is no supranational system of laws that governs behavior

7.In international commercial disputes, jurisdiction is generally determined in any of the

following ways EXCEPT:

A. on the basis of the money involved in a contract (who gains the most).

B. on the basis of jurisdiction clauses included in contracts.

C. on the basis of where a contract was entered into.

D. on the basis of where the provisions of the contract were performed.

E. on the basis of legal documents that define the business transaction.

8.Ralph Richards has been attempting to solve a problem that his company has with a contract

default by the Dutch government. He has tried conciliation but the two parties could never find any common ground on which to begin a fruitful negotiation for settlement. Which of the following will most likely be the course of action that both of the two parties will try next?

A. mediation

B. informal settlement

C. arbitration

D. litigation

E. coercion

9.The first step that most arbitrators try to resolve a dispute between two parties is to attempt:

A. conciliation.

B. informal settlement.

C. fault finding or wrong doing.

D. litigation.

E. coercion.

10.Which of the following is usually placed in the arbitration clause that is becoming standard

in many international contracts?

A. the names of arbitrators to be involved.

B. the place of the arbitration (city and/or country).

C. the titles of the arbitrators to be involved.

D. the age of the arbitrators to be involved.

E. the nationalities of the arbitrators.

11.All of the following are considered to be deterrents to litigation EXCEPT:

A. fear of creating a poor image and damaging public relations.

B. fear of unfair treatment in a foreign court.

C. difficulty in collecting a judgment that may otherwise have been collected in a mutually

agreed settlement through arbitration.

D. the relatively low cost and time required when bringing legal action.

E. loss of confidentiality.

12.When all else fails in an international commercial dispute, the final step is:

A. conciliation.

B. to encourage one's government to force the other party to comply.

C. to find fault or wrong doing as a public relations device.

D. litigation.

E. coercion.

13.One authority suggests that settlement of every dispute should follow four steps. Which of

the following is considered to be the first step in this process?

A. conciliate

B. arbitrate

C. coerce

D. try to placate the injured party

E. litigate

14.According to the text Vietnam, Russia, Japan and __________ made major progress in

reducing software piracy from 2003 to 2006.

A. Tunisia

B. India

C. Iran

D. China

E. Myanmar

15.Which of the following commonly counterfeited products has the potential for doing the

greatest harm to the consuming public?

A. toys

B. CDs

C. pharmaceuticals

D. software

E. clothing

16.A famous case occurred in Japan where a Japanese business registered McDonald's world

famous trademark before McDonald's did and was given permission to use the trademark.

McDonald's eventually got the trademark back after a lengthy court battle and a monetary award to the Japanese company. McDonald's learned that trademarks registered in the United States:

A. must be ratified by the United Nations trademark protection agency.

B. are worthless.

C. are protected in the European Union under the Geneva Convention but not in Japan.

D. need to be registered with the World Court.

E. are not protected in other countries.

17.Which of the following international conventions was established to recognize intellectual

property rights?

A. the Paris Convention

B. the Munich Agreement

C. the Tokyo Convention

D. the Eurasian Convention

E. the Kyoto Protocol

18.Which of the following is NOT one of the traditional remedies by American companies to

protect intellectual property:

A. threats to withdraw products from country

B. complaints to U.S. government and WTO

C. negotiation and dispute resolution

D. preventative steps such as local representation

E. complaints to country's government

19.Which of the following is NOT one of the areas of antitrust enforcement in the European

Union and elsewhere?

A. full-line forcing

B. price discrimination

C. supply restrictions

D. competitiveness councils

E. antimonopoly

20.U.S. firms, their foreign subsidiaries, or foreign firms that are licensees of U.S. technology

cannot sell a product to a country in which the sale is considered by the U.S. government to affect:

A. the competitive balance of world trade.

B. the competitive balance of free competition inside the U.S.

C. relationship with the world community.

D. the overall balance of payments of the United States.

E. the national security of the United States.

III. Fill in the Blanks Questions (填空题)

1.To prevent piracy companies are developing new __________ but counterfeiters are

relentless in overcoming the most sophisticated security measures.

2.Legislation that addresses environmental issues is called __________ legislation.

3.In the United States, the ______________ Act makes it illegal for companies to pay bribes

to foreign officials, candidates, or political parties.

4.When U.S. multinational corporations (MNCs) subsidiaries are prohibited from making a

sale in violation of the U.S. _________ Act, host governments react with hostility toward the extraterritorial application of U.S. foreign policy.

5.Jake Lloyd's company specializes in buying and registering descriptive nouns, geographic

names, ethnic groups, pharmaceutical substances and other similar descriptors and holding them until they can be sold at an inflated price. Though Jake may not like the description of his company, his company is called a cyber ______ by others in business.

IV. True/False Questions (判断题)

1. If a company plans to market products abroad, securing expert legal advice is a wise decision because of the complicated nature of international law. ( )

2. The form of law found in the United States and England is classified as civil or code law. ( )

3. The form of law found in Germany, France, and Japan is called civil or code law. ( )

4. Common law is based on an all-inclusive system of written rules of law. ( )

5. Under code law, the legal system is generally divided into three separate codes: commercial, civil, and criminal. ( )

6. The basis for Islamic Law is interpretation of the Koran. ( )

7. Under Marxist-socialist tenets (law) it would be illegal to pay interest on a loan. ( )

8. The World Court can settle disputes between governments. ( )

9. When dealing with foreign countries, a domestic marketer should refer to "international commercial law" for guidance. ( )

10. Most disputes that arise in commercial transactions are settled informally. ( )

11. Another term for conciliation is mediation. ( )

12. If conciliation is not used to settle a difference in an international business dispute or an agreement cannot be reached, the next step is litigation. ( )

13. Mick Masters had an arbitration clause added to a contract between his Australian company and the German government because he knows that enforcing an arbitration agreement is relatively easy and almost always binding in international law disputes. ( )

14. One of the deterrents to litigation with respect to disputes in the international business arena is the fear of creating a poor image and damaging public relations. ( )

15. The piracy industry has grown so sophisticated that many counterfeit goods are almost impossible to distinguish from the original. ( )

V. Essay Questions (问答题)

1.The text identifies three heritages (four forms) that form the bases for the majority of legal

systems in the world. What are the four forms of law and what are the heritages linked to these forms of law?

2.What is the difference between common and code law?

3.Legal disputes arise between and among what three groups? Disputes between which

groups does the World Court adjudicate?

4.Describe what might happen in an arbitration process between two international groups that

have a dispute with one another.

5.Sam Fitch is trying to decide whether to pursue a business venture in France. He has heard

that the French system of business law is different from that of the United States. Research has told him that France (and other European countries) follows what is called code law.

Describe code law for Mr. Fitch. What are the advantages and disadvantages of such a legal system?

工程热力学课后作业答案chapter4

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1 p73 4-1 1kg 空气在可逆多变过程中吸热40kJ ,其容积增大为1102v v =,压力降低为8/12p p =,设比热为定值,求过程中内能的变化、膨胀功、轴功以及焓和熵的变化。 解:热力系是1kg 空气 过程特征:多变过程 ) 10/1ln()8/1ln()2/1ln()1/2ln(==v v p p n =0.9 因为 T c q n ?= 内能变化为 R c v 2 5= =717.5)/(K kg J ? v p c R c 5 727===1004.5)/(K kg J ? =n c ==--v v c n k n c 51=3587.5)/(K kg J ? n v v c qc T c u /=?=?=8×103 J 膨胀功:u q w ?-==32 ×103J 轴功:==nw w s 28.8 ×103J 焓变:u k T c h p ?=?=?=1.4×8=11.2 ×103J

2 熵变:1 2ln 12ln p p c v v c s v p +=?=0.82×103)/(K kg J ? 4-2 有1kg 空气、初始状态为MPa p 5.01=,1501=t ℃,进行下列过程: (1)可逆绝热膨胀到MPa p 1.02=; (2)不可逆绝热膨胀到MPa p 1.02=,K T 3002=; (3)可逆等温膨胀到MPa p 1.02=; (4)可逆多变膨胀到MPa p 1.02=,多变指数2=n ; 试求上述各过程中的膨胀功及熵的变化,并将各过程的相对位置画在同一张v p -图和s T -图上 解:热力系1kg 空气 (1) 膨胀功: ])12(1[111k k p p k RT w ---==111.9×103 J 熵变为0 (2))21(T T c u w v -=?-==88.3×103J 1 2ln 12ln p p R T T c s p -=?=116.8)/(K kg J ?

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第4章 作业

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2.图2所示板和铆钉为同一材料,已知bs []2[]στ=。为充分提高材料利用率,则铆钉的直径应该是 [ ] 图2 A.2d δ= B.4d δ= C.4d δ π= D.8d δ π= 3.光滑支承面对物体的约束力作用于接触点,其方向沿接触面的公法线 [ ] A.指向受力物体,为压力 B.指向受力物体,为拉力 C.背离受力物体,为压力 D.背离受力物体,为拉力 4.一等直拉杆在两端承受轴向拉力作用,若其一半为钢,另一半为铝,则两段的 [ ] A.应力相同,变形相同 B.应力相同,变形不同 C.应力不同,变形相同 D.应力不同,变形不同 5.铸铁试件扭转破坏是 [ ] A.沿横截面拉断 B.沿45o 螺旋面拉断 C.沿横截面剪断 D.沿45o 螺旋面剪断 6.图2跨度为l 的简支梁,整个梁承受均布载荷q 时,梁中点挠度是45384C ql w EI =,图示简支梁跨中 挠度是 [ ] 图2 A.45768ql EI B.45192ql EI C.451536ql EI D.4 5384ql EI 7.塑性材料冷作硬化后,材料的力学性能变化的是 [ ] A.比例极限提高,弹性模量降低 B.比例极限提高,塑性降低 C.比例极限不变,弹性模量不变 D.比例极限不变,塑性不变 8.铸铁试件轴向拉伸破坏是 [ ] A.沿横截面拉断 B.沿45o 斜截面拉断 C.沿横截面剪断 D.沿45o 斜截面剪断 9.各向同性假设认为,材料沿各个方向具有相同的 [ ] A.外力 B.变形 C.位移 D.力学性质 10.材料不同的两根受扭圆轴,其直径和长度均相同,在扭矩相同的情况下,它们的最大切应力 和相对扭转角之间的关系正确的是 [ ] A.最大切应力相等,相对扭转角相等 B.最大切应力相等,相对扭转角不相等 C.最大切应力不相等,相对扭转角相等 D.最大切应力不相等,相对扭转角不相等 11.低碳钢试件扭转破坏是 [ ] A.沿横截面拉断 B.沿45o 螺旋面拉断 C.沿横截面剪断 D.沿45o 螺旋面剪断 12.整根承受均布载荷的简支梁,在跨度中间处 [ ] A.剪力最大,弯矩等于零 B.剪力等于零,弯矩也等于零 C.剪力等于零,弯矩为最大 D.剪力最大,弯矩也最大

chapter11 语法

Chapter 11 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching ?Applied linguistics ?Krashen’s Input hypothesis ?i+1 principle ?Interlanguage ?Syllabus ?Contrastive analysis ?Error analysis ?Error/mistake 11.1 Applied linguistics ?Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. ?Some of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, linguistics, psychology, anthropology, and sociology. Applied Linguistics应用语言学 语言学的一个分支,主要关心的是如何应用语言学理论、方法和成果来阐释其他领域遇到的语言问题。应用语言学发展最充分的分支是外语教学,有时这个名称似乎只指这个领域。但是近年来出现了好几个其他应用领域,包括语言故障的语言学分析(临床语言学)、母语教育中的语言使用(教育语言学)、词典学的发展、翻译、人工智能和风格学等。 ?应用语言学不但运用语言学知识,还利用社会学、心理学、人类学、信息论等方面的知识,并把这些理论和知识应用与实践方面,例如,语言教学大纲的设计、言语矫正、语言规划、问题学研究等等。 ?Applied linguistics –Theoretical views of language explicitly or implicitly inform the approaches and methods adopted in language teaching. –Linguistics, as the science of language, should be of fundamental importance for teachers of language. ?According to Jo McDonough, a teacher who is able to explain some linguistic features would have a stronger position than one who handles the argument by using authority –“it?s like that”, “it?s an exception”, or “it?s less formal”. 11.2 Linguistics and language learning ?Many language learning theories are proposed based on certain linguistic theories. –In fact, knowledge in linguistics lies at the root of understanding what language learners can learn, how they actually learn and what they learn ultimately. 2.1Grammar and language learning focus on form 语法形式中心 As a compromise between the “purely form-focused approaches” and the “purely meaning-focused” approaches, a recent movement called focus on form seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning. Focus on Form ?Although language learning should generally be meaning-focused and communication-oriented, it is still necessary and beneficial to focus on form occasionally. The definition of UG ?In linguistics, the theory of universal grammar holds that there are certain fundamental grammatical ideas which all humans possess, without having to learn them.

工程热力学课后作业标准答案chapter4

p73 4-1 1kg 空气在可逆多变过程中吸热40kJ ,其容积增大为1102v v =,压力降低为8/12p p =,设比热为定值,求过程中内能的变化、膨胀功、轴功以及焓和熵的变化。 解:热力系是1kg 空气 过程特征:多变过程 ) 10/1ln()8/1ln()2/1ln()1/2ln(==v v p p n =0.9 因为 T c q n ?= 内能变化为 R c v 2 5= =717.5)/(K kg J ? v p c R c 5 727===1004.5)/(K kg J ? =n c ==--v v c n k n c 51=3587.5)/(K kg J ? n v v c qc T c u /=?=?=8×103J 膨胀功:u q w ?-==32 ×103J 轴功:==nw w s 28.8 ×103J 焓变:u k T c h p ?=?=?=1.4×8=11.2 ×103J

熵变:1 2ln 12ln p p c v v c s v p +=?=0.82×103)/(K kg J ? 4-2 ?有1kg 空气、初始状态为MPa p 5.01=,1501=t ℃,进行下列过程: (1)可逆绝热膨胀到MPa p 1.02=; (2)不可逆绝热膨胀到MPa p 1.02=,K T 3002=; (3)可逆等温膨胀到MPa p 1.02=; (4)可逆多变膨胀到MPa p 1.02=,多变指数2=n ; 试求上述各过程中的膨胀功及熵的变化,并将各过程的相对位置画在同一张v p -图和s T -图上 解:热力系1kg 空气 (1) 膨胀功: ])12(1[111k k p p k RT w ---==111.9×103J 熵变为0 (2))21(T T c u w v -=?-==88.3×103J 1 2ln 12ln p p R T T c s p -=?=116.8)/(K kg J ?

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