化工专业英语Lesson 4
Lesson 4 Chemical Reaction Engineering
化学反应工程
A1 Every industrial chemical process is designed to produce economically a desired product from a variety of starting materials through a succession of treatment steps.
每一个工业化学过程的目的是从不同的原材料，经过一系列的处理步骤生产经济所需的产品。
2 Fig. 4-1 shows a typical situation.
图4-1展示了一个典型的情况。
3 The raw materials undergo a number of physical treatment steps to put them in the form in which they can be reacted chemically.
原料进行了一些物理处理的步骤，使它们能够发生化学反应。
4 They then pass through the reactor.
然后让他们通过反应器。
5 The products of the reaction must then undergo further physical treatment- -separations, purifications, etc. - for the final desired product to be obtained.
产物要经历进一步的物理处理——分离，净化提纯等等，以获得期望的最终产品。
B1 Design of equipment for the physical treatment steps is studied in the unit operations.
物理处理步骤设备的设计在单元操作中研究。
2 Here we are concerned with the chemical treatment step of a process.
在这里我们关心的是一个过程的化学处理步骤。
3 Economically this may be in inconsequential unit, say a simple mixing tank .
从经济的角度说，这可能是个不重要的单元，比如说一个简单的搅拌槽。
4 More often than not, however, the chemical treatment step is the heart of the process, the thing that makes or breaks the process economical.
然而通常，化学处理步骤是一个过程的核心，它决定这个过程经济的成败。
C1 Design of the reactor is no routine matter, and many alternatives can be proposed for a process . 反应器的设计不是普通的事，对于一个过程有许多可供选择的建议。
2 In searching for the optimum it is not just the cost of reactor that must be minimized.
寻找最佳的条件，不仅是反应器成本的最小化。
3 One design may have low reactor cost, but the materials leaving the unit may be such that their treatment requires much higher cost than alternative designs.
一个设计可能反应器的成本较低，但材料离开装置可能比其他的设计需要更高的处理费。
4 Hence, the economics of the over-all process must be considered.
因此，必须要考虑整个过程的经济。
D1Reactor design uses information, knowledge, and experience from a variety of areas thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, mass transfer, and economic.
反应器的设计使用了各个领域的信息，知识和经验，比如热力学，化学动力学，流体力学，传热，传质，和经济学。
2 Chemical reaction engineering is, the synthesis of all these factors with the aim of properly designing a chemical reactor.
化学反应工程，是这些因素的综合学科，旨在设计出正确的化学反应器。
E1The design of chemical reactors is probably the one activity which is unique to chemical engineering, and it is probably this function more than anything else which justifies the existence of chemical engineering as a distinct branch of engineering.
化学反应器的设计对于化学工程而言可能是一个独特的活动，它的这个功能可能比任何东西都更能证明化学工程作为一个独特的分支工程的存在。
F1 In chemical reactor design there are two questions which must be answered:
(i)What change can we expect to occur？(ii)How fast will they take place？
化学反应器的设计有两个必须回答的问题：
（1）我们预期发生什么变化？（2）他们发生的有多快？
2 The first question concerns thermodynamics, the second the various rate processes- -chemical kinetics, heat transfer, etc.
第一个问题涉及热力学，第二个问题涉及各种速率过程——化学动力学，传热等。
3 Putting these all together and trying to determine how these processes are interrelated can be an extremely difficult problem; hence we start with the simplest of situations and build up our analysis by considering additional factors until we arc able to handle the more difficult problems.
把这些放在一起，试图确定这些过程是怎样相关联的，是一个非常困难的问题；因此，我们从最简单的情况着手，考虑附加因素，建立我们的分析，直到我们能处理更难的问题。
G Thermodynamics 热力学
1 Thermodynamics gives two important pieces of information needed in design, the heat liberated or absorbed during reaction and the maximum possible extent of reaction.
热力学给出设计中需要的两条重要的信息，在反应中会放出和吸收热量，而且最大值可能表示反应的程度。
2 Chemical reactions are invariably accompanied by the liberation or absorption of heat, the magnitude of which must be known for proper design. Consider the reaction
aA→rR+sS ,ΔH r
positive, endothermic ; negative , exothermic
化学反应总是伴随着热量的释放或吸收，为了合理的设计，必须知道它的大小，考虑下面的反应：aA →rR+sS ,ΔH r ,正反应，吸热；逆反应，放热。
H1 The heat of reaction at temperature T is the heat transferred from surroundings to the reacting system when a moles of A disappear to form r moles of R and s moles of S, with the system measured at the same temperature and pressure before and after reaction.
温度为T时，a mol的A消失生成了r mol的R和s mol的S，反应的热量是环境传递给反应体系的，这是在反应前后相同的温度和压力下对体系测量的结果。
2 With heats of reaction known or estimable from thermochemical data, the magnitude of the heat effects during reaction can be calculated.
从热化学数据中可以得到或估算反应的热量，反应中产生的热量大小可以计算。I1 Thermodynamics also allows calculation of the equilibrium constant K from the standard free energies of the reacting materials.
热力学也可以从反应物的标准自由能来计算平衡常数。
2 With the equilibrium constant known, the expected maximum attainable yield of the products of reaction can be estimated.
由于平衡常数已知，可以估算出反应中可以得到的预期产品的最大产量。
J Chemical Kinetics 化学动力学
1 Under appropriate conditions feed materials may be transformed into new and different materials which constitute different chemical species.
适当的条件下，供给的材料可能转变为新的不同的材料，形成不同的化学物质。
2 If this occurs only by rearrangement or redistribution of the constituent atoms to form new molecules, we say that a chemical reaction has occurred.
如果发生这种情况只是由于构成原子的重排或再分配，形成新的分子，我们就说一个化学反应已经发生了。
3 Chemistry is concerned with the study of such reactions.
化学关注的是这种反应的研究。
4 It studies the mode and mechanism of reactions, the physical and energy changes involved and the rate of formation of produces.
它研究反应的模式和机制，反应中涉及的物质和能量的变化，及产品形成的速率。
K1 It is the last-mentioned area of interest, chemical kinetics, which is of primary concern to us.
这是最后提到的，我们感兴趣并且主要关心的领域，化学动力学。
2 Chemical kinetics searches for the factors that influence the rate of reaction.
化学动力学寻找影响反应速率的因素。
3 It measures this rate and proposes explanations for the values found.
化学动力学测量反应速率，并提出如何得到测量值。
4 For the chemical engineer the kinetics of a reaction must be known if he is to satisfactorily design equipment to effect these reactions on a technical scale.
对于化学工程师，如果他想设计出令人满意的设备在技术规模完成这些反应，就必须知道一个反应的动力学。
5 Of course, if the reaction is rapid enough so that the system is essentially at equilibrium, design is very much simplified.
当然，如果反应足够迅速以至于体系基本上是平衡的，那么设计是非常简单的。
6 Kinetic information is not needed, and thermodynamic information alone is sufficient.
不需要动力学的信息，仅凭热力学信息就足够了。
L Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Reactions 均相反应和非均相反应
1 Homogeneous reactions are those in which the reactants, products, and any catalyst used form one continuous phase: gaseous or liquid.
均相反应的反应物，产物，和所用的催化剂形成一个连续相：气相或液相。
2 Homogeneous gas phase reactors will always be operated continuously; whereas liquid phase reactors may be batch or continuous.
均匀的气相反应器将连续的运作；然而液相反应器可连续或间歇操作。
3 Tubular (pipe-line) reactors are normally used for homogeneous gas-phase reactions; for example, in the thermal cracking of petroleum crude oil fractions to ethylene, and the thermal decomposition of dichloromethane to vinyl chloride.
管式（管道）反应器通常用于均相气相反应；例如，在热裂解石油中，原油分裂为乙烯，二氯甲烷热分解为氯乙烯。
4 Both tubular and stirred tank reactors are used for homogeneous liquid-phase reactions.
管式反应器和搅拌斧式反应器都用于均相液相反应。
M1 In a heterogeneous reaction two or more phases exist, and the overriding problem in the reactor design is to promote mass transfer between the phases. The possible combination of phases are:
在非均相反应中，存在两种或更多的相，在反应器设计中，最重要的问题是，提高相之间的传质。可能的相结合是：
(i) Liquid-liquid: immiscible liquid phases; reactions such as the nitration of toluene or benzene with mixed acids, and emulsion polymerizations.
（i）液体—液体：不混溶的液相；例如甲苯或苯与酸混合的硝化反应，和乳胶的聚合反应。
(ii) Liquid-solid: with one, or more, liquid phases in contact with a solid. The solid may be a reactant or catalyst.
（ii）液体—固体：一种或多种液相与固体接触。固体可能是反应物或催化剂。
(iii) Liquid-solid-gas: where the solid is normally a catalyst; such as in the hydrogenation of amines, using a slurry of platinum on activated carbon as a catalyst.
（iii）液体—固体—气体：固体通常是催化剂；如胺类氢化中，使用活性炭上铂的悬浮液作为催化剂。(iv) Gas-solid: where the solid may take part in the reaction or act as a catalyst. The reduction of iron ores in blast furnaces and the combustion of solid fuels are examples where the solid is a reactant.
（iv）气体—固体：固体可能参与反应，或作为催化剂。高炉中铁矿石的还原和固体燃料的氧化，都是固体作为反应物的例子。
(v) Gas-liquid: where the liquid may take part in the reaction or act as a catalyst.
（五）气体—液体：液体可能参与反应，或作为催化剂。
N Reactor geometry (type) 反应器几何学（反应器的类型）
1 The reactors used for established processes are usually complex designs which have been developed (have evolved) over a period of years to suit the requirements of the process, and are unique designs.
对于已建立的过程，反应器通常是复杂的设计，这些设计已经经过一段时间的发展，适应了过程的需要，是唯一的设计。
2 However, it is convenient to classify reactor designs into the following broad categories.
然而，把反应器的设计分成以下几大类是很方便的。
O Stirred tank reactors 搅拌釜式反应器
1 Stirred tank (agitated) reactors consist of a tank fitted with a mechanical agitator and a cooling jacket or coils.
搅拌釜式（搅拌）反应器由装有机械搅拌的釜体和冷却套管或线圈组成。
2 They are operated as batch reactors or continuously. Several reactors may be used in series.
他们即可间歇操作，又可连续操作。几个反应器可以连续使用。
P1 The stirred tank reactor can be considered the basic chemical reactor, modeling on a large scale the conventional laboratory flask.
搅拌釜式反应器被认为是基本的化学反应器，如大规模制造的实验室常见的烧瓶。
2 Tank sizes range from a few titers to several thousand liters.
搅拌釜的尺寸从几升到几千升。
3 They are used for homogeneous and heterogeneous liquid-liquid and liquid-gas reactions; and for reactions that involve finely suspended solids, which are held by the agitation.
它们应用在均相和非均相的液—液和液—气之间的反应；对于包含细微悬浮固体的反应，通过搅拌来保持它们反应。
4 As the degree of agitation is under the designer's control, stirred tank reactors are particularly suitable for reactions where good mass transfer or heat transfer is required.
搅拌的程度，由设计师来控制，搅拌釜式反应器特别适合的反应是，有好的传质或传热的反应。
Q1When operated as a continuous process the composition in the reactor is constant and the same as the product stream, and, except for very rapid reactions, this will limit the conversion that can be obtained in one stage.
操作一个连续的过程时，同产品流一样，反应器中的合成物是不变的，除了非常快的反应以外，这将会限制可以在一个阶段获得的转化。
R1The power requirements for agitation will depend on the degree of agitation required and will range from about 0.2 kW/ms for moderate mixing to 2 kW/ms for intense mixing.
搅拌功率的要求，将取决于搅拌所需的程度，从约0.2 kW/ ms 的轻度混合到
2 kW/ms 的强烈混合。
S Tubular reactor 管式反应器
1 Tubular reactors are generally used for gaseous reactions, but are also suitable for some liquid-phase reactions.
管式反应器一般用于气体反应，但也可用于液相反应。
T1If high heat-transfer rates are required, small-diameter tubes are used to increase the surface area to volume ratio.
如果需要高的传热率，小口径管可以用来增加表面积与体积的比值。
2 Several tubes may be arranged in parallel, connected to a manifold or fitted into a tube sheet in a similar arrangement to a shell and tube heat exchanger.
几个管可能被平行放置，与总管相连，或者是按照想相似的布置装进管板，形成列管式换热器。
3 For high-temperature reactions the tubes may be arranged in a furnace.
用于高温反应，管可能布置在炉子里。
U Packed bed reactors 填充床反应器
1 There are two basic types of packed-bed reactor: those in which the solid is a reactant, and those in which the solid is a catalyst.
填充床反应器有两种基本类型：一种是固体是反应物，一种是固体是催化剂。
2 Many examples of the first type can be found in the extractive metallurgical industries.
可以在湿法冶金工业中发现第一种类型的很多例子。
V1In the chemical process industries the designer will normally be concerned with the second type: catalytic reactors.
在化学过程工业中，设计师通常会关注第二类：催化反应器。
2 Industrial packed-bed catalytic reactors range in size from small tubes, a few centimeters diameter lo large diameter packed beds.
工业上的填充床催化反应器的大小由直径是几厘米的小试剂瓶到大直径的填充床。
3 Packed-bed reactors are used for gas and gas-liquid reactions.
填充床反应器适用于气体反应和气—液反应。
4 Heat-transfer rates in large diameter packed beds are poor and where high heat-transfer rates are required fluidized beds should be considered.
在大直径填充床中，传热率是很低的，如果需要高的传热率，应该考虑流化床。
W Fluidized bed reactors 流化床反应器
1 The essential features of a fluidized bed reactor are that the solids are held in suspension by the upward flow of the reacting fluid; this promotes high mass and heat-transfer rates and good mixing.
流化床反应器的基本特征是，利用反应流体向上的流动来保持固体的悬浮；这促进了高的传质、传热率和良好的混合。
2 The solids may be a catalyst; a reactant in fluidized combustion processes; or an inert powder, added to promote heat transfer.
固体可能是一个催化剂；可能是流化床燃烧过程中的反应物；或着是促进传热的惰性粉末。
3 Though the principal advantage of a fluidized bed over a fixed bed is the higher heat-transfer rate, fluidized beds are also useful where it is necessary to transport large quantities of solids as part of the reaction processes, such as where catalysts are transferred to another vessel for regeneration.
虽然，流化床超过固定床的主要优势是更高的传热率，对于反应过程中必须传输大量的固体，流化床也是有用的，如催化剂被转移到另一个容器中再次使用。
X1 Fluidization can only be used with relatively small sized particles, < 300nm with gases.
流化作用只适用于尺寸相对较小的颗粒，小于300nm的气体。
2 A great deal of research and development work has been done on fluidized bed reactors in recent years, but the design and scale up of large diameter reactors is still an uncertain process and design methods are largely empirical.
近年来，对于流化床反应器，大量的研究和开发工作已经完成，但是，大规模反应器的设计和规模仍是一个不确定的过程，设计方法主要凭经验。
Y Batch or continuous processing 间歇和连续加工
1 In a batch process all the reagents are added at the commencement; the reaction proceeds the compositions changing with time, and the reaction is stopped and the product withdrawn when the required conversion has been reached.
在间歇过程中，一开始加入所有的试剂；反应成分随时间变化，当达到需要的转化时，反应停止，取出产物。
2 Batch processes are suitable for small-scale production and for processes where a range of different products, or grades is to be produced in the same equipment; for instance, pigments, dyestuffs and
polymers .
间歇过程适合小规模生产和加工一系列不同的产品，或是在相同的设备中生产不同等级的产品；例如，颜料，染料和聚合物。
Z1 In continuous processes the reactants are fed to the reactor and the products withdrawn continuously; the reactor operates under steady-state conditions.
在连续过程中，反应物流入反应器及产物的流出是连续不断的；反应器在恒定的条件下运行。
2 Continuous production will normally give lower production costs than batch production, but lacks the flexibility of batch production.
连续生产通常会比间歇生产成本低，但缺乏间歇生产的灵活性。
3 Continuous reactors will usually be selected for large-scale production.
连续反应器通常应用于大规模的生产。
4 Processes that do not fit the definition of batch or continuous are often referred to as semi-continuous or semi-batch.
不符合间歇或连续生产定义的过程通常被称为半连续或半间歇操作。
5 In a semi-batch reactor some of the reactants may be added, or some of the produce withdrawn, as the reaction proceeds.
在半间歇反应器中，随着反应的进行，一些反应物被加入，一些产品被取出。
6 A semi-continuous process can be one which is interrupted periodically for some purpose; for instance, for the regeneration of catalyst.
一个半连续的过程是，因为某种目的中断周期性的过程；例如，催化剂的再生。
《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版
Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译
Uｎit 1 The RｏotｓoｆCｈemisｔry Ｉ．Ｃoｍpreｈensioｎ. 1。Ｃ 2. Ｂ3．D 4. C 5. B ＩI。Ｍａｋe ａsenｔeｎｃe ｏut of ｅach ｉｔem ｂy reaｒranging ｔhe wordｓin ｂracｋets. 1.Tｈｅｐuｒiｆｉcation of aｎorganｉc compounｄis usually a matter of consｉｄerａｂlｅdｉfｆicｕｌtｙ, and iｔis nｅcｅｓsaｒy to eｍploy vａrious methoｄs fｏr thｉｓpurpｏse。 2.Science is an ｅｖeｒ－iｎcｒｅasing boｄy ofａccｕｍｕlａｔed anｄ ｓｙsｔｅmatiｚed knowledｇe ａnd iｓalsｏan activｉty bｙwｈic ｈｋnowledge iｓｇenerated。 3.Lifｅ，aftｅr all, is onｌy cｈeｍistry,in faｃｔ, a sｍall example of ｃ hｅｍistry ｏbsｅｒved oｎａsｉngle munｄane pｌａnet。 4.Peoplｅaｒe made of molｅculｅｓ; sｏmｅｏf ｔhｅmｏleculｅs in p ｅople aｒe rａｔher ｓimple whｅreas otｈerｓａｒｅhｉghly compｌex。 5.Chｅｍistry ｉｓever preseｎｔin ｏｕｒｌｉves frｏm ｂｉｒtｈ tｏｄeａthｂeｃａｕse withoｕt chｅmｉｓtrｙｔhere iｓneither life nor deａth. 6.Maｔhｅｍaｔics apｐeａｒs ｔo be almost as humaｎkiｎｄand ａｌ ｓo ｐermeaｔeｓall aspeｃts of ｈuman life, aｌthough ｍａｎｙof us are ｎｏｔfuｌly ａwａrｅoｆtｈis. III。Tｒanｓlatioｎ. 1.（a)chｅmicaｌprｏcess (b) natuｒal scienｃe（c）the teｃhｎｉ ｑｕe of distｉllaｔioｎ 2.Iｔｉs theａtｏｍs that ｍａkｅuｐｉron, waｔeｒ，oｘygen and the lｉke/anｄso on／aｎｄsｏfortｈ/aｎd otherｗiｓe. 3.Cheｍisｔｒy haｓa very long hｉｓtorｙ, ｉnｆaｃｔ，human a ｃtivity in chｅｍｉstrｙgｏes bａｃk ｔo ｐreｒecｏrｄed tｉmｅｓ/pｒedatiｎg reｃｏrded times． 4.Aｃcoｒdｉng to/Froｍthe eｖapoｒaｔion oｆwaｔeｒ，pｅople know ／reaｌized ｔｈat ｌiquidｓcａn ｔurn/bｅ/changeｉｎto gases ｕndeｒcertain conditions/circｕmsｔance／enｖironment。 5.Yoｕｍusｔknow ｔhe propｅｒtieｓｏfｔｈe materiaｌbeｆore y ｏu use it. IＶ．Ｔrａnslation 化学是三种基础自然科学之一,另外两种是物理和生物.自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行,甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快，其余两步相当慢.这三步
石油化工英语常用缩写
石油化工英语常用缩写(第一版) 序号缩写英文中文 1 AC Air Conditioning 空气调节装置 2 AGO Atmospheric gas oil 常压瓦斯油 3 AML Approved Manufacturers' List 批准的厂商名单 4 APE Area Project Engineer 区域项目工程师 5 AR Atmospheric residue 常压渣油 6 ARDS Atmospheric residue desulfurization 常压渣油加氢脱硫 7 ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers 美国机械工程师协会 8 BD Business Director 商务主任 9 BD Business Development 市场部 10 BEDP Basic Design Engineering Package 基础设计包 11 BFW Boiler feed water 锅炉给水 12 BL Battery limits 界区 13 BEDD Basic Engineering Design Data 基础工程设计数据 14 BM Bill of Material 材料表 15 BOD Basis of Design 设计基础 16 BOD Biological Oxygen Demand 化学需氧量 17 BP Boiling point 沸点 18 BS Bright stock 光亮油 19 BSI British Standards Institute 英国标准协会 20 BTEX Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene 苯,甲苯,乙苯,二甲苯 21 BTU British thermal unit 英热单位 22 BTX Benzene, toluene, xylene 苯,甲苯,二甲苯 23 C Construction 施工 24 CAD Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计 25 CADD Computer Aided Design and Drafting 计算机辅助设计和绘图 26 CCR Conradson carbon residue 康氏残炭 27 CCR Continuous Catalyst Regeneration 催化剂连续再生 28 CDU Crude distillation unit 原油蒸馏装置 29 CGO Coker gas oil 焦化瓦斯油 30 CI Cetane index 十六烷指数 31 CL Center line 中心线 32 CM Construction Manager 施工经理 33 CN Conference Note 会议纪要 34 COD Chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量 35 CPDP Chinese Preliminary Design Package 中国初步设计包 36 CPM Critical Path Method 关键路径法 37 CR Catalytic Reforming 催化重整 38 CS Carbon Steel 碳钢 39 CW Cooling Water 冷却水 40 FEED Front End Engineering Design 前期工程设计 41 GB GUO BIAO 国标 42 GCD Guaranteed Completion Date 保证完成日期 43 GG Gauge glass 玻璃液面计 44 GHSV Gaseous hourly space velocity 气体体积空速 45 GPH Gas phase hydrogenation 气相加氢 46 GSN Global Supply Network 全球供应网络 47 GTG Gas Turbine Generator 燃气涡轮发电机 48 GW Gross weight 毛重 49 HAZID Hazard Identification Review 危险识别审查 50 HAZOP Hazard and Operability Study 危险与可操作性研究
蓝梅主编 给排水科学与工程专业英语部分课文翻译中文版
第四单元给水系统 一般来说，供水系统可划分为四个主要组成部分:（1）水源和取水工程（2）水处理和存储（3）输水干管和配水管网。常见的未处理的水或者说是原水的来源是像河流、湖泊、泉水、人造水库之类的地表水源以及像岩洞和水井之类的地下水源。修建取水构筑物和泵站是为了从这些水源中取水。原水通过输水干管输送到自来水厂进行处理并且处理后的出水储存到清水池。处理的程度取决于原水的水质和出水水质要求。有时候，地下水的水质是如此的好以至于在供给给用户之前只需消毒即可。由于自来水厂一般是根据平均日需求流量设计的，所以，清水池为水需求日变化量提供了一个缓冲区。 水通过输水干管长距离输送。如果输水干管中的水流是通过泵所产生的压力水头维持的，那么我们称这个干管为增压管。另外，如果输水干管中的水流是靠由于高差产生的可获得的重力势能维持的，那么我们称这个干管为重力管。在输水干管中没有中间取水。与输水干管类似，在配水管网中水流的维持要么靠泵增压，要么靠重力势能。一般来说，在平坦地区，大的配水管网中的水压是靠泵提供的，然而，在不平坦的地区，配水管网中的压力水头是靠重力势能维持的。 一个配水管网通过引入管连接配水给用户。这样的配水管网可能有不同的形状，并且这些形状取决于这个地区的布局。一般地，配水管网有环状或枝状的管道结构，但是，根据当地城市道路和街区总体布局计划，有时候环状和枝状结构合用。城市配水管网大多上是环状形式，然而，乡村地区的管网是枝状形式。由于供水服务可靠性要求高，环状管网优于枝状管网。 配水管网的成本取决于对管网的几何形状合适的选择。城市计划采用的街道布局的选择对提供一个最小成本的供水系统来说是重要的。环状管网最常见的两个供水结构是方格状、环状和辐射状；然而，我们不可能找到一个最佳的几何形状而使得成本最低。 一般地，城镇供水系统是单入口环状管系统。如上所说，环状系统有一些通过系统相互连接的管道使得通过这些连接接的管道，可以供水到同一个需水点。与枝状系统不同，在环状系统中，由于需水量在空间和时间上的变化，管道中的水流方向并非不变。 环状管网可为系统提供余量，提高系统应对局部变化的能力，并且保证管道故障时为用户供水。从水质方面来说，环状形状可减少水龄，因此被推广。管道的尺寸和配水系统的设计对减少水龄来说是重要的因素。由于多方向水流模式和系统中流动模式随时间的变化，水不会停留在一个地方，这样减少了水龄。环状配水系统的优缺点如表4.1所述。 优点:1.Minimize loss of services.as main breaks can be isolated due to multidirectional flow to demand points.2.Reliability for fire protection is higher due to redundancy in the system.3.Likely to meet increase in water demand -higher capacity and lower velocities.4.Better residual chlorine due to in line mixing and fewer dead ends. 5.Reduced water age. 在文献中曾记载过，只考虑最低成本设计的环状管网系统会转化成树状似的结构，这一做法导致在最终的设计中失去最初的几何形状。环状保证了系统的可靠性。因此，一个只考虑最低成本为依据的设计打败了在环状管网中所提供的基本功能。有文献记载设计环状管网系统的方法。尽管这个方法也是仅以考虑最低成本为基础，它通过对管网中所有管道最优化规划从而保持了管网的环状结构。
石油化工专用术语汇总(中英)
石油化工专用术语汇总 石油化工专业翻译术语汇总-E&F Ethylene 乙烯 Feed purification unit FPU 进料精制单元 Feeding pump 进料泵 Filler material 焊补材料Factory acceptance test FAT 工厂验收试验 Engineering service ES 工程服务 Erucamide 芥酸酰胺 ethyl benzene/ styrene EB/SM 乙苯/苯乙烯 Fire & gas detection F&GD 火灾气体检测 Fire monitor 消防水炮 Fire Retardant clothes FRC 防火服 Firing/ignition/light off 点火 Fractions /cut 馏分 Functional design specification FDS 功能设计规范 石油化工专业翻译术语汇总-G/H/I Instrument tapping 仪表接管 In-tank pump 输入泵 Intermediate reboiler 中间再沸器
Intermediate stress relief ISR 中间应力消除Intermittent operation 间歇操作 Isobutene 异丁烯Gasoline treating unit GTU 汽油加氢单元General purpose polystyrene GPPS 通用聚苯乙烯 Girth baffle 围堰挡板 Girth plate 圈板 Hexane 己烷 High impact polystyrene HIPS 耐冲击聚苯乙烯Homoplymer 均聚物 Hydrated Talc Powder DHT-4A 水合滑石粉DHT-4A Impact copolymer ICP 抗冲共聚物 Implosion 暴聚 Incompleted project 未完工程 Industrial water 工业水 Inhibitor 抑制剂/缓蚀剂 Isomers 异构体 石油化工专业翻译术语汇总-J-L Job observation JO 作业观察 Job safety assessment JSA 工作安全评估Ledger 台帐Letter of intent LOI 意向书
化学化工专业英语(课本内容)
第二章科技英语构词法 词是构成句子的要素，对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。 所谓构词法即词的构成方法，即词在结构上的规律。科技英语构词特点是外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；第二个特点是构词方法多，除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。 2.1转化法（Conversion） 由一种词类转化成另一种词类，叫转化法。例如： water(n.水)→water(v.浇水) charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电) yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成) dry(a.干的) →dry（v.烘干） slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢) back(ad.在后、向后) →back（v.使后退、倒车） square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的) 2.2派生法（Derivation） 通过加前、后缀构成一新词。派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。 例如“烷烃”就是用前缀（如拉丁或希腊前缀）表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”，则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。依此类推，从而构成千成种化学物质名词。常遇到这样的情况，许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到，全若掌握这种构词法，能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思，合在一起即是该词的意义。下面通过表1举例说明。需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。 本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》（第三版）附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。 据估计，知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。这对扩大科技词汇量，增强自由阅读能力，提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。 2．3合成法（Composition） 由两个或更多的词合成一个词，叫合成法。有时需加连字符。 如副词+过去分词well-known 著名的 名词+名词carbon steel 碳钢 rust-resistance 防锈 名词+过去分词computer-oriented 研制计算机的 介词+名词by-product 副产物 动词+副词makeup 化妆品 check-up 检查 形容词+名词atomic weight 原子量 periodic table 周期表 动词+代词+副词pick-me-up 兴奋剂 副词+介词+名词out-of-door 户外 2．4压缩法（Shortening） (1)只取词头字母 这种方法在科技英语中较常用。
化学化工专业英语15 Extractive and Azeotropic Distillation
15 Extractive and Azeotropic Distillation Extractive and azeotropic distillation have the common feature that a substance not normally present in the mixture to be separated is deliberately introduced into the system in order to increase the difference in volatility of the most hard to separate components. Extractive distillation can be defined as distillation in the presence of a substance which is relatively non-volatile compared to the components to be separated, and which, therefore, is charged continuously near the top of the fractionating tower, so that an appreciable concentration is maintained on all plates in the tower below its entry. Azeotropic distillation can be defined as distillation in which the add ed substance forms an azeotrope with one or more of the components in the feed, and by virtue of this are present on most of the plates in the tower above its entry at an appreciable level of concentration. These separation methods find their principal applications in the separation of mixtures whose components boil too close together for the economical use of simple fractionating equipment. These separation methods are particularly applicable when the components to be separated differ in chemical type. The theoretical principles involved are well documented, and will not be further considered here. The processes diff er in the means used to maintain be desired solvent concentration on the plates of the tower. In extractive distillation the high concentration of solvent is maintained by virtue of its non-volatility, and by the fact that it is charged at a high point in the tower. The solvent is, necessarily, removed from the base of the principal tower. In azeotropic distillation, most of the solvent is taken off from overhead, with relatively small amounts (ideally, none) drawn off with the bottoms. Extractive distillation is generally more flexible than azeotropic distillation, a greater variety of solvents and a wider range of operation conditions are available; and the concentration of solvent may be controlled by heat and material balances rather than by the accident of azeotrope composition. Furthermore, since vaporization of the solvent is not required beat loads are usually considerably less. It has been mainly used for the separation of toluene, not benzene. But it is mentioned here for
石油化工专业常用英语缩写
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化学及化工专业英语词汇(G)
化学及化工专业英语词汇(G) 化学及化工专业英语词汇(G)化学及化工专业英语词汇(G)gabriel synthesis 加布里埃耳合成法 gadoleic acid 烯酸 gadolinite 硅铍钇矿钕 gadolinium 钆 gadolinium chloride 氯化钆 gadolinium nitrate 硝酸钆 gadolinium oxide 氧化钆 gage 规 gage cock 计量旋塞 gage glass 玻璃水位计 gage pressure 表压力 gage transformation 规范变换 galactaric acid 粘酸 galactometer 乳比重计 galactonic acid 半乳糖酸 galactosamine 半乳糖胺 galactosazone 半乳糖脎 galactose 半乳糖
galactoside 半乳糖苷galacturonic acid 半乳糖醛酸galantamine 加兰他敏galbanum 阿魏脂 galena 方铅矿 gallate 没食子酸盐 gallein gallic acid 没食子酸 gallium 镓 gallium hydroxide 氢氧化镓gallium nitrate 硝酸镓gallium sulfate 硫酸镓galvanic cell 伽伐尼电池galvanic corrosion 电化学腐蚀galvanic reaction 电链应galvanic series 电位序galvanized sheet steel 镀锌钢板galvanizer 镀锌器galvanizing 镀锌galvanochemistry 电化学galvanometer 检疗 gambir 棕儿茶
《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment
Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment 化学工业与环境 How can we reduce the amount of waste that is produced? And how we close the loop by redirecting spent materials and products into programs of recycling? All of these questions must be answered through careful research in the coming years as we strive to keep civilization in balance with nature. 我们怎样才能减少产生废物的数量？我们怎样才能使废弃物质和商品纳入循环使用的程序？所有这些问题必须要在未来的几年里通过仔细的研究得到解决，这样我们才能保持文明与自然的平衡。 1.Atmospheric Chemistry Coal-burning power plants, as well as some natural processes, deliver sulfur compounds to the stratosphere, where oxidation produces sulfuric acid particles that reflect away some of the incoming visible solar radiation. In the troposphere, nitrogen oxides produced by the combustion of fossil fuels combine with many organic molecules under the influence of sunlight to produce urban smog. The volatile hydrocarbon isoprene, well known as a building block of synthetic rubber, is also produced naturally in forests. And the chlorofluorocarbons, better known as CFCs, are inert in automobile air conditioners and home refrigerators but come apart under ultraviolet bombardment in the mid-stratosphere with devastating effect on the earth’s stratospheric ozone layer. The globally averaged atmospheric concentration of stratospheric ozone itself is only 3 parts in 10 million, but it has played a crucial protective role in the development of all biological life through its absorption of potentially harmful shout-wavelength solar ultraviolet radiation. 1．大气化学 燃煤发电厂像一些自然过程一样，也会释放硫化合物到大气层中，在那里氧化作用产生硫酸颗粒能反射入射进来的可见太阳辐射。在对流层，化石燃料燃烧所产生的氮氧化物在阳光的影响下与许多有机物分子结合产生都市烟雾。挥发的碳氢化合物异戊二烯，也就是众所周知的合成橡胶的结构单元，可以在森林中天然产生含氯氟烃。我们所熟悉的CFCs，在汽车空调和家用冰箱里是惰性的，但在中平流层内在紫外线的照射下回发生分解从而对地球大气臭氧层造成破坏，全球大气层中臭氧的平均浓度只有3ppm，但它对所有生命体的生长发育都起了关键的保护作用，因为是它吸收了太阳光线中有害的短波紫外辐射。 During the past 20 years, public attention has been focused on ways that mankind has caused changes in the atmosphere: acid rain, stratospheric zone depletion, greenhouse warming, and the increased oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. We have known for generations that human activity has affected the nearby surroundings, but only gradually have we noticed such effects as acid rain on a regional then on an intercontinental scale. With the problem of ozone depletion and concerns about global warming, we have now truly entered an era of global change, but the underlying scientific facts have not yet been fully established. 在过去的二十年中，公众的注意力集中在人类对大气层的改变：酸雨、平流层臭氧空洞、温室现象，以及大气的氧化能力增强，前几代人已经知道，人类的活动会对邻近的环境造成影响，但意识到像酸雨这样的效应将由局部扩展到洲际范围则是慢慢发现的。随着臭氧空洞问题的出现，考虑到对全球的威胁，我们已真正进入到全球话改变的时代，但是基本的
化学专业英语
精心整理一、元素和单质的命名 “元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“freeelement”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。 或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。 如FeO:iron(II)oxide或ferrous oxideFe2O3:iron(III)oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O:copper(I)oxide或cuprous oxide CuO:copper(II)oxide或cupric oxide ２．化合物负电荷部分的读法： ２．１二元化合物： 常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金属氢化物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide， 如：fluoride，chloride，bromide，iodide，oxide，sulfide，nitride,phosphide,carbide，hydride;OH-的名称也是用后缀-ide：hydroxide， 非金属氢化物不用此后缀，而是将其看成其它二元化合物（见２。２）；非最低价的二元化合
物还要加前缀，如O22-:peroxideO2-:superoxide 举例：NaF:sodiumfluoride AlCl3:aluminiumchloride Mg2N3:magnesiumnitride Ag2S：silversulfide CaC2:calciumcarbide Fe(OH)2：iron(II)hydroxide 有些物质常用俗称，如NOnitricoxideN2Onitrousoxide ２．２非金属氢化物 除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。对于卤族和氧族氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成另一元素的二元化合物。 举例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchloride HBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodide CH4 H 高某酸 举例： H HPO3 正盐：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。 如FeSO4iron(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate 酸式盐：同正盐的读法，酸根中的Ｈ读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。 如NaHCO3:sodiumhydrogencarbonate或sodiumbicarbonate NaH2PO4:sodiumdihydrogenphosphate 复盐：同正盐的读法，并且阳离子按英文名称的第一个字母顺序读。 如KNaCO3:potassiumsodiumcarbonate NaNH4HPO4:ammoniumsodiumhydrogenphosphate 水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate 如AlCl3.6H2O:aluminumchloride6-water或aluminumchloridehexahydrate AlK(SO4)212H2Oaluminiumpotassiumsulphate12-water
化工专业英语翻译
化学工业 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 1940年以来，化学工业一直以引人注目的速度飞速发展。尽管这种发展的速度近年来已大大减慢。化学工业的发展由于1950年以来石油化学领域的研究和开发大部分在有机化学方面取得。石油化工在60年代和70年代的迅猛发展主要是由于人们对于合成高聚物如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、聚脂和环氧树脂的需求巨大增加。 今天的化学工业已经是制造业中有着许多分支的部门，并且在制造业中起着核心的作用。它生产了数千种不同的化学产品，而人们通常只接触到终端产品或消费品。这些产品被购买是因为他们具有某些性质适合（人们）的一些特别的用途，例如，用于盆的不粘涂层或一种杀虫剂。这些化学产品归根到底是由于它们能产生的作用而被购买的。 2．对化学工业的需要 我们需要化学工业吗？这样一个问题是不是有点奇怪呢？然而，先回答下面几个问题将给我们提供一些信息：（1）化学工业的活动范围，（2）化学工业对我们日常生活的影响，（3）社会对化学工业的需求有多大。在回答这些问题的时候我们的思路将要考虑化学工业在满足和改善我们的主要需求方面所做的贡献。是些什么需求呢？很显然，食物和健康是放在第一位的。其它我们要考虑的按顺序是衣物、住所、休闲和旅行。 (1)食物。化学工业对粮食生产所做的巨大贡献至少有三个方面。第一，提供大量可以获得的肥料以补充由于密集耕作被农作物生长时所带走的营养成 分。（主要是氮、磷和钾）。第二，生产农作物保护产品，如杀虫剂，它可以显著减少害虫所消耗的粮食数量。第三，生产兽药保护家禽免遭疾病或其它感染的侵害。 （2）健康。我们都很了解化学工业中制药这一块在维护我们的身体健康甚至延长寿命方面所做出的巨大贡献，例如，用抗生素治疗细菌感染，用β-抗血栓降低血压。 (3).衣物。在传统的衣服面料上，现代合成纤维性质的改善也是非常显著的。用聚脂如涤纶或聚酰胺如尼龙所制作的T恤、上衣、衬衫抗皱、可机洗，晒干自挺或免烫，也比天然面料便宜。与此同时，现代合成染料开发和染色技术的改善使得时装设计师们有大量的色彩可以利用。的确他们几乎利用了可见光谱中所有的色调和色素。事实上如果某种颜色没有现成的，只要这种产品确有市场，就可以很容易地通过对现有的色彩进行结构调整而获得。 这一领域中另一些重要进展是不褪色，即在洗涤衣物时染料不会被洗掉。 4）住所，休闲和旅游。讲到住所方面现代合成高聚物的贡献是巨大的。塑料正在取代像木材一类的传统建筑材料，因为它们更轻，免维护（即它们可以抵抗风化，不需油漆）。另一些高聚物，比如，脲甲醛和聚脲，是非常重要的绝缘材料可以减少热量损失因而减少能量损耗。 塑料和高聚物的应用对休闲活动有很重要的影响，从体育跑道的全天候人造篷顶，足球和网球的经纬线，到球拍的尼龙线还有高尔夫球的元件，还有制造足球的合成材料。 多年来化学工业对旅游方面所作的贡献也有很大的提高。一些添加剂如抗氧化剂的开发和发动机油粘度指数改进使汽车日产维修期限从3000英里延长到6000英里再到12000英里。研发工作还改进了润滑油和油脂的性能，并得到了更好的刹车油。塑料和高聚物对整个汽车业的贡献的比例是惊人的，源于这些材料—挡板，轮胎，坐垫和涂层等等—超过40%。