一阶 语法讲义 定稿
基础语法
基本句型：简单句&并列句
1．简单句的构成
My father is listening to the popular music in the garden.
The handsome boy is my brother.
主语谓语宾语定语状语表语补语
简单句的五种形式：
（1）主语+谓语 (不及物动词）；
（2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语；（3）主语+谓语+宾语+补语；（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语；（5）主语+系动词+表语。
谓语
实义动词
①及物动词 watch, see
②不及物动词 sit
系动词① be 动词；
②一些实义动词用作系动词：feel, taste, smell 等；
He is crying.
Parents watch TV every night.
My father gave me some advice.
We can make our country beautiful.
The boy is the tallest in the class.
2．并列句两个简单句并列在一起，中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。
并列句不能只用逗号隔开，而要用连接词连接。连接词：
（1）并列关系句型：连接词有and, either…or…，neither…nor…, not only…but also… eg: Last year I met Kate and we became friends.
（2）转折概念并列句型：转折词有 but eg: It has no mouth, but it can talk.
（3）对比关系的并列句型：
eg: He liked sports, while I would rather collect stamps.
简单句和并列句是复合句的基础。主语——施动者或动作的主体宾语——受动者
通常主语和宾语由名词或代词构成I love you.
（一）名词 1. 可数名词
有单复数之分，若名词为单数，通常前面要加冠词 a/an、the 进行限定；若名词为复数，可以加上 the，或者直接用复数名词，或者加上数词来进行限定。
①不定冠词：a/an，通常表示一，但是不强调数目，翻译时注意；
eg：Germany is a European country.
②定冠词：表示特定或特指
eg：Is this the book that you are looking for?
定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象：如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物the+名词：表示全部或者整体
eg：Do you know who invented the computer？用于乐器或专有名词前，如 play the piano、the Thames
2．不可数名词：
通常是物质名词或者抽象名词, 其前可以不加任何东西，若有特指，可以加 the.
前面可以加单位词，进行分类：常见单位词：
①a piece of +advice /bread /cloth /fortune /information /music/muse ②a bit of、an item of、an article of
名词在翻译中遇到的问题：（1）不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式：
eg：water＆waters（水域、海洋），sand＆sands（沙滩），wood＆woods（树林），goods
（商品），ash 和 ashes（废墟）
逻辑语义：
Rachel：I’m Carol’s ex-husband's sister's roommate.
Doctor：I’m your roommate's brother's ex-wife's obstetrician. (产科医生)
——老友记
of: 理清逻辑语义，翻译方法：“A of B”翻译成“B 的A”
The coming of age of post-war baby boom brought remarkable influence upon American society. 特殊：China is proud of its five thousand years of the history and culture.
（二）代词
1．人称代词第一、二、三人称，主格、宾格、所有格
I, you, he, she, it, me, you, him, her, it, my, your, his, her, its.
2. 物主代词
①形容词性物主代词：my, your, his, her, our, their，后面加名词；②名词性物主代词：mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs，后面不能加名词。
eg: May I borrow your pen? Mine is missing.
3.反身代词：
通过反身代词指代主语，使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。强调人称问题。
eg：I myself took Mary to the airport. I cooked it myself.
指示代词：this, that, these, those
不定代词：some，someone，something，any，anyone，anything，no，no one，nothing，all，both，neither，either，each，every，everybody，everyone，everything.
一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别
（1）all, each, every：
① all 和 every 可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物；all 可以表示所有东西的总和，是一个不
可分割的整体； each 只能表示两个或两个以上的人，侧重个体；（2）everyone
eg：Everyone thinks they have the right to be here. every one 既可以指人，也可以指物，强调一个个体，通常用 every one of ；eg：Every one of us has faults and shortcomings.
Every one of the films we have shown this year has been a succes. （3）no one＆none
no one 只能指人，none 既可以指人，也可以指物，none 后面还可以接 of；eg：No one failed the examination.
None of the students failed the examination.
it 的用法
（1）指代人，通常用于口语中；（2）书面语：
① it 用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气等eg：It's three years since I saw him.
② it 用来前指或者后指eg：I've lost my book. Where is it？
There is no doubt about it that he was a fine teacher.
③ it 做形式主语eg：Is it possible to learn typewriting very quickly？
④ it 做形式宾语，通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语（形容词）之间，真正的宾语放在
宾补之后
常见动词有：feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, think, suppose, regard eg：She thinks it no use telling me.
He has made it clear that he wouldn't agree to the plan.
⑤ it 用于强调句，构成句型It's…that/who…
如何区分强调句中的 it 和形式主语中的 it？
eg：It's clear that they have won.
如果 It's 和 that 去掉后，剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子，就是强调句；否则，即为形式主语。
（三）数词数词分为基数词和序数词
1. 表示大约的词汇：about，approximately，around，roughly，some，more or less, or so; eg：About 200 people were killed in the crash.
The town is 5 Miles or so from here.
表示多于的词汇：above，more than, over
表示少于，不到的词汇：almost，below，less than, under eg：It's 2:57, and it's almost 3 o'clock
一些可以直接表示数字的单词： dozen、score、decade、hundred、thousand、million
这些词前面出现基数词，表示确切的数时，不能加复数；若不能表明确切数字，只是说大约有多少的时候，以上这些词不可以加确切的基数词，但是可以将其变为复数，后加 of；
eg：There are millions of kinds of matter in the world.
（四）形容词和副词
形容词还可以做表语，放在 be 动词之后；
英语中有一些词语作表语和作定语时，含义会有所不同：（1）certain：
作定语时，表示特定的:eg: A certain Mr. Wang just came here to look for you. 作表语时，表示当然的，一定，相当于 be sure；
（2）complete：
作定语时，表示完全的:
作表语时，表示完成的或完美的；
（3）ill：
作定语时，表示坏的；作表语时，表示有病的；
（4）late:
作定语时，表示已故的；作表语时，表示晚的、迟到的；
（5）ready：
作定语时，表示现成的；作表语时，表示准备好的、愿意做……；
（6）present：
作定语时，表示目前的，相当于 current；
作表语时，表示出席，参加；
the+形容词：表示一类人；
通常由副词构成，副词可以修饰动词，形容词，乃至整个句子；
副词通常是褒义的，有部分是有否定含义的，常见否定含义副词有 seldom，hardly，rarely，scarcely；
其它副词通常是表示肯定的概念；
形容词和副词的比较级：
（1）一些没有比较级的形容词和副词：
①单词本身的含义是表示比……年长、比……优秀、比……优等时，没有比较级概念；
如 supreme，inferior，junior，senior，prior ，后面搭配的介词一般是 to，而不用 than.
②有些单词本身的含义即是最，独一无二，没有比较级概念；如absolute，entire，
excellent，favorite，final.
（2）同级比较和异级比较：
①同级比较：as…as…/…times as…
②异级比较：（倍数或修饰词，表示多或少）+比较级+than
常见的修饰比较级的词有：much、still，even，by far，a bit，a little, a good deal 或者倍数；eg：The photography of Mars taken by satellite are much clearer than those taken from earth.
③比较级特殊用法词汇：
more…than…：eg：He is more clever than honest.
the+比较级：越来越……eg：The harder you work, the more you will learn.
谓语
实义动词
①及物动词 watch, see
②不及物动词 sit
系动词① be 动词；
简单句的五种形式：（1）主语+谓语 (不及物动词）；
（2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语；（3）主语+谓语+宾语+补语；（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语；（5）主语+系动词+表语。
谓语动词形式一: 英语时态
1. 一般现在时（1）表示经常性、习惯性的动作；
eg：I get up at 7 o' clock in the morning.
I leave school for home at 6 every evening.
（2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实；
eg：The teacher told us: the earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.
2. 一般过去时两种变化形式：在动词后加 ed 或不规则变化的动词；
在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态：
常用时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等；eg：Did you go to Shanghai last week?
补充：used to/be used to
一般过去式和过去完成时的对比：（1）过去完成时：过去的过去；
eg：Before I came to Beijing, I had stayed in Shanghai.
①一个句子里有两个谓语动词，一个发生在前，一个发生在后，发生在前的用一般过
去时，发生在后的用过去完成时；
eg：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
②表示意向的动词，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，却未能…"
eg：We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
We had thought that he would take part in the competition，but he didn't.
3. 一般将来时
eg：Which paragraph shall I read first？
（2）be going to +不定式，表示将来；表示要发生的事情有了预先的计划、准备或有迹象表明要发生；
eg：What are you going to do tomorrow? What will you do this afternoon?
will 表示纯粹的将来；
（3）be +不定式：表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事；
eg：We are to/will discuss the report next Saturday.
（4）be about to +不定式：意为马上做某事，后面不可以接时间状语；eg：He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意：
（1）一般现在时有时也可表将来；
eg：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
①趋向性动词 come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 的一般现在时表将来，主要用来
表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
eg：When does the bus star? It starts in ten minutes.
②在时间或条件句中，用一般现在时表将来；
eg：I'll write to you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.
（2）现在进行时也可表将来：通常用于口语，翻译为打算……；
come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay 等词可以用进行时表将来；
I am leaving for some important thing.
OK, see you.
现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果对现在造成影响。
（1）过去发生的动作发生到现在，刚刚完成；（2）从过去发生的动作，发生到现在，刚刚告一段落，但是后面会继续发生；
eg：I have just finished my homework. It has rained for 3 days.
过去时与现在完成时的区别：
（1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
eg：I came to Beijing in 1995.
I have stayed in Beijing since 1995.
（2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与段的时间状语连用，或无时间
状语；
一般过去时常用时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October…（具体时间）现在完成时常用时间状语：for, since, so far…（长期的段时间）
eg：He had dinner with me yesterday.
I have played basketball for 3 hours.
（3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know；过去时常用的非持续性动词有 come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 等；
eg：He got married two years ago.
I have lived in Beijing for 10 years.
用于现在完成时的句型
（1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
（2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.
典型例题
---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come
B. even, have come
答案 D. ever 意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为 never，此两词常用于完成时。This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。
since 和 for 的用法：
since 用来说明动作起始时间，for 用来说明动作延续时间长度;
eg：I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born.
for 后面多接一段时间，而 since 后面则接一个时间点，若 since 后面也出现时间段，则在时
间段后加 ago；
eg： I have lived here since twenty years ago.
错句：I have worked here since many years.
since 句型：It is +一段时间+ since 从句，since 从句要用一般过去时；eg：It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
It is three years since I joined the army.
进行时态：一般进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时；
现在完成进行时：have/has+been+doing
现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别：
eg：It has rained for 3 days.
It has been raining for 3 days.
现在完成时不强调某一动作在某段时间内持续发生，现在完成进行时表示某一时间段内某动作持续发生。
eg：I have been learning English for 5 years. I have been learned English for 5 years. 谓语动词形式二:被动语态
be+动词过去分词； eg Forests have been cleared.
They were given a warm send off.
Their wedding will be held in the church.
不强调施动者，而只强调受动者；
主动形式表示被动意思
①某些既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词用的动词，在他们作不及物动词用时，可以用主动
形式表示被动意思，如 write, wash, wear, sell, cut, tear（撕），burn, play 等，常与它们连用的词为 well, easily, smoothly 等。如 The coat washes well.这件大衣很耐洗。
②在 be worth doing 句型中表示被动含义，如 The book is worth reading
③在 need, want, require 等后的动名词表示被动含义，如 The flowers need watering. ④感官动词如 feel, taste, smell, look 等主动形式表示被动含义，如 The fish tastes good. ⑤短语 run out, wear out, give out 等主动形式表被动含义，如 My socks have worn out.
谓语动词形式三:情态动词+动词
情态动词是指它含有一定的含意，可以表达某种感情和说话的口气，但是它不可以单独使用作谓语动词。
情态动词主要包括 can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would, dare, need, have to, used to, had better, would rather 等。
1. 情态动词+动词原形
I can swim across the river.
He should help the poor in the remote areas.
You'd better take your parents' advice if you want to fulfill your dream. 2.
could/might+ have +动词过去分分词
※特殊语言现象：虚拟语气
would +have +过去分词 should + have + 过去分词
英语复合句
（一）定语从句：用于关系词引导句子修饰名词
A 构成：
定语从句的形式
I know the girl.
The girl comes from Beijing.
I know the girl who comes from Beijing.
定语从句三步骤
① 先找出两个句子中相同的名词
② 判断名词是人还是物，人 who/that 物 which/that
③ 将 who/that/which 引导的句子放于相同的名词后面
I like reading books.
The books were written by O. Henry.
I like reading books which/that were written by O. Henry.
不能用 which ，只能用 that
① 前面的先行词是不定代词，包括 all ，anything ，nothing ，the one ， much ，little 等；eg ：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Lee has said ?
② 如果先行词中出现了 the only, the very 等；eg ：This is the only way that we can think out.
③ 如果先行词中出现了序数词和形容词最高级；
eg ：This is the best film that I have ever seen.
④ 如果先行词中即有人，又有物；
eg ：They are talking about the school and the teachers that they visited yesterday.
1. 谓语动词（结构）和后面的介词有两种关系：关系紧密＆关系疏远 look + for 寻找 关系紧密
look + at 看 关系疏远
2. 定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密，则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面，不能做
任何位置的改动；如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远，介词一般提到 which/ who 的前面；
This is the book which you are looking for.
This is the book at which you are looking.
This is the book which you are interested in.
This is the book in which you are interested.
This is the book which you asked for.
3. 关系代词和关系副词
Beijing is the place.
I was born in the place.
-Beijing is the place which I was born in. -Beijing is the place in which I was born . 定语从句中，如果介词+which 表示地点，则可以用 where 替换；
Beijing is the place where I was born. eg:
I can't forget the day.
I join the army on the day.
I can’t forget the day which I joined the army.
I can’t forget the day on which I joined the army. (when)
判断关系代词和关系副词的方法
（1）不管是关系代词还是关系副词，都取决于从句中的谓语动词；若该谓语动词为及物动词，则一定使用关系代词；若该谓语动词为不及物动词，且其后没有介词，则一定使用关系副词；
eg：I will never forget the days _____ I worked together with you. (on which/when) I will never forget the days _____ I spent in the countryside. (which)
（2）通过判断先行词在定语从句中的成分
Is this the museum （that） you visited a few days ago? the museum：充当 visit 的宾语
Is this the museum (in which/where) the exhibition was held?
关系代词: 前面句子里的先行词也要在后面的句子里充当主语或者宾语的成分；介词+which: 恰好表示时间和地点，可以替换成 when，where 这样的关系副词；
B 分类：
限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
(1) 非限定性定语从句：先行词（即名词）后有一个逗号；
In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers who come from Australia.（限定性定语从句）
In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers， who come from Australia.（非限定性定语从句）
限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思会改变；非限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思不会改变，定语从句只起到补充说明的意义；
I have a sister who is a nurse.
I have a sister, who is a nurse.
（2）非限定性定语从句：
①先行词是前面的整句话；
eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation. We will spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, which was decided last year.
This is the house, which we bought last month.
②非限定性定语从句引导词 which/as： which 引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as 则只能放在句子前面；
eg: Smoking is harmful to our heath, which we know. As we know, smoking is harmful to our heath.
eg：Alice received an invitation from her boss, _____ came as a surprise . A. It B. that C. as D. which
C 定语从句的划分
There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.
Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.
In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention.
A driver who is driving the bus mustn?t talk with others o r be absent-minded. The police explained that the difficulties which they faced were too severe.
D 定语从句省略（分词作定语）
关系词充当宾语的时候
I know the boy who the teacher praised just now.
The police explained that the difficulties which they faced were too severe.
关系词充当主语
The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder.
Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically. Hamilton isn’t the only educator crossing the Atlantic.
Career experts say that one of the ways (that) job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities.
职业专家说求职者用因特网找工作时保持安全的一个方法是隐瞒其真实身份。That are causing companies to Interest in pursuing international careers has soared in recent years, enhanced by chronic personnel shortages search beyond their home borders for talent. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at annual rate of 3.9 percent, form 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004.
(二)名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句；
定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子，且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等成分；
1．同位语从句：对前面名词的进一步解释
I know the man, the president of the New Oriental School.
英语中的简单句：陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句。
Eg： He is a student.
Are you a student?
Who is a student?
同位语从句：关系词不再和前面的名词有关系，而是取决于后面的从句；
eg： I know the fact. He is a student.
I know the fact that he is a student. eg： I have a question.
Are you a student?
I have a question whether you are a student. eg： I have a question.
who is a student?
I have a question who is a student.
同位语从句的构成
①从句仍然接在名词之后，名词有可能为 answer，belief，concept，explanation，fact， hope, message, news, promise, question, thought 等
形式：名词+从句；连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式；
如果是陈述句，直接加 that 引导；一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语
特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序；
The news soon spread the whole school.
They had won the game.
The news that they had won the game soon spread the whole school.
定语从句与同位语从句的区别
That 在后面的从句中充当成分，为宾语从句，不充当成分，为同位语从句。
区分：
The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good. The suggestion that she has given in the meeting is good.
The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation's moral climate, says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago, is the reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.
2．宾语从句
从句部分的连词取决于从句时一般疑问句、特殊疑问句还是陈述句；
eg：We must find out who did all these.
I want to know weather he will come. I hope that he will come.
宾语从句的时态：
如果宾语从句前的动词是过去式，则宾语从句的时态应相应变成过去时态；
例如 My teacher told that we would go there.
如果宾语从句是客观事实或真理，不管宾语从句前的动词时什么时态，宾语从句都用一般现在时；
例如 My teacher told that the earth is round.
宾语从句后接陈述句用 that 引导，that 一般可以省略,例如 I think (that) you are right.
宾语从句如果谓语动词是 doubt，后面接的一般疑问句通常用 whether 或 if 引导；如果前面的谓语动词是 don't doubt，则后面从句的连接词一定是 that；宾语从句如果谓语动词是 wonder，句型为 I wonder if，后面的连接词不能用whether；
宾语从句的否定转移：think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine 等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式；
3．表语从句若从句为陈述句，直接加 that；
若从句为特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序；
若从句为一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上whether 或者 if； China is no longer what she used to be.
The question is who is responsible for what has happened.
（2002 text3） One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that it hasn’t occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. （2000）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams.
4．主语从句
That the college will take in more students is true.
Weather he will come or not hasn't been decided.
Why he isn't here is not clear to everyone.
it 做形式主语的情况
（1）It is+名词+主语从句；eg：It is a pity that you should have to leave.
（2）It is+形容词+主语从句；eg：It is clear that the whole project is due to failure.
如果是 It is necessary /important /strange /natural+that 引导的主语从句，从句中的谓语动词一定要用 should+动词原形；eg：It is necessary that one should master the skills of operating computer.
It is+过去分词+主语从句；
It is said /planed/expected…
eg：It is said that President Bush will visit our school next week.
(4) It +不及物动词+形容词表语形式+主语从句eg：It seemed certain that he will win the prize.
从句判别
Whether she will come or not is unknown.
It is unknown whether he will come or not.
I don't know whether he will come or not.
The question is whether he will come or not.
The question whether he will come or not is not settled.
__________(很多人没有意识到的)is that Simon is a lover of sports , and football in particular . （What many people don't realize）
In my sixties, one change I notice is ___________ (我比以前更容易累了). (that I feel tired more easily than before)
Your resume should attract a would-be boss's attention by demonstrating _____ (为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选).
(why you would be the best candidate for a certain position)
Since my childhood I have found that ________ (没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力). (nothing is more attractive/appealing to me than reading)
A great many people hold the idea _______. (中文学起来其实很有趣) (that Chinese is actually interesting to learn)
（三）非谓语动词作主语作表语作宾语
（1）to do
(2) + doing
acknowledge，admit, advocate, appreciate, avoid, enjoy, delay, escape, deny, consider, mind, miss, finish, resist, imagine, postpone, practice, suggest, prevent, keep, quit
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
1) forget 2）stop 3）remember 4) regret 5）try 6) mean
(4) + do
1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带 to。 feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到overhear 听到 watch 注视 listen to 听 perceive 察觉，感知 notice 注意 see 看见hear 听
On seeing the young child fell into the lake, Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue. 2)另一类是某些使役动词，如 make, let，have 等。
固定句型
1）It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time...)等名词+doing sth. It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
It is no good objecting.
It is a great fun playing football．
2) It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive 等形容词)+ doing sth． It is
It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。
It is good playing chess after supper. 晚饭后弈棋挺好。
（四）状语从句
状语从句：两个独立的句子中间用一些含义不同的连接词连接；状语从句用来表达两个句子之间的逻辑关系；分成原因状语、条件状语、结果状语、时间状语、地点状语、让步状语、目的状语、比较状语、方式状语等九大类型；
eg：I got up late. I was late for school.
Because I got up late, I was late for school. （原因状语从句） I got up late，so I was late for school. （结果状语从句）
1. 地点状语从句
(1) 通常由 where, wherever，everywhere 引导；eg：Where I live there are plenty of trees.
Wherever you work, you will gain much valuable experience as long as you are willing to work.
Wherever=no matter where
Everywhere they went, they were warmly received.
(2) where：不能翻译成在……地方时，通常翻译为如果，表示在……条件下；eg: Where you are confident，you will succeed.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
eg：Where previously the bank had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects , such as dams, roads and bridges，it begin to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of
country.
2、方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由 as, as if, as though，the way 引导（1）as 从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"
eg：When you enter Rome, do as the Romans do .
（2）as if/though：“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”; 有时用虚拟语气，有时不用；eg：They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. （与事实相反，
谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. （与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
eg：Al Gore calls global warming an “inconvenient truth,” as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution.
（3）the way：可以连接两个句子，表达就像……一样eg：I should do the job the way my father did.
Many Europeans now apparently view the US the way many Americans view Mexican as a cheap place to vacation, shop and party.
3. 目的状语从句
（1）可以由 that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case 等词引导；
lest= for fear that 以防；从句中的谓语动词必须用 should+动词原形； eg: He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
He took the umbrella with him lest it should rain.
（2）in case：以防；与 lest 不同，从句里时态不做特殊变化
eg：Take the umbrella with you in case it rains.
(2003. 35) In these activities，it is important to remember that young teens have short attention span. A Variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they wan t and then go On to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down. .
A. if only
B. now that
C. so that
D. even if
4. 结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由 so… that 或such…that 引导；so 保留，that 可以省略；如此……以至于……；
Eg：He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.
He made such an inspiring speech that everybody got excited. 比较：so 和 such （1）so +形容词、副词+that；so+形容词+a/an+名词+that
eg：The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. He ran so fast that I couldn't catch up with him.
It was so hot a day that crops wilted.
He is so lovely a boy that everyone loves him. （2）such + a/an+形容词+名词+that
英语语法讲义
前言 第一章英语的时态 第一节一般现在时的用法 第二节一般过去时 第三节一般将来时： 第四节现在完成时 第五节过去完成时 第六节将来完成时 第七节现在进行时 第八节过去进行时 第九节将来进行时 第二章动词 第一节系动词 第二节助动词 第三节短语动词（动词短语）：起动词作用的短语第四节非谓语动词（动词短语） 第三章独立主格 第四章虚拟语气 第五章感叹句 第六章从句 第一节名词性从句 名词性从句一：引导名词从句的连接词 名词性从句二：名词性that- 从句 名词性从句三：名词性wh- 从句 名词性从句四：if/whether引导的名词性从句第二节定语从句 定语从句一：关系代词引导的定语从句 定语从句二：关系副词引导的定语从句 定语从句三：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 定语从句四：介词&关系词 定语从句五：as, which 非限定性定语从句 定语从句六：关系代词that 的用法 第三节状语从句 状语从句一：地点状语从句 状语从句二：方式状语从句 状语从句三：原因状语从句 状语从句四：目的状语从句 状语从句五：结果状语从句 状语从句六：条件状语从句 状语从句七：让步状语从句 第七章形容词和副词 第一节形容词： 第二节副词 第八章主谓一致 结束语
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大学英语语法专项练习题及答案
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高考英语-主谓一致-知识点考点全梳理
高考英语-主谓一致-知识点考点全梳理 主谓一致的讲解 语法意义的一致 1，金额，距离，体积，重量，面积，数量，国家，人名，机构，事件，作品时，单数 Two dollars is enough 两美元是足够的 Two meters is long 两米很长 Two kilos is heavy 两公斤很重 Twenty-one is a big number 21是一个很大的数字 The United States is a big country 美国是一个大的国家 2,非谓语动词： Reading books is good for you 阅读书对你来说很好 To study English well is necessary去学习好英语是很有必要的。 2，不定代词： No one is here 没有一个人在这里
3，人类，世界上的人类 Only man thinks how to be better 只有人类才思考如何变得更好。 4，其他用法 1，Many a singer has been here 许多歌手都到过这里。 2，More than one boy has the book 不止一个男孩有这本书 3，More boys than one does housework at home不止一个男孩在家都是做家务的。 4，One and a half apples is here 还有一个半的苹果在这里。 5，a boy or two has been here 一两个学生到过这里。 5，one or two boys have been here 一两个学生到过这里 谓语复数： 1，集体名词： The police are chasing the thief 警察正在追捕这个小偷 2，专有名词： The Himalayas is a big mountain喜马拉雅是一个很大的山。 3，the 加形容词（国家的，民族的）
高考英语语法真题串讲课程讲义
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高考真题讲解（名词性从句） (50) 第六节状语从句 (54) 表示时间的状语从句 (55) 表示地点的状语从句 (56) 表示原因的状语从句 (56) 表示条件的状语从句 (57) 表示目的、结果的状语从句 (58) 表示让步的状语从句 (58) 高考真题讲解（状语从句） (58) 第六节高考语法考题中的其他考点 (64) 形容词副词，比较级/最高级 (64) 介词 (66) 代词用法 (67) 冠词 (69) 词义辨析 (71) 特殊句型 (72) 交际用语 (74)
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2019-2020年高考英语语法专题复习讲义必备句型全归纳 1.as soon as…一…就…= directly / immediately / instantly… = the second / the minute / the moment / the instant… Eg. He came around to see me as soon as / the moment/ immediately he checked in the hotel. 他刚一入住宾馆就来看我. They informed us the news immediately / directly they got it. 他们一得到消息就通知了我们. The policeman came to the spot the moment / the instant / the minute she heard of the accident.一听说事故,这位警察就到了现场. 2.….before…. (1). 没来得及…就… The roof fell before he had time to dash into the room to save his baby. 他还没有来得及冲进房间把孩子就出来,房顶就塌了. He ran off before I could stop him. To my great disappointment , my favorite singer left the concert before I could have a word with him. (2).过了多久才怎么样,动作进行到什么程度才怎样 They walked about thirty miles to the west before they saw a village. They worked day and night about three days before everything returned to normal. Three years passed before I knew it. 3.It was + 时间段+ before….过了多久才…. ; It was not long before…不久就… It will ( not ) be + 时间段+ before …要过多久( 不久)…..才….. Eg. It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position. It was three years before he came back. It will be half a year before you graduate from this school. 4. no sooner …than…= hardly…when…一…就…., 刚刚…就… No sooner / hardly + 过去完成时,than / when + 一般过去时 如果no sooner, hardly 位于句首, 主句要倒装. He had hardly sat down to have a rest when the door bell rang and in came Allan. No sooner had he got off the train than his daughter ran towards him. Hardly had we arrived when she started crying to go home. 5. once 一旦…., 表示时间和条件 Once you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty. Once you have decided to do something, you should do it well. Once you enter the chemistry lab, you should follow the teacher’s instructions. 6. since …自从….以来 Since 引导的从句不论是延续性或非延续性动词, 都表示的是动作或状态的完成或结束. 注意一下句子翻译: Since he lived in Nanjing, I have not heard from him. (= since he left Nanjing…)
高考英语语法综合训练120题(有答案)
高考英语语法综合训练１２０题? 1. ——This green coat looks nice on you and it is only 200 Yuan. ——. A. I'll need it B . I'll take it C. It's much too expensive. D. I'd like to sell it.? 2. He left ______any of his friends _____ him _____. A. with; seeing; off B. without; seeing; off C. without; see; / D. with; see; out 3. ______ is _____ the students to find out the meaning and the usage of new words. A. What a dictionary does; help B. What dictionary does; to help C. How a dictionary does; help D. All that a dictionary does; helps? 4. The landowners in India would not vote to lose their land and wealth, _____ it resulted ______ a fairer society. A. even if; in B. even though; of C. as if; in D. whether; of 5. Towards _____ evening, _____ heavy rain began to fall. A. the; a B. /; a C. /; the D. the; /? 6.——Do you have _____ more to get in the market——No, only some bread and butter. A. something B. everything C. nothing D. anything 7. The teacher as well as her students _____ to visit the Moter Company tomorrow. A. go B. are to go C. is to go D. is about to go.? 8. The building is _____. A. twenty-metre-high B. twenty metre high C. twenty-metres-high D. twenty metres high? 9. The book ____ three Yuan, but it only ____ me two Yuan. A. spends, take B. costs, spend C. costs, cost D. pays, cost? 10. They are____ the same size. You can take ______ half of the bread. A. in, either B. with, either C. in, both D. at, none? 11. ——Hello. May I speak to Mr. Wang, please —— _______. A. Hold the line. please B. Wait for a minute C. Here it is D. Here he is? 12. You can choose _____ book you like among these. A. no matter what B. whatever C. whose D. whichever? 13. This kind of paper was as soft and light as silk but ______ expensive. A. much less B. much little C. many less D. much more than? 14. It had rained for several days. The clothes had _____ near the fire to dry. A. hang up B. to hung up C. to be hung up D. to be hanged up? 15. The line is engaged. I can't _____ now. A. get on B. get along C. get through D. get down? 16. We should prevent pollution ________ happily. A. to live B. for living C. from living D. living? 17. As we all know, ______ knowledge comes from _______ practice.