Part II Vocabulary and Structure

Part II Vocabulary and Structure (25%)

Directions:There are 50 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then write

your answer in the corresponding place on your Answer Sheet. (0.5×50=25 points)

?Good rest, nutritious food and fresh air will certainly __________ your recovery from this disease.

A) accelerate B) accumulate C) accompany D) affect

?The mother wanted her five-year old son to learn to count, begin to write, and __________ to speak English.

A) after all B) above all C) all in all D) all the way

?With winter __________ fast, and no end to the war in sight, these people are becoming increasingly restless, helpless and hopeless.

A) assessing B) assigning C) adjusting D) approaching

?“Yes, we would,” said Lydia, staring at the flames, __________ in thought.

A) losing B) lose C) lost D) to loss

?One day in February the boiler __________; there’d been no heat or hot water all day.

A) brought down B) broke down C) cut down D) calmed down

?That important document provided a detailed _________ for the development of higher education into the early 1980s.

A) blueprint B) basement C) character D) compliment

?Scientists should always be ________ in interpreting (解释) their results.

A) chronic B) cautious C) classic D) comic

?The man killed his own wife and child with his bare hands, the nature of which I am unable to ___________.

A) command B) compose C) comprehend D) convey

?There has been some _________ in recent years about whether city families should be allowed to have a second child.

A) contempt B) correspondence C) capacity D) controversy

?Fabia’s heart suddenly started to race and her mind went _________. She couldn't think of a thing to say.

A) courageous B) blank C) tough D) thoughtful

?I’ll then drive you to the airport and put you safely on a plane to a __________ of your choice.

A) determination B) donation C) destination D)distribution

?From what you have just said, it seems that the _________ of being a good child is taking on the perspective of those who are more powerful than you.

A) essence B) evidence C) ignorance D) significance

?The central plains of China have been farmed continuously for thousands of years and you begin to wonder how they have stayed __________.

A) formal B) fertile C) incredible D) initial

?We must learn to listen to others who have the benefit of experience and knowledge, and allow them to help us broaden our ___________.

A) highlights B) inquiries C) judgments D) horizons

?She watched as he quickly _________ the situation and then took command.

A) threw up B) choked up C) sized up D) summed up

?To ________ his message home to these relatively uneducated people, he drew some simple pictures on the blackboard.

A) drive B) pull C) send D) pass

?Over 85% of the male population in that religion are still _________ workers. No wonder it is underdeveloped.

A) potential B) manual C) innocent D) humble

?On such issues, many of us would be only too glad to listen to his _________ opinions.

A) inventive B) insightful D) privileged D) previous

?Joseph nodded and managed to smile back at her, _________ that they were communicating again.

A) relieved B) revealed C) released D) relived

?Business investment rose by 11%, while world trade __________ by 9.3%, the fastest this decade.

A) encountered B) exhibited C) expanded D) extended

?Each species has its own growth habit and ideal environment; and will ________ in some conditions and fail in others.

A) split B) sustain C) thrust D) thrive

?He saw a tall boy __________ outside the bookstore and lie still on the pavement.

A) slide B) fling C) halt D) hop

?She turned to _________ at the man who’d approached silently and stood a little behind her on her left.

A) glow B) gaze C) grab D) grip

?The president highlights that it is our duty and ________ our own interest to meet our historic responsibilities.

A) to B) with C) at D) in

?I ran all the way to the railway station, __________ the train pulling off the platform

A) to see B) when seeing C) only to see D) and seeing

?He does ________ jobs for friends and neighbors and with the money he earns he buys food for Merlin and himself.

A) odd B) obvious C)original D) overall

?Such cats can become a real problem if their _________ daily routine is upset, say, by the death of an elderly owner.

A) tedious B) rigid C) vivid D) delicate

?They say shoe repairing is now a _________ profession, but I can’t think it’s changed all that much in the five years since I left.

A) portable B) respectable C) likely D) dominant

?Only in this way can professional knowledge and skills be _________ to improve the productivity.

A) undertaken B) tackled C) harnessed D) reflected

?The Army prepares you for life, it makes you grow up and learn __________.

A) principle B) principal C) intelligence D) discipline

?The directors say that they ___________ improved performance in this area next year.

A) anticipate B) participate C) cooperate D) demonstrate

?We should not judge people by their __________, without knowing a great deal more about them.

A) perfection B) reputation C) expectation D) conclusion

?It was quite difficult for me to convince the adults around me that I was totally ________ of the crime.

A) innocent B) conscious C) conscientious D) precise

?Many young people across the whole world have been _________ by the short but successful life of Steve Jobs.

A) surrounded B) inspired C) replaced D) distributed

?The speech not only failed to accelerate the coming of reform, but even __________ it.

A) avoided B) survived C) postponed D) corresponded

?By the time we left the house half an hour later, there was _________ no doubt about the relationship between them.

A) appropriately B) absolutely C) desperately D) emotionally

?I’ve got potatoes in the main meal, like chicken and potat oes or ___________.

A) everything B) anything C) nothing D) something

?Long after the match was over, many people were still __________ near the gymnasium.

A) hanging out B) going by C) keeping up D) calling on

?As with any market, we can think ___________a source of supply and a source of demand.

A) in the form of B) in terms of C) in the wake of D) in response to

?John did not have his brother Bobby’s ease on a platform but he had more _________ and honesty.

A) property B) identity C) integrity D) poverty

?If that is the case, I think I’d better _________ a chance on this election.

A) take B) make C) get D) hold

?He proved how difficult this __________ is by failing to repeat it a second time.

A) feast B) faculty C) fiction D) feat

?The union and the employers are still ________ about working hours.

A) discussing B) negotiating C) calculating D) approving

?I had to go to the supermarket because I had practically _________ everything, like salt and oil.

A) run out of B) searched for C) taken hold of D) sent for

?They were asked to give up their holidays on account of the national ___________.

A) option B) emergency C) prospect D) response

? A law which fails to protect a woman’s right to refuse sex fails to __________ her right to full and equal citizenship.

A) hold back B) handle C) uphold D) figure out

?I’m __________ whether we should accept his offer of help at all in such circumstances.

A) on my mind B) in my mind C) in two minds D) out of mind

?His first wife died _________ after the Second World War, and he was married again, to a widow.

A) sometimes B) sometime C) some times D) some time

?On Saturday nights we used to _________ late when we were young. But now we cannot afford to do that.

A) stay up B) call up C) take up D) pulled up

?He claims to know much about the field, but actually the little he knows is already ________.

A) over and over B) on the side C) at first sight D) out of date

Part III Reading Comprehension (30%)

Directions:There are three passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).

You should decide on the best choice. Then write your answer in the corresponding place

on your Answer Sheet. (2×15=30 points)

Passage One

About one year ago, a man very enthusiastically told me about his collection of watches. He had many watches from different countries and manufacturers. Most of them were very expensive. Every day he wore a different watch. He knew more about watches than many people. He knew their history, their movements, their crystals, and the best manufacturers. His watches were very interesting, and it was clear that they were one of his treasures in life.

Most of us have treasures or things in this life which we highly value. For some, our treasures may be a collection of movies, a library of books, a vintage car, prized trophies, or our position in life. For men and women their life’s treasure can be their children, a business, a military rank, medals of honor, a famous name, a stack of DVDs, a home, sexual fantasies, a coin collection, an exclusive address in a wealthy neighborhood, or money ----- coins, bills, and stocks.

Do you have any treasures? One of the signs that you have a treasure is that you devote a lot of time to it or you do not want to give it away. Some steal, lie, cheat, and do almost anything in order to obtain more of their treasure or to keep it. I remember stealing some treasure when I was about six years of age. I stole some money ----- a penny. I had already learned that money was a treasure. Other children stole marbles, pencils, balls, or food from another’s lunch. Whether young or old, eve ryone has treasure. What are your treasures?

1. The watch story in the first paragraph is to illustrate that the man ________.

A) is an expert doing research on watches from different historical periods

B) is wealthy enough to collect expensive watches

C) regards his watches as his most valued fortune

D) is a manufacturer who wants to produce better watches

2. Which of the following is true about treasure?

A) Treasures should be something rare.

B) Treasures can be something intangible(无形的).

C) Treasures are something of historic value.

D) Treasures must be material possessions we value highly.

3. “A vintage car” in para.2 is closest in meaning to “___________”.

A) a traditional car

B) an expensive car

C) an old car

D) a classic car of a particular period

4. Why did the author steal some money when he was about six years old?

A) He wanted to have his own treasures.

B) Every kid stole something, so did the author.

C) He intended to create his collection of coins.

D) Money was the most valuable treasure to a six-year-old.

5. You know something is a treasure to you when __________.

A) you don’t want to talk about it

B) you would never sell it

C) you consider a lot about its value

D) you would do anything for it

Passage Two

Michael VanAdams was a model student in high school ---- president of his senior class, captain of the varsity tennis team, and a straight-A student. So when he received an academic scholarship to the University of Maine in Orono, nobody was surprised. Having excelled both academically and socially at his small high school in rural New Hampshire, VanAdams expected more of the same in college. He was wrong.

VanAdams did poorly on his first couple of exams and even received a failing grade on his first term paper. Instead of asking his professors or classmates for help, VanAdams began to isolate himself, spending hours alone in his dorm room where he would play video games or send e-mails to friends back home. To make matters worse, he became homesick during his first weeks of college, longing for his high school friends and sweetheart, who was attending a community college in New Hampshire.

“I did all the wrong things,” says VanAdams. “Instead of seeing my first couple of failures as wake-up calls, I became depressed and immediately started passing the blame onto others. I told my parents that the professors were awful and didn’t like me; I told my girlfriend that the kids who went there were snobs and no fun at all. Basically, I blamed everyone but myself.”

VanAdams al so told himself that the University of Maine wasn’t for him. He dropped out a couple of weeks before completing his first semester. “Frankly, I wasn’t properly prepared for college,” he says. “I didn’t go into my freshman year with the right attitude. At a ge 18, I thought I had the world figured out; I thought I could ace my college classes like in high school. I couldn’t have been more off. I was failing three classes, and I didn’t see the point of sticking around.”

6. What is the main point of the first paragraph?

A) Everyone expected Michael VanAdams to be a good student of University of Maine.

B) Michael VanAdams did not prove to be a good student in college.

C) Michael VanAdams was an excellent high school student.

D) Universities favor versatile students like Michael VanAdams.

7. What did VanAdams do when he did poorly in several exams?

A) He asked his professors for help.

B) He sought for seclusion (隔离) in his own world.

C) He went home to meet his high school friends.

D) He transferred to a community college in his hometown.

8. Why did Michael VanAdams fail in college?

A) He did wrong things and put the blame onto others.

B) The professors did not appreciate his talents.

C) He and his girl friend were not in the same school.

D) His attention was video games.

9. “Ace” in the last paragraph probably means “___________”.

A) pass B) fail

C) get an A on D) do better than others

10. Michael VanAdams’ case is to illustrate ____________.

A) college freshmen dropout

B) preparation for college

C) different criterion between high school and college

D) how to do well in college classes

Passage Three

Living organic provides a happy, healthy, and chemical-free family regimen that helps conserve the Earth’s resources. Leading an organic life is more than the consumption of organically produced food, however, it includes encompassing a total eco-friendly system with aspects such as recycling, saving energy, and buying other organic products such as furniture and linen.

For a time, the organic lifestyle was exclusive to a limited number of people, but as the public consciousness grows and organic products become available in all the leading supermarkets, more people are attracted to and adopt an organic lifestyle. One of the latest trends to have optimum control over the quality of organic fruit and vegetables people consume has been organic gardening. Typically, organic gardening can be quite costly and time consuming when compared to old, conventional gardening methods. The final product, however, is chemical-free, better tasting, and healthier produce. The entire process, including fertilization and pest control, is eco-friendly.

Surprisin gly enough, organic housewares are now being used in today’s modern household. Some of the organic products newly introduced to the mainstream include cleaning products, bedding, towels and even some mattresses. Everyday household products are generally colored with harmful chemicals that are dangerous to your health and skin. Going organic allows you to use items and clothing that are made with eco-friendly colors and not dangerous dyes with toxic effects. Presently all types of clothing, including baby clothes, are available without harsh chemical colorings.

In the arena of cosmetics, people have also adapted an organic outlook because these kinds of products never use strong or harsh chemicals as their ingredients. Additionally, most manufacturers will tell you that their products have not gone through animal testing. Remember that an organic lifestyle means all aspects of living. It’s evident that the consciousness of people is progressing towards the eco-friendly organic lifestyle, which is better for mankind and the best option for our planet.

11. What is the best title of this passage?

A) Saving Earth Resources

B) An Organic Lifestyle

C) Eco-friendly Organic System

D) Organic Consumption

12. Leading an organic life includes the following EXCEPT ____________.

A) buying organically produced food

B) recycling energy resources

C) being an organic gardener

D) using organic housewares

13. Organic bedding and clothing are ___________.

A) free of harsh chemical colorings

B) used in everyday household on a large scale

C) not available in leading supermarkets

D) better for children

14. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of organic produce?

A) Better tasting. B) Healthy.

C) Inexpensive. D) Chemical-free.

15. It can be inferred that ____________.

A) growing organic products will not be so time-consuming

B) manufacturers will not go through animal testing any longer

C) chemicals will not be used in cosmetics

D) the market for eco-friendly organic products is getting larger

材料分析方法课后答案(更新至第十章)

材料分析方法课后练习题参考答案 2015-1-4 BY：二专业の学渣 材料科学与工程学院

3.讨论下列各组概念的关系 答案之一 (1）同一物质的吸收谱和发射谱； 答：λk吸收〈λkβ发射〈λkα发射 (2）X射线管靶材的发射谱与其配用的滤波片的吸收谱。 答：λkβ发射（靶）〈λk吸收(滤波片)〈λkα发射（靶）。任何材料对X射线的吸收都有一个Kα线和Kβ线。如Ni 的吸收限为0.14869 nm。也就是说它对0.14869nm波长及稍短波长的X射线有强烈的吸收。而对比0.14869稍长的X射线吸收很小。Cu靶X射线:Kα=0.15418nm Kβ=0.13922nm。 (3）X射线管靶材的发射谱与被照射试样的吸收谱。 答：Z靶≤Z样品+1 或Z靶>>Z样品 X射线管靶材的发射谱稍大于被照射试样的吸收谱，或X射线管靶材的发射谱大大小于被照射试样的吸收谱。在进行衍射分析时，总希望试样对X射线应尽可能少被吸收，获得高的衍射强度和低的背底。 答案之二 1）同一物质的吸收谱和发射谱； 答：当构成物质的分子或原子受到激发而发光，产生的光谱称为发射光谱，发射光谱的谱线与组成物质的元素及其外围电子的结构有关。吸收光谱是指光通过物质被吸收后的光谱，吸收光谱则决定于物质的化学结构，与分子中的双键有关。 2）X射线管靶材的发射谱与其配用的滤波片的吸收谱。 答：可以选择λK刚好位于辐射源的Kα和Kβ之间的金属薄片作为滤光片，放在X射线源和试样之间。这时滤光片对Kβ射线强烈吸收，而对Kα吸收却少。 6、欲用Mo 靶X 射线管激发Cu 的荧光X 射线辐射，所需施加的最低管电压是多少？激发出的荧光辐射的波长是多少？ 答：eVk=hc/λ Vk=6.626×10-34×2.998×108/(1.602×10-19×0.71×10-10)=17.46(kv) λ0=1.24/v(nm)=1.24/17.46(nm)=0.071(nm) 其中h为普郎克常数，其值等于6.626×10-34 e为电子电荷，等于1.602×10-19c 故需加的最低管电压应≥17.46(kv)，所发射的荧光辐射波长是0.071纳米。 7、名词解释：相干散射、非相干散射、荧光辐射、吸收限、俄歇效应 答：⑴当χ射线通过物质时，物质原子的电子在电磁场的作用下将产生受迫振动，受迫振动产生交变电磁场，其频率与入射线的频率相同，这种由于散射线与入射线的波长和频率一致，位相固定，在相同方向上各散射波符合相干条件，故称为相干散射。 ⑵当χ射线经束缚力不大的电子或自由电子散射后，可以得到波长比入射χ射线长的χ射线，且波长随散射方向不同而改变，这种散射现象称为非相干散射。

材料分析方法答案

第一章 一、选择题 1.用来进行晶体结构分析的X射线学分支是（） A.X射线透射学； B.X射线衍射学； C.X射线光谱学； D.其它 2. M层电子回迁到K层后，多余的能量放出的特征X射线称（） A.Kα； B. Kβ； C. Kγ； D. Lα。 3. 当X射线发生装置是Cu靶，滤波片应选（） A．Cu；B. Fe；C. Ni；D. Mo。 4. 当电子把所有能量都转换为X射线时，该X射线波长称（） A.短波限λ0； B. 激发限λk； C. 吸收限； D. 特征X射线 5.当X射线将某物质原子的K层电子打出去后，L层电子回迁K层，多余能量将另一个L层电子打出核外，这整个过程将产生（）（多选题） A.光电子； B. 二次荧光； C. 俄歇电子； D. （A+C） 二、正误题 1. 随X射线管的电压升高，λ0和λk都随之减小。（） 2. 激发限与吸收限是一回事，只是从不同角度看问题。（） 3. 经滤波后的X射线是相对的单色光。（） 4. 产生特征X射线的前提是原子内层电子被打出核外，原子处于激发状态。（） 5. 选择滤波片只要根据吸收曲线选择材料，而不需要考虑厚度。（） 三、填空题 1. 当X射线管电压超过临界电压就可以产生X射线和X射线。 2. X射线与物质相互作用可以产生、、、、 、、、。 3. 经过厚度为H的物质后，X射线的强度为。 4. X射线的本质既是也是，具有性。 5. 短波长的X射线称，常用于；长波长的X射线称 ，常用于。 习题 1.X射线学有几个分支？每个分支的研究对象是什么？ 2.分析下列荧光辐射产生的可能性，为什么？ （1）用CuKαX射线激发CuKα荧光辐射； （2）用CuKβX射线激发CuKα荧光辐射； （3）用CuKαX射线激发CuLα荧光辐射。 3.什么叫“相干散射”、“非相干散射”、“荧光辐射”、“吸收限”、“俄歇效应”、“发射谱

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《沪江网校雅思》雅思口语Part2（物品类）电子产品 大家好，今天和大家分享剑13-Test2里的Part Two“使用电子产品的经历”。话题卡如下： Describe a time when you started using a new technological device. You should say: What device you started using Why you started using this device How easy or difficult it was to use And explain how helpful this device was to you 高分参考答案（文本资料）： Speaking of a time when I started using a new technological device,I

think it is during my high school that my parents bought a tablet to me as a birthday gift.It was really nice because they actually asked me what I wanted for my birthday and I told them it was a tablet that I wanted. I asked for such a device because I was planning to use it for my school work.I remember our science teacher used to require us to fully prepare for his classes by searching for the definitions of some terminologies in advance,so with the assistance of this small device,it became much easier to surf on the internet for my homework.Meanwhile,compared to the use of my computer,that device obviously improved my study efficiency when I had to submit my finished work to teachers,as it ran faster than the computer. I have to say that it has been quite a helpful device to me because of two main reasons.One is that I used to take advantage of it to finish my school work with high efficiency during high school so that I could better

云原生发展白皮书(2020年)

云原生发展白皮书 （2020年） 云原生产业联盟 Cloud Native Industry Alliance，CNIA 2020年7月

版权声明 本白皮书版权属于云原生产业联盟，并受法律保护。转载、摘编或利用其它方式使用本白皮书文字或者观点的，应注明“来源：云原生产业联盟”。违反上述声明者，本院将追究其相关法律责任。 编写说明： 牵头编写单位：中国信息通信研究院 参与编写单位：阿里云计算有限公司、百度云计算技术（北京）有限公司、北京凌云雀科技有限公司、北京金山云网络技术有限公司、华为技术有限公司、杭州谐云科技有限公司、上海道客网络科技有限公司、苏州博纳讯动软件有限公司、腾讯云计算（北京）有限公司、浙江蚂蚁小微金融服务集团。 编写组成员： 中国信息通信研究院：栗蔚、陈屹力、刘如明、闫丹、郑立 阿里云计算有限公司：易立、李小平、朱松、李鹏、石兵、阚俊宝、王炳燊、黄玉奇、张大江 百度云计算技术（北京）有限公司：周岳骞、曹剑 北京凌云雀科技有限公司：刘嘉伟 北京金山云网络技术有限公司：赵琦 华为技术有限公司：刘赫伟、马达、张琦、王泽锋、赵华 杭州谐云科技有限公司：王翱宇、才振功、方佳伟 上海道客网络科技有限公司：郭峰 苏州博纳讯动软件有限公司：伞亚鹏、刘欣雨 腾讯云计算（北京）有限公司：罗茂政、邹辉、韩欣、任秀森、陈一苇、王玉君浙江蚂蚁小微金融服务集团：宋净超 注：编写单位按首字母顺序排列

当前全球的数字化浪潮逐步加深，云计算成为当今信息化发展的重要基础设施，云原生在数字化浪潮中的角色逐步提升，成为业务创新发展的重要驱动力。 本白皮书是继《云原生技术实践白皮书（2019）》之后，针对国内云原生产业发展现状进行梳理，从云原生概念到新技术发展特征，以及到云原生支撑行业领域发展，最后再总结云原生未来发展新趋势。

材料分析方法课后习题答案

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用能谱仪分析时，几分钟内即可直接从荧光屏（或计算机）上得到微区内全部元素的谱线。 (2)、线分析：将谱仪（波、能）固定在所要测量的某一元素特征X射线信号（波长或能量）的位置把电子束沿着指定的方向作直线轨迹扫描，便可得到这一元素沿直线的浓度分布情况。改变位置可得到另一元素的浓度分布情况。 (3)、面分析：电子束在样品表面作光栅扫描，将谱仪（波、能）固定在所要测量的某一元素特征X射线信号（波长或能量）的位置，此时，在荧光屏上得到该元素的面分布图像。改变位置可得到另一元素的浓度分布情况。也是用X射线调制图像的方法。 3、要在观察断口形貌的同时，分析断口上粒状夹杂物的化学成分，选用什么仪器用怎样的操作方式进行具体分析 答：（1）若观察断口形貌，用扫描电子显微镜来观察：而要分析夹杂物的化学成分，得选用能谱仪来分析其化学成分。 (2)A、用扫描电镜的断口分析观察其断口形貌：

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雅思口语part2物品类话题解读 雅思口语part2物品类话题是雅思考试常考的话题之一，所以考生们一定要足够的重视。下面为大家带来此类话题的详细介绍，会包括比较细节的东西，所以考生们一定不要错过哦! 首先，来看一下物品类话题分类。 对于物品类话题，我们根据历年考试话题的汇总，为大家概括为两大类： 具体类物品如：Describe a book you read、a gift you received from others、a wild animal、a handicraft、an electrical appliance that is useful to you、an important letter that you received、a game you played in your childhood等; 抽象类物品如：Describe an interesting news、a useful website、 a performance you saw、a organization、your future job、your future plan、something that you don't know but would like to learn等。 其实简单的说具体类物品话题就是实实在在存在，能够看得见摸得着的一样东西。而抽象类物品则是一件抽象的东西，可能没有实物参照，而只是比较抽象的描述。所以二者比较而言，具体类物品话题将会好描述的多。雅思口语part2物品类话题详解大家可以仔细阅读一下，这里有关于两类话题具体的细节对比分析。 其次，就是关于具体的解题思路介绍。 1)当我们要描述一个具体类事物时，要把它与人物类以及地点类联系起来，丰富自己的内容。例如：描述a gift时，首先要描述这件礼物具体是什么，外观或是很吸引人的地方;然后，再说是谁送给你的，父母?朋友?同学还是同事?也可以说说这件礼物是从什么地方买的，如果是手工制作的那一定是很用心，同学们可以仔细描述一下。 2)当我们描述一个比较抽象类的话题时，要遵循互通原则。一个话题不会说就要换一种方式灵活应对，不至于哑口无言并缓解冷场气氛。 详细的解题思路分析见雅思口语话题之物品类话题分析、雅思口语part2物体物品类话题思路原来可以这样用、雅思口语虚拟物品类话题攻略。 最后，考生们也需要注意素材的积累——词汇、句式等。 雅思考场具体案例解析:仍以gift为例：Describe a gift you sent to others 物品词汇： Arts and crafts工艺品;Charm护身符;Cross stitch 十字绣;Knitting 编织品;Shell craft 贝壳制品;Mug 杯子;Multi Purpose Tools 多功能工具 物品特点词汇：

(完整版)材料分析方法_俞建长_试卷5

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答：因为X射线在原子上发射的强度非常弱，需通过波程差为波长的整数倍而产生干涉加强后才可能有反射线存在，而干涉加强的条件之一必须存在波程差，且波程差需等于其波长的整数倍，不为波长的整数倍方向上必然不存在反射。4．某一粉末相上背射区线条与透射区线条比较起来，其θ较高抑或较低？相应的d较大还是较小？ 答：背射区线条与透射区线条比较θ较高，d较小。 产生衍射线必须符合布拉格方程2dsinθ=λ，对于背射区属于2θ高角度区， 根据d=λ/2sinθ，θ越大d越小。 5．已知Cu3Au为面心立方结构，可以以有序和无序两种结构存在，请画出其有序和无序结构[001]晶带的电子衍射花样，并标定出其指数。 答：如图所示： 6．（1）试说明电子束入射固体样品表面激发的主要信号、主要特点和用途。（2）扫描电镜的分辨率受哪些因素影响? 给出典型信号成像的分辨率，并说明原因。（3）二次电子（SE）信号主要用于分析样品表面形貌，说明其衬度形成原理。（4）用二次电子像和背散射电子像在显示表面形貌衬度时有何相同与不同之处? 答：（1）背散射电子:能量高；来自样品表面几百nm深度范围；其产额随 原子序数增大而增多.用作形貌分析、成分分析以及结构分析。 二次电子:能量较低；来自表层5－10nm深度范围；对样品表面状态十分敏感.不能进行成分分析.主要用于分析样品表面形貌。

云原生视角下的开放网络架构

云原生视角下的开放网络架构

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以Kubernetes（K8S）为代表的云原生编排系统，将成为分布式集群架构的核心操作系统。

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