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非谓语动词

非谓语动词
非谓语动词

非谓语动词

要点一动词不定式

1.动词不定式的构成

不定式的基本形式为:to+动词原形,有事可以不用to,这里的to 是不定式符号,本身没有词义,动词不定式的否定形式是not+(to+)动词原形。

2.动词不定式的句法功能

(1)作主语

动词不定式作主语时,常用it 作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在句末,其常见结构为:

It + be+ adj.+(for/of sb.) to do sth.如:

It is not easy for us to speak English. 讲英语对我们来说不容易。

注意在kind ,good , nice ,clever等形容人的品质的形容词后,不用for 而用of。如:

It’s very clever of you to do it like that.

你那样做真是太聪明。

(2)作表语

不定式可以用在连系动词后作表语。多数情况下,不定式作表语,可转换为作主语。

My work is to clean the room every day. = To clean the room every day is my work.

我的工作就是每天打扫这个房间。

(3)作宾语

①很多动词后面都可以跟不定式作宾语,如:want, wish , hope ,decide, plan, expect, would like 等。如:

Would you like to see a film this evening? 你今晚想去看电影吗?

②在find ,think ,make 等动词后通常用it 作形式宾语,而把作真正宾语的动词不定式放在句末,构成“主语+动词+ it (形式宾语)+宾补(形容词/名词)+不定式”结构。如:

I think it difficult to get along with her.我认为很难和她相处。

(4)作宾补

①后面能跟带to 的不定式作宾补的动词有:tell, ask , allow, want, wish , would like ,invite ,encourage等.如:

I’ll ask him to go with me.我打算让他和我一起去。

②在使役动词let ,make ,have 和感官动词feel ,hear listen to ,see ,watch ,otice 等后面要用不带to 的动词不定式作宾补。但变为被动语态时,必须加上to 。如;

The boss made them work the whole night.

= They were made to worth the whole night by the boss.

那个老板让他们工作了一夜。

(5)作定语

不定式作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后,与被修饰的词是逻辑上的动宾关系;如果是不及物动词,且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系,要在不定式后加上适当的介词。如:Have you got anything to say? 你有什么要说的吗?

He is looking for a room to live in.他正在找一个房间来住。

(6)作状语

不定式作状语,其逻辑主语要与句子主语一致,表示目的、结果。原因等。如:

I went to library to study English. 我去图书馆学英语了。(表原因)

I am sorry to trouble you.我很抱歉给您添麻烦了。(表原因)

温馨提示几种特殊形式的动词不定式

(1)特殊疑问句+动词不定式

不定式可以和疑问代词who , what , which 或疑问副词when ,how ,where ,whether 等连用构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如:

The teacher is the students what to do.

老师正在告诉学生们做什么。

The problem is how to do the job well.

问题是怎样做好这项工作。

(2)常见的一些不带to 的动词不定式

Why not do…. Had better (not) do…, would rather do, Will/Could/Would you please (not)do…? 如:

I would rather stay in the room. 我宁愿呆在房间。

(3)有些短语如look forward to (期盼,盼望),be used to (习惯,适应)。pay attention to(注意….) ,make a contribution to (为….做贡献),devote to(献身,致力于…..)中的to 是介词,而不是动词不定式符号。如:

We should make a contribution to protecting our environment.

我们应该为保护环境做贡献。

We are so much looking forward to seeing you again.

我们非常期盼再见到你。

要点二动名词

1.动名词的构成

动名词由“动词原形+-ing ”构成。

注意在英语中,有一些词或者短语后面常跟动名词。初中阶段常见的有:enjoy , finish , mind, miss , keep , consider ,practice, suggest , be worth , be busy , feel like , can’t help ,have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth ,prevent/ stop …(from) doing sth.等。如:Do you have any difficulty (in) finishing the work within two days?

两天内完成这项工作对你来说有困难吗/

温馨提示有些动词或者动词短语后面即可跟动词不定式,娿可跟动名词,但表达的意义不同,常见的有:

①stop to do sth.

②stop doing sth.

①forget to do sth

②forget doing sth

①remember to do sth

②remember doing sth

①try to do sth

②try doing sth

①mean to do sth

②mean doing sth

①go on to do sth

②go on doing sth

要点三分词

1.分词的分类及构成

分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由“动词原形+--ing “构成,有主动、进行之意;过去分词由”动词+--ed “构成,有被动、完成之意。注意现在分词和过去分词也有不规则变化形式。

2.分词的句法功能

(1)作定语

China is a developing country .America is a developed country.

中国是一个发展中国家,美国是一个发达国家。

Do you know the girl standing under the tree

你认识正在树下站着的女孩吗?

(2)作表语

现在分词表示主语所具有的性质。特征;过去分词表示某种状态。

The book is interesting. I’m interested in it. 这本书很有趣。我对他感兴趣。

(3)作状语

分词作状语时,其逻辑主语为句子主语。

The students went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 学生们谈笑着走出了教室。(4)作补语

现在分词作补语,被补充说明的宾语或主语时它的逻辑主语(即主动关系);过去分词作补语,被补充说明的宾语或主语是它的逻辑宾语(即被动关系)。

She kept us waiting for two hours yesterday.他昨天让我们等额两个小时。

He’ll have his hair cut after school.放学后他要去理发。

温馨提示分词的几点注意事项

(1)现在分词作宾补和动词不定式作宾补的区别。

我们常见的动词有see , watch , notice , feel 等,它们接不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语,表示已经完成了的或经常性的动作;接现在分词作宾语补足语,表示动作正在进行着。如:I heard him singing in the classroom. 我听到他正在教室里唱歌。

(2)gave sth done 意为“让某事被别人做”,即ask sb. else to do sth.,过去分词done 所表示的动作由他人(非主语本身)来完成,含有被动意义且强调动作已经完成。如:

The driver has his car washed once a week. 那位司机每周叫人洗一次车。

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