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简答-英国文学

Unit 1 Geoffrey Chaucer:

the Canterbury Tales1, how is the setting of the tales described? The general tone?

The poem is set in the early spring, in the suburb of London. Tone: happy, easy, lively, humorous.

2.Character of the knight: noble, honorable, brave, wise, humble, gentle, pious

Unit 2 William Shakespeare

Hamlet1.Why sleep is so frightening, since it can “end” the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”? Nobody can predict what he will dream of after he falls asleep. 2. Why would people rather hear all the sufferings of the world instead choosing death to get rid of them?Death is so mysterious that nobody knows what death will bring to us. Maybe bitter sufferings, great pains, heartbreaking stories… 3. What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action? Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.1) Conscience and over-considerations. 2) He wants to revenge, but doesn’t know how; 2) He wants to kill his uncle, but find it too risky; 3) He lives in despair and wants

What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet? They would give up

3. What does Romeo mean when he says “Look thou but sweet, /And I am proof against their

Theme:Expressing the deep love to his friend.

The poet first makes a comparison between “thou” and the summer’s day , then continues that he should not compare “thou” to a summer’s day, for “thou” is more beautiful than summer’s day.

2.What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more beautiful than summer and immortal?

Summer’s day cannot last long. It is sometimes too hot and has rough wind. Its gold complexion dimmed, fair de clines. Nature’s change course it untrimmed. However, “thou” is more lovely and temperate, “thy” beauty is ever lasting and never changes.

3.the mean of the last 2 lines?you will not lose your own beauty, nor shall Death boast that you roam about in his darkness; so long as men can stay alive, so long as this poem lives, it gives you eternal life.

Unit 3 Francis Bacon

Of Marriage and Single Life

作者观点：Bacon prefers marriage to single life. Family and children can give people a sense of responsibility and make people be full of love. A man may have a good reason to marry when he will. Bad husbands can become good husbands under the influence of good wives. If a woman persists in choosing a bad man for her husband against their friends’ consent, she is sure to be able to help him to get rid of his shortcomings.

2. In what sense are wife and children “a kind of discipline of humanity”?

A married man kn ows how to love, and how to respond to love. By contrast, a single man’s tenderness is not often called upon. Loving husbands commonly have grave and constant natures. Wives are young men’s mistresses, companions for middle age, and old men’s nurses. A man may have a good reason to marry when he will. Bad husbands can become good husbands under the influence of good wives. If a woman persists in choosing a bad man for her husband against their

of his shortcomings (folly).

right decisions and judgments over important matters are based upon comprehensive knowledge which is acquired by studies. Without a wide range of knowledge, a person cannot digest information, analyze information and take timely measures accordingly.

2. In what sense does reading make a full man.

引用+ Studies can train (shape) a person’s character and make up a person’s deficiencies. Every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.

3. What does the essay deal with?内容

This essay analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character.

4. What do you think of the language of the essay?

clearness, brevity, and force of expression. The sentences are short, pointed, incisive, and of balanced structures. Conciseness of expression and simplicity of diction are two chief distinguishing features of the prose style of Bacon who was among the earliest of English essayists.

Unit 4 17th-Century British poet

John Donne- The Flea：概括“The Flea,” is a persuasive poem in which the speaker is attempting to establish a sexual union with his significant other. Donne uses the flea as a conceit, to represent a sexual union with his significant other. The speaker is suggesting that through the flea the two are married. Again, the flea represents marriage, union, and consummation（完成，圆满，完美）through intimacy. The flea is now considering the baby produced by their bloods.

1. Why does the poet say that “this cannot be said a sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead”?

The woman doesn’t reject the flea entrée to her body, yet she denies the advancements of the speaker. The speaker shows the similarities between their lovemaking and the mingling of their blood within the flea. Their act could not be considered a sin because a fleabite isn’t considered one. This act could not be considered a loss of innocence because it is so common that if it were to be true, nearly everyone would have lost his or her innocence. because their only act is the mixing of their blood.

2. What do you think is the addressee’s parents’ attitude toward the poet’s wooing?

her parents do not accept that what he says is marriage. Her parents are against such a marriage.

3. What is the real purpose of the poet to say that in killin g the flea “thou” are actually killing three lives?

Three lives refer to you, me and the flea (implying our baby). The speaker argues that if she kills the flee she would be committing murder. She would kill the symbolic marriage realm and the baby. In addition to those murders, she would be

The poem reveals Donne's belief in life after death. It reads like a bold challenge to the "prode" "death". Under Donne's pen, death is neither "mighty" nor "dreadful", for men may derive"much pleasure" from death, and "death" is a "slave" to many things. The meaning of the sentence from John Donne`s Death Be not Proud is like that,Death,you are slave to Fate,Chance,kings,and desperate men;you are the slave to human beings.We,human beings,are in charge of you.

2.what does the poem mean when he says” we wake eternally” after one short sleep?The world "sleep" means "death"; The two lines express the idea that there is nothing frightening in death. Though we might die,we can keep alive spiritually

is man’s disobedience and the loss thereupon of Paradise, with its prime cause, Satan, who, having revolted from God, has been driven out of heaven.

4. Where are the serpent蛇and his followers condemned after their defeat?They are driven from Heaven into hell.

5. What are the God’s punishments for those rebellious angels as described by Milton in lines 59-74?Satan looks around and finds himself in a horrible dungeon. There is a great furnace in the dungeon. What is burning is sulfur, with flames, but without light. Through the visible darkness, he can discover sights of woe, regions of sorrow, mournful shades, where peace and rest can never live. Hope goes everywhere except to this place. It is such a place as Eternal Justice had prepared for those rebels. It is far away from God and light of Heaven.

6. What is considered by Satan as “ignominy” and “shame” (line 115)? To bow and sue for grace with suppliant knee and deify his power. To give in to God, to fall down on one’s knees to beg for mercy submissively, worship God’s power, become scared for God’s authority and power, lose confidence.

7. What is Satan advising the serpent and his followers to do in this part of Paradise Lost?He is defeated in the battle against God, but he does not lose heart. He will not bow down to God. Instead, he is advising the serpent and followers to rise up again and fight another battle.

Unit 5 Adventure Fiction Writers

Daniel Defoe-Robinson Crusoe：

Theme: praising labor and man’s courage and effort to conquer nature, but at the same time he beautifies colonialism and slavery.

1.Robinson Crusoe stands for? Robinson Crusoe stands for a typical 18th-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.

2.What is the author’s attitude towards colonialism? Defoe took positive attitude towards colonialism. he does not condemn Negro-slavery in his book. “Master” is the first word Friday learns from Robinson. Here lies colonialism in germ.

3.What do you think of Crusoe’s way of marking time? Why is it important for him to keep track of time?1) He doesn’t want to forget time ; 2) For a civilized man, time is precious ; 3) He wants to remember Sabbath days to show his respect and piety to God.

4.what do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe?strong-minded, careful, capable, persevering, optimistic, ambitious, self-reliant, clever, practical, adventurous, patient, rational, sympathetic, hardworking, imaginative, energetic, courageous,

Yahoos also symbolic the darkness of the governing class, morally degeneration, nastmess and dirt of the humans. and the sluttery of females in the society at that period. Houyhnhnms indicate peace, high rationality, moral and right sense and Virtue.

2.Yahoo is greedy ignorant, brutal, savage, snobbish, jealous.

英国文学---简答题----问答题

英国文学问答题Shakespeare: Questions: I.1. Why sleep is so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”? 2. Why would people rather hear all the sufferings of the world instead choosing death to get rid of them, according to Hamlet? 3. What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action? Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet. II. 1. What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection? 2. What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet? 3. What does Romeo mean when he says “Look thou but sweet, /And I am proof against their enmity”? Answers for reference: I. 1. Nobody can predict what he will dream of after he falls asleep. 2.Death is so mysterious that nobody knows what death will bring to us. Maybe bitter sufferings, great pains, heartbreaking stories… 3.1) Conscience and over-considerations. 2) He wants to revenge, but doesn’t know how; 2) He wants to kill his uncle, but find it too risky; 3) He lives in despair and wants to commit suicide, 4)however, he knows if he dies, nobody will comfort his father’s ghost. He is in face of great dilemma.

英国文学整理

Term Definition： Alliteration（押头韵）: Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. Arthurian legend（亚瑟王传奇）: It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur L, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity. Sonnet（十四行诗）: A lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. There are two major patterns of rhyme in sonnets written in the English language: ( 1) The Italian or Petrarchan sonnet (named after the fourteenth century Italian poet Petrarch) falls into two main parts: an octave(eight lines) rhyming abbaabba followed by a sestet (six lines) rhyming cdecde or some variant, such as cdccdc . (2) the English sonnet, or else the Shakespearean sonnet. This sonnet falls into three quatrains and a concluding couplet: abab cdcd efef gg. There was one notable variant, the Spenserian sonnet, in which Edmund Spenser linked each quatrain to the next by a continuing rhyme: abab bcbc cdcd ee. Conceit（夸张）: From the Italian concetto (meaning idea or concept), it refers to an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feelings. Poetic conceits are prominent in Elizabethan love sonnets and metaphysical poetry. Conceits often employ the devices of hyperbole, paradox and oxymoron. Neoclassicism（新古典主义）: A style of Western literature that flourished from the mid-seventeenth century until the end of the eighteenth century and the rise of Romanticism. The neoclassicists looked to the great classical writers for inspiration and guidance. They believed that literature should both instruct and delight, and the proper subject of art was humanity. Neoclassicism stressed rules, reason, harmony, balance, restraint, decorum, order, serenity, realism, and form—above all, an appeal to the intellect rather than emotion. The Restoration in 1660 marked the beginning of the Neoclassical Period in England, whose writers included John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, etc. Romance（传奇小说）: It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King Arthur of Britain and the Knights of the Round Table, and the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne. Renaissance（文艺复兴）: Renaissance ("rebirth") is the name commonly applied to the period of European history following the Middle Ages. The development came late to England in the

英国文学概述-王守仁

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英国文学名著整理

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英国文学概况及你喜爱的英国作家

British Literature （一）Early and Medieval English Literature 早期及中世纪英国文学 1.“Beowulf” 《贝奥武夫》 The national epic of the English people,finished in 8th century.The hero narrative poem around the year 750.Up to 3000 lines.It’s the most ancient work of all the old English record.And it’s the most great work of the existing ancient literature in English.Also the earliest dialect epic in Europe. 它是英国民族史诗，完成于8世纪，约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3000多行。是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇，是现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。 2.Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400),the founder of English poetry. . His work The Canterbury Tales telling the clue of the story with a group of pilgrims from various social strata in their way to religious pilgrimage.Showing us clearly the life of people at that time.In all the 23 story, in addition to the two articles, the rest is the work of poetry genre. 以一伙来自社会各个阶层的香客在宗教朝圣的路上讲述故事为线索，向我们清楚地展示了那个时代人们的生活。在所有的23个故事中，除了两篇之外，其余都是诗歌体裁的作品。（二）The Renaissance文艺复兴时期文学 1. William Shakespeare （1564～1616） The great British Renaissance dramatist and poet.And the master of the European Renaissance humanism literature.Shakespeare left 37 plays including some general plays he co-wrote with others.In addition, he also wrote 154 sonnets and three or four long poem. 英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。莎士比亚给世人留下了37部戏剧，其中包括一些他与别人合写的一般剧作。此外，他还写有154首十四行诗和三、四首长诗。 His working: The four great comedy：A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It ,Twelfth Night The four great tragedy: Hamlet ,Othello ,King Lear ,Macbeth others：Romeo and Juliet ,etc... 2.Francis Bacon, The founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science. 培根（ 1561-1626 ）英国唯物主义和现代科学奠基人,散文家. Bacon is especially famous for his Essays.His representative work is Of Studies.《论学习》（三）The period of English Bourgeois Revolution and Restoration 资产阶级革命时期文学 1. John Milton :Paradise Lost 《失乐园》 2.John Bunyan :The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》（四）Eighteenth Century English Literature 十八世纪英国文学

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1. How much do you know about the English literature in the Romantic Age? ①The Romantic Age in England was like the Elizabethan Age, distinctively an age of poetry. It was regarded as the second great age in English literary history; for poetry is the highest form of literary expression, and seems to have been most in harmony with the noblest powers of the English genius. The glory of the age is in the poetry of Scott, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly, Keats, Moore, and Southey； ②Women novelists appeared in this age. It was during this period that women assumed for the first time, an important place in English literature. Mrs. Anne Radcliff was one of the most successful writers of the school of exaggerated romance. Jane Austen offered us her charming descriptions of everyday life in her enduring work her masterpiece----Pride and Prejudice; ③The greatest historical novelist Walter Scott also appeared in this period. His historical novels combine a romantic atmosphere with a realistic description of historical background and common people life. Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it; ④Romantic prose was represented by Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey and Hume. Lamb was the best essayist, whose familiar essays are very famous. 3.What are the major features of Dickens’ novels? ①Dickens’ novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. His novels tell much of the unhappy experiences of his own childhood. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation, and criticize the vices of capitalist society. ② The success of Dickens novels also lies in his character-portrayal. Not only are the major characters in his novels very carefully delineated and given distinctive individual characteristics but also his minor figures create in the readers’ mind strong impressions of their personalities. Some of Dickens’characters are really such “typical characters under typical circumstances”that they become proverbial or are representative of a whole group of similar persons. ③Dickens is a great humorist and satirist. His novels are full of humor and satire ④Dickens is not especially known for the construction of plot in his novels. There is in his novels often more than one minor thread of story beside the major one, and these threads are generally very loosely woven together. He seems to love a complicated and involved plot. ⑤In almost every one of Dickens’ novels there is a happy ending, which points to the author’s optimism which is an admirable thing for a critical realist because that means his still has his hopes after seeing the gloomy world all around him and one hand, and as a petty-bourgeois intellectual, could not overstep the limits of his class on the other hand. ⑥Another feature in Dickens’novels is his adroit use of language. On the whole Dickens has a richness of expressions and generally succeeds in using the right words and phrases at the right moments for the right characters to attain the right effects. 12. What are the characteristics of Dickens’ novels?(同第三题)

自考英美文学选读要点总结整理出考点26位作家完整教学内容

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The United Kingdom I. Multiple Choice 1. The was “the greatest progressive revolution that mankind had so far experienced, a time which called for giants and produced giants—giants in power of thought, passion, and character, in universality and learning”(Engels). a. Renaissance b. Industrial Revolution c. Reformation d. Bourgeois Revolution 2. is regarded as the first English Prime Minster. a.D uke of Willington b.William Gladstone c.Benjamin Disraeli d.Sir Robert Walpole 3. The official head of Parliament is . a. the Prime Minister b. the Monarch c. the Speaker d. the Chancellor 4. The present sovereign of Britain is . a. Elizabeth I b. Elizabeth II

c. Elizabeth III d. Edward II 5. is a day to commemorate the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. a. Christmas b. Good Friday c. Easter Monday d. Boxing Day 6. published his book On the Origin of Species which caused a stir in Victorian times. a. Adam Smith b. Charles Darwin c. Thomas More d. Francis Bacon 7. The largest section of Great Britain is . a. Scotland b. Wales c. England d. Northern Ireland 8. The Lake District is well known for . a. its wild and beautiful scenery b. its varied lakes c. the Lake Poets